𝑑2 𝑦

Q.1 Solve in series the differential equation + 𝑥 𝑦 = 0, about the

𝑑𝑥 2
point 𝑥 = 0.
Solution: Given equations is
𝑑2 𝑦
+𝑥𝑦 =0 (1)
𝑑𝑥 2
Here 𝑃 = 0 and 𝑄 = 𝑥
As both 𝑃 and 𝑄 are analytic at 𝑥 = 0, Thus 𝑥 = 0 is ordinary point.
Let
𝑦 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3 + ⋯ (2) be the solution of (1).
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 𝑥 + 3𝑎3 𝑥 2 + 4 𝑎4 𝑥 3 + ⋯ (3)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
2
= 2.1 𝑎2 + 3.2 𝑎3 𝑥 + 4.3 𝑎4 𝑥 2 + ⋯ (4)
𝑑𝑥
Substituting the values in (1)
(2.1 𝑎2 + 3.2 𝑎3 𝑥 + 4.3 𝑎4 𝑥 2 + ⋯ ) + 𝑥(𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3 +
⋯ )=0
Or
(2.1 𝑎2 + 3.2 𝑎3 𝑥 + 4.3 𝑎4 𝑥 2 + ⋯ ) + (𝑎0 𝑥 + 𝑎1 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑥 3 + 𝑎3 𝑥 4 +
⋯ )=0
Or
2.1 𝑎2 + (3.2 𝑎3 + 𝑎0 )𝑥 + (4.3 𝑎4 + 𝑎1 )𝑥 2 + (5.4 𝑎5 + 𝑎2 )𝑥 3
+ (6.5𝑎6 + 𝑎3 )𝑥 4 + ⋯ = 0 (3)
Equating to zero the coefficients of various powers of 𝑥
2.1 𝑎2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎2 = 0 (4)
 𝑎0
3.2 𝑎3 + 𝑎0 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎3 = − (5)
3!
2 𝑎1 2 𝑎1
4.3 𝑎4 + 𝑎1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎4 = − =− (6)
4.3.2.1 4!
5.4 𝑎5 + 𝑎2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎5 = 0 (7)
𝑎3 4 𝑎0 4 𝑎0
6.5 𝑎6 + 𝑎3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎6 = − = = (8)
6.5 6.5.4. 3.2.1 6!
And so on,
𝑎𝑛−1
(𝑛 + 2)(𝑛 + 1)𝑎𝑛+2 + 𝑎𝑛−1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎𝑛+2 = − (9)
(𝑛 + 2)(𝑛 + 1)
Put 𝑛 = 5,6,7, … in (9)
𝑎4 2.5 𝑎1 5.2 𝑎1
𝑎7 = − =− =
(7)(6) 7.6.5.4.3.2.1 7!
𝑎5
𝑎8 = − =0
(8)(7)
𝑎6 7.4 𝑎0
𝑎9 = − =−
(9)(8) 9!
−−−−−−−−−−
Putting the values in (1)
𝑎0 3 2 𝑎1 4 4 𝑎0 6 5.2 𝑎1 7
𝑦 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 0 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 +0+ 𝑥 + 𝑥 +0
3! 4! 6! 7!
7.4 𝑎0 9
− 𝑥 +⋯
9!
1 1.4 6 1.4.7 9 1.4.7.10 12
𝑦 = 𝑎0 (1 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 − ⋯)
3! 6! 9! 12!
2 2.5 7 2.5.8 10
+ 𝑎1 (𝑥 − 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 + ⋯)
4! 7! 10!
Q. Find the solution of following differential equations in series about
the point 𝑥 = 0.
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(i) (1 + 𝑥 2 ) +𝑥 −𝑦=0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

(ii) (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦 ′′ − 𝑥 𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = 0
Solution: Given equation is

2)
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 −𝑦 =0 (1)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −1
Here 𝑃 = and 𝑄 =
1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2

Since both 𝑃 and 𝑄 are analytic at 𝑥 = 0, thus 𝑥 = 0 is ordinary point.

Let
𝑦 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3 + ⋯ (2) be the solution of (1).
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 𝑥 + 3𝑎3 𝑥 2 + 4 𝑎4 𝑥 3 + ⋯ (3)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
2
= 2.1 𝑎2 + 3.2 𝑎3 𝑥 + 4.3 𝑎4 𝑥 2 + ⋯ (4)
𝑑𝑥
Substituting the values in (1)
(1 + 𝑥 2 ){2.1 𝑎2 + 3.2 𝑎3 𝑥 + 4.3 𝑎4 𝑥 2 + ⋯ }
+ 𝑥 {𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 𝑥 + 3𝑎3 𝑥 2 + 4 𝑎4 𝑥 3 + ⋯ } − {𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥
+ 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3 + ⋯ } = 0
Or
{2.1 𝑎2 + 3.2 𝑎3 𝑥 + 4.3 𝑎4 𝑥 2 + ⋯ } + {2.1 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 3.2 𝑎3 𝑥 3
+ 4.3 𝑎4 𝑥 4 + ⋯ }
+ {𝑎1 𝑥 + 2𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 3𝑎3 𝑥 3 + 4 𝑎4 𝑥 4 + ⋯ } − {𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥
+ 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3 + ⋯ } = 0
 (2.1 𝑎2 − 𝑎0 ) + (3.2 𝑎3 + 𝑎1 − 𝑎1 )𝑥
+ (4.3 𝑎4 + 2.1 𝑎2 + 2𝑎2 − 𝑎2 )𝑥 2
+ (5.4 𝑎5 + 3.2 𝑎3 + 3 𝑎3 − 𝑎3 )𝑥 3
+ (6.5 𝑎6 + 4.3 𝑎4 + 4𝑎4 − 𝑎4 )𝑥 4 + ⋯ (5)
Equating to zero coefficients of various powers of 𝑥
𝑎0
2.1 𝑎2 − 𝑎0 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎2 = (6)
2
3.2 𝑎3 + 𝑎1 − 𝑎1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎3 = 0 (7)
𝑎0
4.3 𝑎4 + 1.3 𝑎2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎4 = − (8)
8
5.4 𝑎5 + 8 𝑎3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎5 = 0 (9)
𝑎4 𝑎0
6.5 𝑎6 + 3.5 𝑎4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎6 = − = (10)
2 16
So on,
(𝑛 + 2)(𝑛 + 1)𝑎𝑛+2 + (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 + 1)𝑎𝑛 = 0
(𝑛 − 1)
⇒ 𝑎𝑛+2 = − 𝑎 (11)
(𝑛 + 2) 𝑛
Putting 𝑛 = 5,6,7, … in (11)
6
𝑎7 = − 𝑎5 = 0
7
5 5𝑎0
𝑎8 = − 𝑎6 = −
8 128
6
𝑎9 = − 𝑎7 = 0
9
7 7𝑎0
𝑎10 = − 𝑎8 =
10 256
−−−−−−−−−−
Putting these values in (1)
𝑎0 2 𝑎0 𝑎0 6 5𝑎0 8
𝑦 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 0 − 𝑥4 + 0 + 𝑥 +0− 𝑥 +0
2 8 16 128
7𝑎0 10
+ 𝑥 +⋯
256
Or
1 1 1 6 5 8 7 10
𝑦 = 𝑎0 (1 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 − ⋯ ) + 𝑎1 𝑥
2 8 16 128 256