See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/329118644

Analysis of Piled Raft of Shanghai Tower in Shanghai by the Program ELPLA

Chapter · November 2018

CITATIONS READS

0 1,080

3 authors, including:

M. El Gendy Omar El Gendy

Port Said University Suez Canal University
83 PUBLICATIONS   192 CITATIONS    7 PUBLICATIONS   1 CITATION   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Behavior of cylindrical tanks resting on Port Said soil View project

Comparative analyses of large diameter bored piles using international codes View project

All content following this page was uploaded by M. El Gendy on 22 November 2018.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Case study 8

Case study 8

Analysis of Piled Raft

of Shanghai Tower in Shanghai
by the Program ELPLA

M. El Gendy
A. El Gendy
O. El Gendy

Copyright ©
GEOTEC Software Inc.
PO Box 14001 Richmond Road PO, Calgary AB, Canada T3E 7Y7
Tele.:+1(587) 332-3323
geotec@geotecsoftware.com
www.geotecsoftware.com

22-11-2018

C8-1
Piled raft of Shanghai Tower

Content
Page

8 Case study 8: Shanghai Tower piled raft........................................................................3

8.1 General ........................................................................................................................3
8.2 Analysis of the piled raft .............................................................................................5
8.3 FE-Net .........................................................................................................................5
8.4 Loads ...........................................................................................................................6
8.5 Pile and raft material ...................................................................................................7
8.6 Load settlement curve .................................................................................................8
8.7 Soil properties .............................................................................................................8
8.8 Results .......................................................................................................................11
8.9 Measurements and other results ................................................................................16
8.9.1 Measured settlement ................................................................................................. 16
8.9.2 Calculated final settlement ........................................................................................ 16
8.10 Conclusion ................................................................................................................16
8.11 References .................................................................................................................17

C8-2
 Case study 8

8 Case study 8: Shanghai Tower piled raft

8.1 General
The Shanghai Tower is a mega tall skyscraper in Lujiazui, Pudong, Shanghai, ‎Figure 8-1. It is
considered the second-tallest building in the world after Burj Khalifa. The height of the tower is
632 meters. It consists of a 124-storey tower, a 7-storey podium and a 5-storey basement.

The tower has a 5-storey basement, and its foundation depth is 31.4 [m]. The thickness of the
raft under the tower is 6 [m] and the area of the raft is 8945 [m2]. The raft of Shanghai tower is
supported by 955 bored piles with a diameter 1.0 [m]. The spacing between the piles is 3 [m] and
the piles are distributed in different foundation arrangements where the entire raft area is divided
into four sub areas A, B, C and D as shown in ‎Figure 8-2. The length of the pile in area A is 56
[m], while the length of the pile in other zones is 52 [m].

Extensive studies with different calculation methods were carried out by Sun etc. al. (2011),
Xiao etc. Al. (2011), Tang and Zhao (2014), (2014), Su etc. al. (2013), (2014) and Zhao, X. and
Liu, S. (2017).

C8-3
Piled raft of Shanghai Tower

Figure 8-1 Shanghai Tower 1

1
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Shanghai_Tower_2015.jpg

C8-4
 Case study 8

Figure 8-2 Shanghai Tower Foundation system and vertical zoning of the Tower
(Zhao, X. and Liu, S. (2017))

8.2 Analysis of the piled raft

Using the available data and results of the Shanghai piled raft, which have been discussed in
detail in the references, the nonlinear analysis of piled raft in ELPLA according to El Gendy et
al. (2006) and El Gendy (2007) is evaluated and verified using the load-settlement relation of
piles from the pile load test given by Xiao etc. Al. (2011).

For simplicity, the piled raft is considered double symmetric and only a quarter of the foundation
system is analyzed. The foundation system is analyzed as an elastic raft supported on unequal
rigid piles.

8.3 FE-Net
The raft is divided into triangular elements with a maximum length of 1.5 [m] as shown in
‎Figure 8-3. Piles are divided into five elements with 14 [m] length.

C8-5
Piled raft of Shanghai Tower

A = 51.0 [m]

G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2

G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2

G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2
G1 G1
G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2
G1 G1
G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2
G1 G1
G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2
G1 G1
G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2
G1 (L=52[m], D=1[m]) G1 G1 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2
G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1
G2 (L=56[m], D=1[m]) G1 G1 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2

B = 51.0 [m]
G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1
G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1
G1 G1 G1 G1 G1
G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1
G1 G1 G1 G1
G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1
G1 G1 G1
G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1
G1 G1
G1 G1 G1
G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1
G1 G1 G1 G1
G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1
G1 G1 G1
G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1
G1 G1 G1
G1 G1 G1 G1 G1 G1
G1 G1 G1
G1 G1 G1 G1 G1
G1 G1 G1
G1

Figure 8-3 FE-mesh of Shanghai tower piled raft with piles

8.4 Loads
According to Tang and Zhao (2014), the tower foundation carries a total dead and live loads of
6710 [MN] and 963 [MN], respectively. The total vertical load used in calculating the settlement
is 7672 [MN]. The column and wall sections and loads are listed in ‎Table 8-1The system of
loading acting on the piled raft is shown in ‎Figure 8-4.

Table 8-1 Section and load of columns and walls

Average load Distributed load
Section
[MN] [MPa]
Horizontal super
5.3×3.7[m] 4×450.16 22.96
columns
Vertical super columns 3.7×5.3[m] 4×461.75 23.55
Diagonal columns 5.5×2.4[m] 4×231.22 17.52
tflange = 1.2[m],
Core walls 3099.87 16.50
tweb = 0.9[m]

C8-6
 Case study 8

Total load 7672.387

16.5 16.5
23.0 16.5 16.5

16.5 16.5

16.5 16.5

p‎[MN/m²]

17.5

23.5

Figure 8-4 System of loading acting on the piled raft

8.5 Pile and raft material

The concrete grade of the raft and piles is C50. The following values were used as pile and raft
material:

Modulus of elasticity Ep = 33234 [MN/m2]

Poisson's ratio vp = 0.167 [-]
Unit weight γb = 23.60 [kN/m3]

C8-7
Piled raft of Shanghai Tower

8.6 Load settlement curve

‎ igure 8-5 shows the load-settlement relation resulted from the pile load test given by Xiao etc.
F
Al. (2011).

Load [MN]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0

20

40
Settlement s [mm]

60

80

100

120
Pile Resistance
Allowable Pile Load
140

Figure 8-5 Load-settlement relation from pile load test

8.7 Soil properties

The site for the Shanghai Tower is in the new Pudong development district of Shanghai. The
groundwater level is about 0.5~1.5 [m] below ground level. The foundation depth of the tower is
31.4 [m] below ground level.

Geotechnical investigation indicates that the ground conditions comprise horizontally stratified
subsurface profile which is complex and highly variable. The subsoil below the ground level is
composed of clay, silty clay and sand, underlain by a completely decomposed granite. According
to the soil type and physical properties, the subsoil is divided into nine layers and fourteen sub-
layers. The top layer is the bearing layer for shallow foundation while the fifth, seventh and
ninth layers are the end-bearing layers for piles.

The soil profile and geotechnical parameters are summarized in ‎Table 8-2. The subsoil layer
under the raft up to 105 [m] deep are indicated in the boring log shown in ‎Figure 8-6.

C8-8
 Case study 8

Table 8-2 Summary of geotechnical profile and parameters

Strata Sub- Subsurface Material Level Modulus Bulk
strata at top of Density
of compressibility
stratum
z Es γBulk
[m] [MPa] [kN/m3]
1 Fill 4.5 0
2 Plastic to soft-plastic silty clay 2.7 3.97 18.4
Flow plastic muddy silty clay
3 1.5 3.84 17.7
interspersed with sandy silt
4 Flow plastic muddy clay -3.0 2.27 16.7
1-a Soft plastic clay -11.5 3.56 17.6
5
1-b Soft plastic to plastic silty clay -15.5 5.29 18.4
6 Hard plastic clay -20.0 6.96 19.8
Medium dense to dense silty sand with
1 -24.0 11.45 18.7
sandy silt
7 2 Dense silty sand -30.8 75 19.2
Dense silty sand with sandy silt and
3 -59.1 60 19.1
clay
8 absent
1 Dense sandy silt -63.4 70 19.1
Dense silty sand with coarse and
2-1 -71.7 80 20.2
gravelly sand and clay
Hard plastic to plastic silty clay with
2t -82.7 35 20.0
clayed silt
9
Dense silty sand with fine sand and
2-2 -84.0 85 19.3
sandy silt
3 Dense fine sand -96.0 90 19.7
Hard plastic to plastic silty clay with
3t -100.5 35 19.1
clayed silt

C8-9
Piled raft of Shanghai Tower

B1
GW 1.0
A ES = 1000[kN/m2]
A
A Ws = 3000[kN/m2] 4.0
1.0 GAM = 18.4[kN/m3]

ES = 1000[kN/m2] 8.0
A Ws = 3000[kN/m2]
1.8 GAM = 8.4[kN/m3]
12.0
ES = 3970[kN/m2]
T Ws = 11910[kN/m2] 16.0
3.0 GAM = 8.4[kN/m3]
ES = 3840[kN/m2] 20.0
T Ws = 11520[kN/m2]
7.5 GAM = 7.7[kN/m3]
24.0
ES = 2270[kN/m2] Tk = 25.4 [m]
T Ws = 6810[kN/m2]
28.0
16.0 GAM = 6.7[kN/m3]

ES = 3560[kN/m2] Tf = 31.4 [m]

T 32.0
Ws = 10680[kN/m2]
20.0 GAM = 7.6[kN/m3]
36.0
ES = 5290[kN/m2]
T Ws = 15870[kN/m2]
GAM = 8.4[kN/m3] 40.0
24.5
ES = 6960[kN/m2]
T Ws = 20880[kN/m2] 44.0

28.5 GAM = 9.8[kN/m3]

48.0
ES = 11450[kN/m2]
S Ws = 34350[kN/m2]
35.3 GAM = 8.7[kN/m3] 52.0

56.0

ES = 75000[kN/m2] 60.0
S Ws = 225000[kN/m2]
63.6 GAM = 9.2[kN/m3]
64.0
ES = 60000[kN/m2]
S Ws = 180000[kN/m2] 68.0
67.9 GAM = 9.1[kN/m3]

ES = 70000[kN/m2] 72.0
U Ws = 210000[kN/m2]
76.2 GAM = 9.1[kN/m3] 76.0

80.0

ES = 35000[kN/m2] 84.0
S+T Ws = 105000[kN/m2]
87.2 GAM = 10[kN/m3]
88.0
ES = 80000[kN/m2]
T+U Ws = 240000[kN/m2]
92.0
88.5 GAM = 10.2[kN/m3]

A A, Filling ES = 85000[kN/m2]
96.0
S+U
T, Clay Ws = 255000[kN/m2]
100.0
100.5 GAM = 9.3[kN/m3]
S, Sand ES = 90000[kN/m2]
fS Ws = 270000[kN/m2] 104.0
U, Silt 105.0 GAM = 9.700001[kN/m3]
fS, Fine sand

Figure 8-6 Boring log used in ELPLA analysis

C8-10
 Case study 8

8.8 Results
‎ igure 8-7 to ‎Figure 8-11 show the settlement and pile reactions for piled raft analyzed using the
F
"Given load-settlement curve from pile load test" method.

126 [mm]
121 [mm]
116 [mm]
111 [mm]
106 [mm]
101 [mm]
96 [mm]
91 [mm]
86 [mm]
81 [mm]
77 [mm]
72 [mm]
67 [mm]

Figure 8-7 Settlement under the piled raft

C8-11
Piled raft of Shanghai Tower

16 15 15 16 16 15 15 15 16 28 29 30 31 31 32 33 33
17 15 15 15 16 15 15 15 16 28 29 30 31 32 32 33
15 14 15 15 15 15 14 28 28 29 30 31 32 32 33
14 16
16 14 14 14 14 14 14 28 28 29 30 31 32 32
14 15
14 13 13 13 13 13 13 27 27 28 29 30 30 31 31
13 15
13 12 12 12 12 12 12 26 27 28 28 29 30 30
12 14
13 12 11 11 11 11 12 12 25 26 27 27 28 29 29 29
11 13
11 11 10 11 11 11 11 25 25 26 27 27 28 28
11 13 24 24 25 26 26 27 27 27
11 10 10 10 10 11
11 11 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16
10 10 10 10 10
10 11 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14
10 9 9 10
10 9 9 10 10 11 11 11 13 14 14
12 13 14
9 10 10 11 11 13 14 15
10 9
12 14 15
9 10 10 11 11 13 15 15
10 12 14 15
10 10 10 11 11 13 15 15
12 14 15
10 10 11 11 13 15 15
12 14 15
11 11 11 13 15 15
12 14 15
12 12 14 16 16
14 16 18
13

Figure 8-8 Self settlement of piles Sv [mm]

C8-12
 Case study 8

68 74 79 84 87 90 92 95 95 86 88 90 92 94 95 96 96
64 71 77 81 85 88 91 87 89 91 93 95 96 96
94 95
67 73 78 82 86 89 91 85 87 90 92 93 95 95 96
93 94
63 70 75 79 83 86 89 85 88 90 92 93 94 95
92 93
65 71 75 79 83 86 89 83 85 88 90 91 92 93 93
90 91
60 66 71 75 79 83 86 83 85 87 89 90 91 92
55 61 66 71 75 88 89
78 82 85 80 82 84 86 88 89 90 90

58 63 68 72 86 87 79 81 83 85 86 87 88
75 79 82

59 83 84 76 78 80 82 84 85 86 86
64 69 72 76 79

60 65 80 83 84 86 89 91 92 94 94 95
69 73 76

61 77 80 83 85 88 90 92 93 94 94
66 70 74
61 66 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 92
85 89 91
61 70 73 76 79 82 86 89 90
66
82 86 88
66 69 72 75 78 83 86 87
61
79 83 85
61 65 68 72 75 79 82 83
75 79 81
60 64 68 71 75 78 79
71 75 77
59 63 66 71 73 74
66 70 71
58 61 65 67 68
60 63 64
55

Figure 8-9 Interaction settlement of piles Srv [mm]

C8-13
Piled raft of Shanghai Tower

84 90 95 99 103 105 107 109 111 114 117 120 123 126 128 129 129
82 87 92 97 101 104 106 115 118 121 124 126 128 129
109 111
83 88 93 98 101 104 106 113 116 119 122 124 126 128 128
107 110
79 84 88 93 97 100 103 113 116 119 122 124 126 127
105 108
79 84 88 92 96 99 102 109 113 116 118 121 123 124 125
103 106
74 78 83 87 91 95 98 109 112 115 117 120 121 122
68 73 78 82 86 90 100 103
93 97 105 108 111 113 116 118 119 119

69 74 78 82 86 97 100 104 107 109 112 114 115 116

90 93
94 97 100 103 105 108 110 112 113 113
70 74 79 83 86 90
91 94 97 100 102 105 107 109 110 110
71 75 79 83 87
88 91 94 97 100 102 105 107 108 108
71 75 79 83
71 75 79 83 87 90 93 96 101 105 106
97 102 105
79 83 86 90 93 99 103 104
71 75
94 100 103
75 79 82 86 90 96 101 102
71
91 97 100
71 75 78 82 86 92 97 99
87 93 96
71 74 78 82 88 93 94
83 88 92
70 74 78 84 88 90
78 84 87
70 73 79 83 85
74 79 82
69

Figure 8-10 Total settlement of piles Sr [mm]

C8-14
 Case study 8

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 3

7 6 6 6 7 6 6 6 7 12 12 12 13 13 13 14
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 7
6 7
7 6 6 6 6 6 6 11 12 12 12 13 13 13
6 6
6 5 5 5 5 5 5 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 6
5 6
6 5 5 5 5 5 5 11 11 11 12 12 12 13
5 6
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 6
5 5
5 4 4 4 4 5 5 10 11 11 11 11 12 12
5 5 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 6
4 4 4 4 4 4
4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 3
4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 3
4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 3
5 6 6
4 4 4 4 5 5 6 3
4 4
5 6 6
4 4 4 4 5 5 6 3
4 5 6 6
4 4 4 4 5 5 6 3
5 6 6
4 4 4 5 5 6 3
5 6 6
4 4 5 5 6 3
5 6 6
5 5 6 6 3
6 7 7
6

Figure 8-11 Pile reactions [MN]

C8-15
Piled raft of Shanghai Tower

8.9 Measurements and other results

8.9.1 Measured settlement

The construction of Shanghai started 29 November 2008 and finished on 6 September 2014.
According to Su etc. al. (2014), the settlement of the core and mega columns reached 60 and 45
[mm], respectively; on 30 April 2013 under nearly 75% of the building load. As expected, these
values are less than the computed values because it doesn’t consider the long term settlement
due to the consolidation of the clay layers. The soil below the tower will continue to consolidate
until reaching the final settlement therefore calculation methods need to take consolidation effect
into account.

8.9.2 Calculated final settlement

Several analyses were used to assess the response of the foundation for the Shanghai Tower.
According to Sun etc. al. (2011), the computed values of maximum settlement ranges between
101 and 143 [mm].

A comparison between the computed settlement obtained by ELPLA and that obtained by other
methods is presented in ‎Table 8-3.

Table 8-3 Comparison between ELPLA results and those of other methods
Smax. Smin. SDiff.
Method
[mm] [mm] [mm]
ELPLA 129 64 65

Xiao etc. al. (2011) - Computed 143 44 99

Xiao etc. al. (2011) - Predicted 112 68 44

Tang and Zhao (2014) - Hybrid Method 107 90 17

Tang and Zhao (2014) - Empirical Formula 121 - -

Tang and Zhao (2014) - Predicted Method >120 - -

Sun etc. al. (2011) - Computed 101 37 64

8.10 Conclusion
This case study shows that ELPLA is a practical tool for analyzing large piled raft problems in
significantly lowered computational time.

C8-16
 Case study 8

8.11 References

[1] El Gendy, M. (2007): Formulation of a composed coefficient technique for analyzing

large piled raft. Scientific Bulletin, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo,
Egypt. Vol. 42, No. 1, March 2007, pp. 29-56
[2] El Gendy, M./ El Gendy, A. (2018): Analysis of raft and piled raft by Program ELPLA
GEOTEC Software Inc., Calgary AB, Canada.
[3] El Gendy, M./ Hanisch, J./ Kany, M. (2006): Empirische nichtlineare Berechnung von
Kombinierten Pfahl-Plattengründungen Bautechnik 9/06.
[4] Su, J./ Xia, Y./ Xu, Y./ Zhao, X./ Zhang, Q. (2014): Settlement Monitoring of a Supertall
Building Using the Kalman Filtering Technique and Forward Construction Stage
Analysis. Advances in Structural Engineering Vol. 17 No. 6 2014.
[5] Su, J.Z./ Xia, Y./ Chen, L./ Zhao, X./ Zhang, Q.L./ Xu, Y.L./ Ding, J.M./ Xiong, H.B./ Ma,
R.J./ Lv, X.L./ Chen, A.R. (2013): Long-term structural performance monitoring system
for the Shanghai Tower. Journal of Civil Structural Health Monitoring, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp.
49–61.
[6] Sun, H.H./ Zhao, X./ Li, X.P./ Ding, J.M./ Zhou, Y. (2011): Performance analysis of
basement fin wall of the Shanghai tower based on the interaction between pile-raft
foundation and superstructure. Procedia Engineering, Vol. 14, pp. 1367–1375.
[7] Tang, Y. J/ Zhao, X. H. (2014): 121-story Shanghai Center Tower foundation re-analysis
using a compensated pile foundation theory. Structural Design of Tall and Special
Buildings 23: 854–879.
[8] Tang, Y. J/ Zhao, X. H. (2014): Deformation of compensated piled raft foundations with
deep embedment in super-tall buildings of Shanghai. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build.
(2014).
[9] Xiao, J. H/ Chao, S./ Zhao, X.H. (2011): Foundation design for Shanghai Center Tower.
Advanced Materials Research 248–249: 2802–2810.
[10] Zhao, X./ Liu, S. (2017): Foundation Differential Settlement Included Time-dependent
Elevation Control for Super Tall Structures. International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
March 2017, Vol 6, No 1, 83-89.

C8-17

View publication stats