 Speed of light in vacuum or air = 3 x 108 m/s

 Speed of light in water = 2.25 x 108 m/s

 Speed of light in glass = 2 x 108 m/s
 While passing from one medium to the other,
* if light slows down,the second medium is said to
be optically denser than the first medium.
*if light speeds up,the second medium is said to be
optically rarer than the first medium.
 The change in the direction of the path of light,when
it passes from one transparent medium to another
transparent medium,is called refraction.
Change in speed of light when it travelsf
from one transparent medium to
another medium.
 Case1:-
 Case2:-
 Case 3:-
1) The incident ray , the refracted ray and the
normalat the point of incidence,all lie in the same
plane.
2) The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the
sine of the angle of refraction r is constant for the
pair of given media.ie.mathematically
sin i = constant
sin r
REFRACTIVE INDEX

The refractive index of second medium with respect

to the first medium is defined as the ratio of the
sine of the angle of incidence in the first medium
to the sine of the angle of refraction in the second
medium.
 No unit
 µ = c/v
c-speed of light in air or vacuum.
v=speed of light in a medium
 The refractive index of a transparent medium is
always greater than 1:-because speed of light in any
medium is always less than that in vacuum(V<c)
 The refractive index of glass is 1.5
 The refractive index of water is 1.33
 The refractive index of diamond is 2.41
 The refractive index of second medium with
respect to first medium is related to the speed
of light in the two media as:-
1µ2 = speed of light in med1
speed of light in medium2
 What are the conditions for zero refraction?

* When light ray passes through normal

*When refractive index of medium 1=refractive
index of medium 2
1)Nature of the medium(optical density)
Less the speed of light in the medium, more is the
refractive index of the medium.
2)Temperature:-
When temperature increases,speed of light
increases,so refractive index of medium decreases.
3)Colour or wavelength
 speed of light is same for all colours in air
/vacuum
 It is different in other mediums.
 Emergent ray is parallel to the direction of.
incident ray.
 Angle of incidence= Angle of emergence
 Lateral displacement is the perpendicular distance
between emergent ray and direction of incident
ray.
 The light ray incident normally on a glass slab
passes undeviated.