1

THANTHAI PERIYAR GOVERNMENT

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Vellore – 632 002.
(Anna University)

2019 - 2020

CHEMISTRY LAB INSTRUCTION MANUAL

BS8161- CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

Compiled by

Dr. P.Manivel
Dr. N. Kalaivasan
Mr.C.Raveendiran

Name :

Discipline : Batch :

Roll No. : Reg. No. :

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Contents

Ex. Page Initials

No.
Date EXPERIMENT No.

Determination of total, temporary &

1. permanent hardness of water by EDTA
method
Determination of Alkalinity in water
2.
sample

3. Estimation of Dissolved Oxygen in Water

Estimation of Chloride content in Water

4.

Estimation of Copper content of the given

5. solution by Iodometry

pH metry – Determination of strength of

6 HCl by NaOH

Coductometric titration of strong acid vs

7
strong base.
 3

TITRATION – I

STANDARD CaCO3 Vs EDTA

Indicator: EBT
Burette reading
Volume of Volume of Concordant
S.No.
CaCO3 (mL) EDTA (mL) Value
Initial Final
20
1.
20
2.
20
3.

Volume of EDTA (V1) =

TITRATION – II
HARD WATER Vs EDTA
Indicator: EBT
Volume of Burette reading
Volume of Concordant
S.No. HARD WATER
EDTA (mL) Value
(mL) Initial Final
40 0
1.
40 0
2.
40 0
3.

Volume of EDTA (V2) =

TITRATION – III
BOILED FILTERED WATER Vs EDTA
Indicator: EBT
Volume of Burette reading
Volume of Concordant
S.No. Boiled Filtered
EDTA (mL) Value
water (mL) Initial Final
1. 40 0

2. 40 0

Volume of EDTA (V3) =

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ESTIMATION OF TEMPORARY, PERMANENT AND

Ex. 01
TOTAL HARDNESS OF WATER
DATE:

AIM:

To estimate the temporary, permanent and total hardness of the given sample
of water by EDTA method.

PRINCIPLE:

This is a complexometric method for the determination of hardness of water

using disodium salt of EDTA. Erichrom Black – T (EBT) is used as an indicator. The

hardness producing metal ions form a wine red coloured weak complex with EBT

indicator in the presence of ammonia buffer solution.

HOOC H2C CH2 COOH

N-CH2-CH2-N

HOOC H2C EDTA CH2 COOH

Ca2+ Ca2+
Ions pH=9-10
+ EBT + EBT Weak Complex
2+ Indicator 2+
Mg Mg

Hard water (wine red colour)

Ca2+ Ca2+
pH=9-10
+ EBT Complex+ EDTA + EDTA Complex + EBT
2+ 2+
Mg Mg

Weak Complex -wine red colour Stable (colorless) - Steel blue colour

When EDTA solution is added, the indicator is replaced by this EDTA and a

stable complex is formed. The colour of the solution will be steel blue due to the

release of EBT indicator. In the EDTA method at first the total hardness is estimated.
 5

CALCULATION:

1) STANDARDIZATION OF EDTA SOLUTION:

1 mL of Std CaCO3 solution = 1mg of CaCO3
20 mL of Std CaCO3 solution = 20mg of CaCO3
Volume of EDTA consumed for 20 mL of Std CaCO3 solution= V1mL
V1 mL of EDTA = 20 mL of std CaCO3 = 20mg of CaCO3
V1 mL of EDTA = 20mg of CaCO3
1 mL of EDTA = 20mg of CaCO3
V1

2) ESTIMATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS:

Volume of EDTA consumed for 40 mL of hard water = V2 mL

V2 mL of EDTA
40 mL of hard water sample
1000 mL hard water sample
= 20 x V2 mg of CaCO3
V1
=20 x V2 mg of CaCO3
V1
=20x (V2/V1) x (1000/40) ppm

= 20x ( / ) x (1000/40) ppm

Total hardness = -------------------- ppm

3) ESTIMATION OF PERMANENT HARDNESS:

Volume of EDTA consumed = V3 mL =

V3 mL of EDTA = 20 x (V3/V1) mg of CaCO3

40 mL of boiled, filtered water = 20 x (V3/V1) mg of CaCO3

1000 mL boiled, filtered water contains =20 x (V3/V1) x (1000/40) ppm

Permanent Hardness =--------------------ppm

4) ESTIMATION OF TEMPORARY HARDNESS:

Temporary hardness = Total hardness – Permanent hardness

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A known volume of the same sample is boiled for 15-20 minutes to destroy the
temporary hardness. The water is then cooled, filtered and after proper volume
correction a known volume of water is used for determining permanent hardness.
Temporary hardness is the difference between the total and permanent hardness.

TITRATION – I PROCEDURE:

Pipette out 20 mL of standard calcium solution (Std. hard water) into a clean
conical flask. Add 5 ml of Ammonia (NH4OH – NH4Cl) buffer and two drops of EBT
indicator and titrate the solution against EDTA taken in the burette. The end point is
change of colour from wine red to steel blue. The titration is repeated to get
concordant value. Let V1 be the volume of EDTA consumed.

a. TOTAL HARDNESS:

40mL of the sample water is pipetted into a conical flask. 5mL of buffer solution
and a small amount of EBT indicator is added and titrated with O.O1M of EDTA
solution until the colour is changed to steel blue from wine red. The experiment is
repeated to get concordant value. Let V2 be the volume of EDTA consumed.

b. PERMANENT HARDNESS:

250mL of the water sample is boiled for 15 minutes. Then it is cooled and
filtered in a flask. The filtrate is made to 250mL. 40mL of filtrate is titrated as given
above. The titration is repeated to get concordant value. Let V2 be the volume of EDTA
consumed.

Temporary Hardness = Total Hardness – Permanent Hardness

RESULT:

i. Total hardness = ------------------ PPM

ii. Permanent hardness = ------------------ PPM

iii. Temporary hardness = ------------------- PPM

TITRATION – I
 7

WATER SAMPLE Vs HCL

Sample Burette reading (Volume of HCl)
Volume of
Methyl
Water Phenolphthalein
S.No. Volume of Volume orange
Sample end point ‘P’
acid (mL) acid (mL) end
(mL) (mL)
point(M)

1.
I
2.

1.

II 2.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE TYPES OF ALKALINITIES

Type of alkalinity in the given water sample

Phenolphthalein end point (P) =

Methyl orange end point (M) =

Half of the value of methyl orange

end point (½ M) =

If data satisfies the condition P> ½ M. The types of alkalinity present in

the given water sample are CO32- and OH- alkalinities

If data satisfies the condition P< ½ M. The types of alkalinity present in the

given water sample are CO32- & H CO3 - alkalinities

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Ex. 02 ESTIMATION OF ALKALINITY IN WATER SAMPLE

DATE:

AIM:

To determine the type and amount of alkalinity present in the given water

sample. A standard solution of HCl of strength 0.05N given.

PRINCIPLE:

Alkalinity is caused by the presence of hydroxide, carbonate and

bicarbonate. There are five alkalinity conditions possible in a given sample of

water. Hydroxide only, Carbonate only, bicarbonate only. Combination of

carbonate and hydroxide (or) carbonate and bicarbonate. The various

alkalinities can be estimated by titrating with a standard acid using

phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicator successively. Hydroxide alkalinity

is completely neutralised and carbonate alkalinity is partially neutralised during

phenolphthalein end point

OH- + H+ → H2O

CO32- + H+ → HCO3-

Bi-carbonate neutralisation occurs during methyl orange end point.

HCO3- + H+ → CO2 + H2O

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TITRATION – II

WATER SAMPLE Vs HCL

Sample Burette reading (Volume of HCl)
Volume of
Methyl
Water Phenolphthalein
S.No. Volume of Volume orange
Sample end point ‘P’
acid (mL) acid (mL) end
(mL) (mL)
point(M)

1.
I
2.

1.

II 2.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE TYPES OF ALKALINITIES

Type of alkalinity in the given water sample

Phenolphthalein end point (P) =

Methyl orange end point (M) =

Half of the value of methyl orange

end point (½ M) =

If data satisfies the condition P> ½ M. The types of alkalinity present in

the given water sample are CO32- and OH- alkalinities

If data satisfies the condition P< ½ M. The types of alkalinity present in the

given water sample are CO32- & H CO3 - alkalinities

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From the two titrated value, the different alkaliniteis are calculated

When,

P = 0 bicarbonate alkalinity

P = M, hydroxide alkalinity

2P = M, carbonate alkalinity

P < ½ M, carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity

CO32- = 2P(volume of acid consumed for CO32-)

HCO3- = M -2P (volume of acid consumed for HCO3-)

P > ½ M hydroxide and carbonate

CO32- = 2(M-P) (volume of acid consumed for CO32-)

OH- = 2P – M(volume of acid consumed for OH-)

Alkalinity values are expressed in terms of milligram per litre as calcium

carbonate equivalent.

PROCEDURE:

TITRATION – I (with Phenolphthalein Indicator)

The burette is washed and rinsed with the given HCl. Then the burette is

filled with 0.05N HCl. 20mL of water sample is pipetted out into a clean conical

flask. A drop of phenolphthalein indicator is added. Pink colour is observed.

This solution is titrated against the standard acid until pink colour is

disappeared. The end point is noted (P).

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CALCULATION:

If P> ½ M.
(i) volume of acid consumed for OH- ion = (2P – M) mL = ---------------
=---------mL
(ii) volume of acid consumed for C032-ion = 2(M - P) mL = ----------------
=--------- mL
If P< ½ M
(i) volume of acid consumed for C032- ion = 2P mL = ----------------
=--------- mL
(ii) volume of acid consumed for HC03- ion= M - 2P mL = ----------------
=---------mL
1000mL of IN HCl = 1g equivalent of CaCO3
= 50g of CaCO3
= 50,000 mg of CaCO3
‫ א‬mL of 0.05N HCl = 50000x 0.05 ‫ א‬/ 1000 mg of CaCO3
20 ml of water sample =[ 50000x 0.05 ‫ א‬/ 1000]
1000mL of water sample = [50000x 0.05 ‫ א‬x 1000] / [1000x20]
= 125 ‫א‬ ppm
If P> ½ M.
Alkalinity due to OH-ion =125 ‫ א‬ppm (‫= א‬2P-M) =
= -----------ppm
Alkalinity due to CO32-ion = 125 ‫ א‬ppm (‫= א‬2(M-P) =

= -----------ppm

If P< ½ M
Alkalinity due to ion CO32-
Alkalinity due to HCO3-ion
=125 ‫ א‬ppm (‫= א‬2P) =
= -----------ppm
= 125 ‫ א‬ppm (‫( = א‬M-2P)=
= -----------ppm
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TITRATION – II (WITH METHYL ORANGE INDICATOR)

Few drops of methyl orange indicator is added to the same titration after

the phenolphthalein end point. The titration is continued until the solution

becomes red orange. The titer value is noted (M). The titration is repeated for

concordant value.

RESULT:

Water sample contains the following alkalinities

Sample : I

1) Bicarbonate alkalinity = ------------ ppm

2) Carbonate alkalinity = ---------- ppm

Sample : II

1) Hydroxide alkalinity = ------------ ppm

2) Carbonate alkalinity = ---------- ppm

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TITRATION – I

STANDARDISATION OF SODIUM THIOSULPHATE

K2Cr2O7 Vs Sodium thiosulphate Indicator: Starch

Burette reading Volume of
Volume of Concordant
S.No. Na2S2O3
K2Cr2O7 mL Value
Initial Final (mL)
1. 20 mL

2. 20 mL

3. 20 mL

CALCULATION :

Volume of K2Cr2O7 (V1) = 20mL

Normality of K2Cr2O7 (N1) = 0.002N

Volume o Na2S2O3 (V2) =

Normality of Na2S2O3 (N2) = ?

V1N1 = V2N2
V1N1
=
V2
Strength of Na2S2O3 (N2) = -------- N
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Ex.03 ESTIMATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN WATER

DATE :

AIM:

To determine the amount of dissolved oxygen in the given water sample

by Wlinkler’s method.

PRINCIPLE:

Oxygen dissolves in water to the extent of 7 – 9 mg per litre at a

temperature range of 25 – 350c. The amount of dissolved oxygen in water is

estimated using Winkler’s reagents. (manganese sulphate, alkali-iodide,

Conc.H2SO4).

Water sample is collected carefully avoiding aeration/deaeration in ground

stoppered flask. Initially manganese sulphate and alkali-Iodide reagents are

added and the reactions occur as follows

Mn2+ + 2OH- → Mn(OH)2  (white)

Mn(OH)2 + ½O2 → MnO(OH)2  (yellow brown)

The precipitate dissolves in Conc.H2SO4 liberating iodine and the liberated

iodine is titrated against Na2S2O3.

Mno(OH)2 + H2SO4 → MnSO4 + 2H2O + [0]

[0] + 2KI + H2SO4 → H2O + K2SO4+ I2

2Na2S2O3 + I2 → Na2S4O6 + 2NaI

Starch + I2 → Starch iodide (Blue)

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TITRATION – II

ESTIMATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN

WATER SAMPLE Vs SODIUM THIOSULPHATE

Indicator: Starch
Volume of Burette reading Volume of
Concordant
S.No. water sample Na2S2O3
Value
mL Initial Final (mL)

1. 20 mL

2. 20 mL

3. 20 mL

CALCULATION :

Volume of Na2S2O3 (V4) = mL

Normality of Na2S2O3 (N2) = N

Volume of water sample (V3) = 20mL

Normality of water sample (or) V4N2

Normality of dissolved oxygen in water = N3 =
V3
=

ESTIMATION:
Amount of dissolved oxygen in one
litre of the tap water Normality of Equ. Wt. of
= water sample × Oxygen
= N3 x 8 x 1000 mg/ L

= --------------mg/L
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PROCEDURE:

TITRATION – I

(1) STANDARDISATION OF SODIUM THIOSULPHATE:

The burette is washed and rinsed with sodium thiosulphate solution. Then

the burette is filled with the given Na2S2O3 solution 20mL of standard K2Cr2O7

solution is pipetted out into a clean conical flask. To this 5 mL of 4N H2SO4 and

5mL of 5% KI are added. This is titrated against Na2S2O3 solution. When the

solution becomes straw yellow colour, starch indicator is added and the titration

is continued. The end point is disappearance of blue colour and appearance of

light green colour. The titration is repeated to get concordant value.

TITRATION – II

ESTIMATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN:

100mL of the water sample is taken in the iodine flask. 2 mL of

manganese sulphate and 2mL of alkali iodide are added. The stopper is

replaced and the flask is inverted and shaked several times for the rough mixing

of reagents. The flask is kept aside for some time. When half of the precipitate

is settled down, the stopper is removed and 2mL of Conc.H2SO4 is added.

17
 18

The stopper is replaced and the flask is inverted several times for complete

dissolution of the precipitate. 20mL of this solution is pipetted and titrated

against the standardised Na2S2O3 solution. Starch indicator is added when the

solution becomes light yellow. The titration is continued until the blue colour

disappears. From the titer value the strength of dissolved oxygen is calculated

and hence the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water sample is calculated.

RESULT:

Amount of dissolved oxygen in the tap water = ……….. mg / Lit

TITRATION-1

STANDARDISATION OF SILVER NITRATE

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Indicator: Potassium chromate

Standard sodium chloride Vs Silver nitrate

S.No Vol. of Burette reading Vol. of Concordant

Sodium (mL) Silver Value
chloride nitrate
(mL) Initial Final (mL)

1. 10 mL

2. 10 mL

3. 10 mL

CALCULATION :

Volume of sodium chloride solution (V1) = 10 ml

Strength of sodium chloride solution (V1) = 0.01 N

Volume of silver nitrate solution (V2) =

Strength of silver nitrate solution (N2) =?

= (10 x 0.01) / V2

= (10 x 0.01) / -------

=……………..N

Ex.04 ESTIMATION OF CHLORIDE CONTENT IN WATER

DATE:
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AIM:
To determine the amount of chloride present in water sample by
Argentometric method.
THEORY:
Chlorides are present in water usually as NaCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2.
Although chlorides are not harmful as such, their concentrations above 250 ppm
impart a peculiar taste to the water, thus rendering the water unacceptable for
drinking purposes from aesthetic point of view. Further, existence of unusually
high concentrations of chloride in a water sample indicates pollution from
domestic sewage or from industrial waster-waters. Presence of chlorides is also
undesirable in boiler feed water. Salts like MgCl2 may undergo hydrolysis under
the high pressure and temperature prevailing in the boiler, generating
hydrochloric acid which causes corrosion in boiler parts.

PRINCIPLE:

Chloride ions can be determined by titration with standard silver nitrate

solution, using potassium chromate as indicator (Mohr’s method). As the
titration proceeds, the chloride ions present react with AgNO 3 forming insoluble
white precipitate of AgCl. As soon as all the chloride ions are removed in the
form of AgCl, the extra drop of AgNO3 reacts with the indicator forming red silver
chromate. Thus, the change of colour from bright yellow to faint but distinct
reddish brown colour marks the end point.
AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl ↓ + NaNO3
White ppt.
2 AgNO3 + K2CrO4 → Ag2CrO4↓ + 2 KNO3
Reddish brown

TITRATION :2
SILVER NITRATE VS WATER SAMPLE
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Indicator: Potassium chromate

Unknown water sample Vs Silver nitrate

S.No Vol.of Burette Vol.of Concordant

water reading Silver Value
sample (ml) nitrate
Initial Final (ml)

1. 10 mL

2. 10 mL

3. 10 mL

Calculation:
Volume of silver nitrate solution (V4) =
Strength of silver nitrate solution (N2) =
Volume of water sample (V3) =
Strength of water sample (N3) = ?
= v4 x N2 / V3

=
Amount of chloride in water sample
= Strength of water sample x 35.46 x 1000 mg

= x 35.46 x 1000 mg

The amount of chloride present in the water sample = ------------- mg/Lit

PROCEDURE:
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TITRATION-1:

STANDARDIZATION OF SILVER NITRATE SOLUTION

10ml of standard sodium chloride solution is pipetted into a clean 250ml

conical flask. 1ml of potassium chromate indicator is added. The contents of the
conical flask are titrated against silver nitrate taken in the burette. The end point
is the appearance of reddish brown layer. The titration is repeated to get
concordant titre values.

TITRATION-2:

ESTIMATION OF CHLORIDE CONTENT IN WATER SAMPLE

10 ml of the given sample is pipetted into a clean 250ml conical flask.
1ml of potassium chromate indicator is added. The contents of the conical flask
are titrated against silver nitrate taken in the burette. The end point is the
appearance of reddish brown layer. The titration is repeated to get concordant
titre values.

RESULT :
The amount of chloride present in the water sample = ------------- mg/Lit

TITRAION I: STANDARDISATION OF SODIUM THIOSULPHATE

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Standard potassium dichromate Vs sodium thiosulphate

Volume of Burette Readings (ml) Volume of

standard sodium
Sl. No. potassium thiosulphate Indicator
dichromate Initial Final solution
(ml) (ml)
1. 20 0
2. 20 0 Starch
3. 20 0

Volume of standard potassium dichromate (V1) = 20 ml

Strength of standard potassium dichromate (N1) = ……… N
Volume of sodium thiosulphate solution (V2) = ………… ml
Strength of sodium thiosulphate solution (N2) =?

According to the law of volumetric analysis,

V1N1 = V2N2

V 1 N1
N2 =
V2

20 x
= ………

…
Strength of sodium thiosulphate N2 = ---------------- N

ESTIMATION OF COPPER CONTENT OF THE

Ex.NO.05
GIVEN SOLUTION BY IODOMETRY
 24

AIM
To estimate the amount of copper present in the given solution by
iodometric titration. You are provided with standard ……………. N K 2Cr2O7
solution.
PRINCIPLE
Copper ion occurs naturally in drinking water and is a micronutrient
required for the metabolism of living beings. But the presence of copper in water,
in quantities more than 1.3 mg/l, will cause stomach ache, intestinal distress
and digestive problems. High concentration of copper will also impart a metallic
bitter taste to water. Occurrence of copper ions in drinking water may be due to
corrosion in plumbing materials and faulty water treatment processes. Copper
is also known to cause toxicity to aquatic organism.
Titrimetric estimation of copper is done through a redox reaction in which
stoichiometric quantity of iodine is liberated on reaction with potassium iodide.
The liberated iodine can be titrated against standardized sodium thiosulphate
solution.
When KI is added the copper ion solution, copper ions react with KI and
liberates I2.
2CuSO4 + 4KI --------> 2K2SO4 + 2CuI + I2
The liberated I2 is titrated against sodium thiosulphate, using starch indicatore.
2Na2S2O3 + I2 -----------> 2NaI + Na2S4O6
Sodium tetrathionate

2Cu2+ I2 2Na2S2O3

TITRATION II: ESTIMATION OF COPPER CONTENT OF THE GIVEN SOLUTION

 25

Given Copper ion solution Vs. Sodium thiosulphate solution

Burette Readings (ml) Volume of

Volume of
sodium
the given
Sl. No. thiosulphate Indicator
copper ion Initial Final solution
solution (ml)
(ml)

Starch

CALCULATION
Volume of sodium thiosulphate solution (V1) =………. ml
Strength of sodium thiosulphate solution (N1) = ……… N
Volume of the given copper ion solution (V2) = 20 ml
/ Stength of the given copper ion solution (N2) = ?
According to the law of volumetric analysis,
V1N1 = V2N2

V1 N1
N2 =
V2

……. x
N2 = …….
20

Strength of the copper ion solution N2 = ……………. N

Calculation of Amount of Copper Present in the Given Solution

Amount of copper present x Strength of the given

= Eq. wt. of Cu
In 1000 ml of the solution copper ion solution
copper

= 63.5 x N2 (from above)

= 63.5 x ……………..
= …………….. gms/lit
PROCEDURE
 26

TITRATION I
Standardisation of sodium thiosulphate

20 ml of standard potassium dichromate solution is pipette out into a clean

conical flask. About 5 ml of dilute H2SO4 and 5 ml of 5% KI are added to it. The
liberated iodine is immediately titrated against sodium thiosulphate solution
taken in the burette. When the solution turns pale yellow, about 1 ml of freshly
prepared starch is added and the titration is continued. The end point is the
disappearance of blue colour. Titration is repeated for concordant values.

TITRATION II
Estimation of copper ion content of the given solution

20 ml of the given copper ion solution is pipette out into a clean conical
flask. About 5 ml of dil. H2SO4 and 5 ml of 5% KI solutions are added to this
solution and the liberated iodine is titrated against standardized sodium
thiosulphate taken in the burette. When the solution turns pale yellow, about 1
ml of freshly prepared starch indicator is added and the titration is continued.
The disappearance of blue colour is the end poin. The titration is repeated for
concordant values.

RESULT
1. Strength of the given copper ion solution = ………. N
2. The amount of copper in the given copper ion solution = …………… g/lit.

Table : I Titration of HCl Vs NaOH

S.No. pH
 27

Volume of
NaOH mL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Burette

NaOH

Glass
electrode Beaker
Reference HCl
electrode
 28

Ex.06 pH metry – DETERMINATION OF STRENGTH OF

DATE:
HCl by using standard NaOH

AIM:
To determine the strength of given HCl by pH metry, a standard solution
of NaOH 0.1 is provided.

PRINCIPLE:

Since the pH of the solution is related to the H+ ion concentration by the

following formula
pH = -log [H+]

Measurement of pH of the solution gives the concentration of H+ ions in the

solution. When NaOH is added slowly from the burette to the solution of HCl,
the fast moving H+ ions are progressively replaced by slow moving Na+ ions. As
a result pH of the solution increases.
H+Cl- + Na+OH- NaCl + H2O

The increases in pH takes place until the all the H+ ions are completely
neutralized (upto the end point). After the end point, further addition of NaOH
increases pH sharply as there is an excess of fast moving OH- ions.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

1) pH Meter 2) Glass electrode 3) Beaker 4) Standard N/50 NaOH 5)

Approximately N/10 HCl 6) Burette, Pipette, Glass rod etc.

PROCEDURE:
The burette is filled with std. NaOH solution. Given unknown acid solution
transferred into 100 ml standard flask, and then diluted upto the mark using
distilled water. Exactly 10 ml of the given HCl solution is pipetted out into a clean
beaker. It is then diluted to 30 ml by adding distilled water. The glass electrode
is dipped in it and connected with a pH meter.
 29

Graph l Volume of NaOH vs pH Graph 2:Volume of NaOH vs pH/V

pH / v
PH

Volume of NaOH
Volume of NaOH ------→

Table : II Volume of NaOH Vs pH/ V

S.No. Volume of NaOH PH pH V (ml) pH/V

mL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
 30

25

Now NaOH solution is gradually added from the burette to the HCl solution
taken in the beaker and pH of the solution is noted for each addition. This
process is continued until atleast 5 readings are taken after the end point. The
observed pH values are plotted against the volume of NaOH added. From the
graph the end point is noted.

RESULT:

1. Strength of the given HCl solution= ………. N

2. Amount of HCl present in 1000mL of the solution = …..gms/1000mL

CALCULATION OF NORMALITY OF HCl

Volume of NaOH taken V1 = ----------ml

Normality of NaOH N1 = ----------N
Volume of HCl V2 = ----------ml
Normality of HCl N2 = ----------N
Accroding to the Volumetric analysis V1 N1 = V2 N2
N2 = V1 N1 / V2

N2 =

Normality of HCl = --------- N

CALCULATION OF AMOUNT OF HCl:

The amount of HCl present in

1000 ml of the given solution = Eq. Wt of HCl x Normality of HCl

= ---------------------------
 31

S.No. Volume of NaOH

Conductance (mho)
(ml)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
 32

Ex. 07 CONDUCTOMETRIC TITRATION OF STRONG ACID WITH

Date: STRONG BASE

AIM:

To determine the amount of Hydrochloric acid present in the given solution by

conductometric titration using standard NaOH.

PRINCIPLE:

Solution of electrolytes conducts electricity due to the presence of ions. The

specific conductance of solution is proportional to the concentration of ions in it. The
reaction between HCl and NaOH may represented as,

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

When a solution of NaOH is titrated with HCl, the fast moving hydrogen ions are
progressively replaced by slow moving sodium ions. As a result conductance of the
solution is decreases. This decreases in conductance will take place until the end
point is reached. Further addition of alkali raises the conductance sharply as there is
an excess of hydrogen ions.
A graph is drawn between volume of HCl added and the conductance of
solution. The exact end point is intersection of the two curves.

METERIALS REQUIRED:
(i) Conductivity meter
(ii) Conductivity cell
(iii) Beaker
(iv) Standard N/10 HCl
(v) Approximately N/10 NaOH
(vi) Burette, pipette, glass rod etc.,
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Determination of conductance
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PROCEDURE:
The burette is filled with std. NaOH solution. Given unknown acid
solution transferred into 100 ml standard flask, and then diluted upto the mark
using distilled water. Exactly 10 ml of the given HCl solution is pipetted out into
a clean 100 ml beaker. It is diluted 30 ml of distilled water. The conductivity cell
is placed in it. So that the electrodes are well immersed in the solution. The two
terminals of the cell are connected with a conductivity meter.

Now 1 ml of NaOH from the burette is added to Acid, taken in a

beaker, and the conductance is measured. This process is repeated until at
least five readings are taken after the end point has been reached.

The graph is plotted by taking volume of NaOH in the X-axis and conductance
in Y-axis. The end point is noted from the graph and the amount of HCl present
in the given solution is calculated.

RESULT:

(i) The strength of given HCl solution = --------------N

(ii) The amount of HCl present in the given solution = ------------gm
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CALCULATION OF NORMALITY OF HCl

Volume of NaOH taken V1 = ----------ml

Normality of NaOH N1 = ----------N
Volume of HCl V2 = ----------ml
Normality of HCl N2 = ----------N
Accroding to the Volumetric analysis V1 N1 = V2 N2
N2 = V1 N1 / V2

N2 =

Normality of HCl = --------- N

CALCULATION OF AMOUNT OF HCl:

The amount of HCl present in

1000 ml of the given solution = Eq. Wt of HCl x Normality of HCl

= ---------------------------