Sub transient reactance of generator is included in fault analysis

Per unit = Actual Value / Base Value

Per Unit Value is per phase value

Phase Voltage = V/√3

Reactance Diagram:

Whole system is converted into a single series reactance circuit Per Unit System:

The per unit system in electrical engineering, is the expression of system quantities as the fraction of
defined base unit quantity.

A power system may have different components like generator, transmission lines, different types of
load etc. All these components have different voltage and power ratings which are linked by the
transformers (step up/step down). The presence of various voltage and power levels will result in
difficulty of finding the current or voltage at various points in the network.

To avoid this problem all the system components are represented in the common normalized platform.
This is called per unit(pu) system.

https://slideplayer.com/slide/10377772/
Fault:
Fault in electrical equipment or apparatus is defined as an imperfection in the electrical circuit
due to which current is deflected from the intended path. Fault is the abnormal condition of the
electrical system which damages the electrical equipment and disturbs the normal flow of the electric
current.
Fault current is any abnormal electric current, such as a short circuit where the current bypasses the
normal load and can involve one or more phases and ground or may be phase to phase.
The fault can be minimized by improving the system design, better quality of the equipment and
maintenance. But the fault cannot be eliminated completely.

Solid or Bolted Fault:

A bolted fault is an extreme fault where the fault has zero impedance, thus giving the maximum
prospective short-circuit current in the faulted circuit.
Bolted faults deliver the highest possible fault current for a given location and system configuration and
are used in selecting equipment withstand and interrupting ratings and in the setting of protective
relays.

Fault Types:
1. Series (Open Circuit):
The open circuit fault mainly occurs because of the failure of one or two
conductors. The open circuit fault takes place in series with the line, and
because of this, it is also called the series fault. Such types of faults affect the
reliability of the system. The open circuit fault is categorized as:

Open Conductor Fault

 Two conductors Open Fault
Three conductors Open Fault

2. Shunt (Short Circuit Faults)

L-L-L
L-L-L-G
L-G
L-L-G
L-L
Shunt Types:
Symmetrical:
The faults which involve all the three phases is known as the
symmetrical fault. Such types of fault remain balanced even after the
fault.
Characteristics:
Abnormal High Currents
Balanced Currents
Examples:
L-L-L
L-L-L-G
Unsymmetrical:
Currents will be unsymmetrical
Examples:
L-G almost 60 to 75% of faults in a system are LG faults
L-L-G
L-L

Severity of Faults:
 Symmetrical three phase fault is the most severe kind at the transmission lines.
 For faults occurring very close to the generating station or synchronous generator, single line to
ground fault is the most severe.

Effects of Faults:
Faults increase the voltages and currents at certain points on the system.
 A large voltage and current may damage the insulation and reduce the life of the
equipment.
Faults can cause the system to become unstable, and the three-phase system
equipment operates improperly.

Calculation of Symmetrical Faults

Assumptions:
System is operating at no load
All the emfs of the generators are operating at per unit system
All transformers are represented by leakage reactances
Only inductive reactances are considered
Steps:
Draw Single Line Diagram
Evaluate Per Unit reactance of each element
Again, Draw Single Line Reactance Diagram on Per Phase Basis
Evaluate the equivalent reactance as seen from fault point
Calculate Current
Calculate MVA p.u. = Vf (pre fault p.u.) x If (p.u.)
If fault impedance is given, add it with the equivalent reactance while calculating
current

(Fault MVA = Short Circuit MVA = Fault Level)

Why do we need fault analysis?

Fault analysis is an important consideration in power system planning, protection equipment selection,
and overall system reliability assessment. Fault analysis is necessary for selecting proper circuit breaker
rating and for relay settings and coordination.

How does fault travel?