MARY JOSETTE ACADEMY, INC.

Tigbe, Norzagaray, Bulacan

maryjosetteacademy@gmail.com

NAME:

GRADE AND STRAND:

GRADE: 11
SEMESTER: FIRST SEMESTER
SUBJECT TITLE: EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
NO. OF HOURS/SEM: 80 hours/semester

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

Prepared by:

LESLIE S. MERMELO

NOTE: Only the Activities, and Quiz in each learning Kit shall be returned/ submitted during
the drop-off of the answered modules.

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Quarter 1 - Module 2 EARTH MATERIALS AND PROCESSES
Part 1
Learning Competencies

 identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties,
 classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic,
 describe where the Earth’s internal heat comes from and how magma is formed; and
 describe what happens after magma is formed (plutonism and volcanism)

MINERALS

Although, it is difficult to formulate a clear and concise definition for the word mineral, this
statement is generally accepted: “ A mineral is naturally occurring homogenous inorganic solid
that possesses a crystalline structure and definite chemical composition that can vary only within
specified limits.”

Properties of Minerals

1. Crystal habit 7. Fracture

2. Luster 8. Specific Gravity
3. Color 9. Tenacity
4. Streak 10. Other properties (taste and smell)
5. Hardness
6. Cleavage

Mineral Groups

Although more than 4,000 minerals have already been identified, only a few can be classified as
rock-forming minerals.

Common Rock-forming Mineral Description

Feldspars are a collection of rock-forming
Feldspars tectosilicate minerals that make up by weight
about 41% of the mainland surface of the Earth
Feldspar is the name given to a group of
minerals distinguished by the presence of
alumina and silica (SiO2) in their chemistry. 
Color : pink, white, gray, brown

Quartz is one of the most common minerals in

Quartz the Earth’s crust. As a mineral name, quartz
refers to a specific chemical compound (silicon
dioxide, or silica, SiO2), having a specific
crystalline form (hexagonal). It is found in all
forms of rock: igneous, metamorphic and

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 sedimentary.
Color: Pure quartz is clear. Color variance due
to impurities: purple (amethyst), white (milky
quartz), black (smoky quartz), pink (rose
quartz) and yellow or orange (citrine).
Pyroxenes are a group of dark-colored rock-
Pyroxenes forming minerals found in igneous and 
metamorphic rocks throughout the world. They
form under conditions of high temperature
and/or high pressure. It consist of single chains
of linked SiO4 tetrahedra, each of which shares
two O atoms with its neighbour.

Clay minerals are composed essentially of

Clay silica, alumina or magnesia or both, and water,
but iron substitutes for aluminum and
magnesium in varying degrees, and appreciable
quantities of potassium, sodium, and calcium
are frequently present as well.

Mica, any of a group of hydrous potassium,

aluminum silicate minerals. It is a mineral
Mica name given to a group of minerals that are
physically and chemically similar.  They are all
silicate minerals, known as sheet silicates
because they form in distinct layers.  Micas are
fairly light and relatively soft, and the sheets
and flakes of mica are flexible.

ROCKS

Rocks are naturally consolidated materials consisting of one or more minerals; they may or may
not contain organic matter, rocks, fragments, or glass. They are found everywhere on the surface
of the Earth.

Rocks are formed and destroyed in cycles. This is illustrated by the Rock Cycle. The Rock Cycle
helps in understanding the formation, breakdown, and reformation of the three rocks type –
igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic rocks

Magma is formed by the partial

melting of the oceanic crust and/or
upper mantle. It eventually cools
and solidifies, either beneath the
surface or at the surface, to form
igneous rocks. Igneous rocks
exposed at the surface slowly
disintegrate or decompose upon
exposure to the physical and
chemical process occurring at or
near the surface. The processes is
called weathering.

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 Sedimentary rocks buried deep within Earth or intruded by a mass of magma are
subjected to pressure and/or heat. The sedimentary rocks will react to these conditions,
transforming them into metamorphic rocks.

When metamorphic rocks are subjected to additional pressure changes and/or higher
temperature that exceeded the rock’s melting temperature, they will melt, creating magma.
Ultimately, magma will crystallize and solidify to form igneous rocks.

Why Is Earth Hot Inside?

The heat of Earth’s interior comes from a variety of

sources. These include the heat contained in the objects that
accreted to form Earth, and the heat produced when they
collided. As Earth grew larger, the increased pressure on
Earth’s interior caused it to compress and heat up.  Heat also
came from friction when melted material was redistributed
within Earth, forming the core and mantle.

Magma and How it Forms

The term magma was derived from the Greek word

magma, meaning “ thick unguent ointment,” that was derived
from the root word massein meaning “ to knead or to mold.”
Magma is a naturally occurring hot mobile molten rock mass
that is generated within Earth. Lava is a molten rock that reaches
Earth’s surface, coming into direct contact with the air or water.

Magma forms as a result of partial melting various levels

within Earth’s crust and upper mantle depths that may exceed 200 km. This is due to radiogenic
heat and/o decrease of pressure.

PLUTONISM & VOLCANISM

Plutonism

On 1788, James Hutton developed the idea about plutonism. He stated that the formation of
intrusive igneous rocks or plutonic rocks came from the solidification of magma beneath the Erath’s
surface. These rocks will reach the Earth’s surface through the process of uplifting – a force that pulls
the crust apart and lets the rocks from the underground to be brought up.

When the hot molten magma does not solidify, it will be brought up to the Earth’s surface
through uplifting. When the magma reaches the surface, it became lava – streams of molten rocks to
cool and solidify to form extrusive igneous rocks.

Volcanism

Magma is being brought up to the surface through a volcano – any opening in the Earth’s crust that
allows magma and gases to be released in the upper crust. This process of bringing up the magma is
volcanism.

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NAME:

GRADE AND STRAND:

SUBJECT TITLE: EARTH AND LIFE SCIECE

Activity 1.1

A. Supply the missing part in the Rock Cycle

B. Explain the process of the rock cycle

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Activity 1.2

1. What are the importance of minerals and rocks? (5 pts)

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2. What are the uses of common rock forming minerals? (5pts each)

common rock forming minerals Uses

1. Quartz

2. Mica

3. Clay

Activity 1.3

Reflection

Importance of Magma on the Rock cycle (5 pts)

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