The Political Self
Autocratic Leadership
Politics
● (Gk) Politika: affairs of the cities
● Process of making decisions that
applies to all members of a group
● Ability to govern and control over a
group of people
● A person’s ability to influence
others by making a decision for
them is one of essential qualities in
one’s political self
Two types of social influence (Deutsch &
Gerard, 1955)
● Normative Influence
Based on conforming to the
positive expectation of others
● Informational Influence
Based on accepting the
information obtained from others as
evidence of reality(Hewstone, et al., 2015)
An important aspect of politics is the capacity to
influence and lead a group of people.
LEADERSHIP
Process by which certain group members
motivate and guide the group (Myers, 2015)
Leaders are responsible for the functions and
operations of an organization
Leadership Style
Directive; non-participative; and domineering
Democratic Leadership
Participative; communicative and egalitarian
Laissez-faire Leadership
Hands-off with few attempts made to influence
others
Leaders’ Descriptions
Transactional Leaders
Focuses on proper exchange of resources; give
followers something in exchange for something
the leader wants
Transformational (Charismatic Leader)
Works with teams to identify needed change,
creating a vision to guide the change through
inspiration and executing the change in tandem
with committed members of the group
Laissez-faire Leadership
Engage in non-leadership; they avoid making
decisions; hesitates in taking action and are often
absent when needed
Open Space Technology (OST)
an approach to purpose-driven leadership which
initially has no formal agenda but eventually leads
to a specific or important purpose or task
Principles of OST
● Whoever comes are the right people
● Whatever happens is the only thing that
could have happened
● Whenever it starts is the right time￮When
it’s over, it’s over
Law of Two Feet
“When you find yourself neither learning nor
contributing, use your two feet and go to some
more productive places.”
DEVELOPING A FILIPINO
IDENTITY:VALUES, TRAITS,
COMMUNITY AND INSTITUTIONAL
FACTORS
Pakikipagkapwa-tao
Being Family Oriented
Mapagmahal

The Digital Self
The Digital Self
- The amount of time adolescents spend
online can have both a positive and a
negative outcome. (Sandrock, 2014)
- With this influx of the digital technology, a
new version of the self is formed. The
digital self.
What Statistics Say
● The Philippines is the fastest-growing
market of smartphones in the ASEAN
based on a report of a market research
company.
● About 3.5 million smartphones were
shipped to the country in the first quarter
of 2016.
● Currently about 30% of all Filipinos are
smartphone users and that is projected to
increase in the next years.
● Statistics from Western countries showed
that in 2012, 78% of online teens own a
cellphone, 8 out of 10 teens own a
desktop or laptop, 23% of teens have a
tablet computer, and 50 % send 50 or
more text messages a day.
● Americans between the ages of 8 and 18
years spend on average 7.5 hours per day
using some sort of electronic devices, and
95% of them have access to internet as
reported by Pew (2014).
Self and Other in Cyberspace
● DIGITAL LITERACY - defined as those
capabilities possessed by individuals who
are living, learning and working in a digital
society.
● ONLINE DISINHIBITION - the lack of
restraint one feels when communicating
online in comparison to communicating
in-person.
Two Categories of Online Disinhibition
Benign Disinhibition - the disinhibition that
indicates attempt to understand and explore
oneself, to work through problems, and find
new ways of being.
Toxic Disinhibition - describes behavior that
includes rude language, threats, and visiting
places of pornography, crime and violence on
the internet, places the person might not go to
in real life.
Cyberbullying - bullying that takes
places using electronic technology.
Cyber Harassment - the use of
Information and Communications
Technology (ICT) to harass, control,
manipulate or habitually disparage
someone. It is the adult form of cyber
bullying.
Managing Online Disinhibition
● Don’t post or send anything you would be
embarrassed for certain others to see.
● Do be careful about over-sharing.•
● Don’t hang out with the “wrong crowd”
online.•
● Do consider your emotional state before
virtually posting or responding to
anything.•
● Do consider the reaction individuals are
expecting from toxic disinhibition.•
● Do search for yourself online.
I, Me, Myself and My User ID Online
Identity
● Digital Identity (DI )- refers to anything
that describes a persona an individual
presents across all digital spaces that
he/she is represented in.
● Symbolic Markers - express one’s
identity to others and helps them make
sense of it themselves.
● Internet disembodiment - refers to the
identity, soul or spirit separate from
physical body.
● User ID - lets a person associate a
persistent ID for a single user with that
user’s engagement data from one or more
sessions initiated from one or more
devices.
● Username - a unique sequence of
characters used to identify a user and
allow access to a computer system,
computer network, or online account
● Solipsistic Introjection - a notion that it’s
only in their heads or minds. When people
don’t know what a virtual person looks or
sounds like,, people tend to assign traits
to those individuals which is an imaginary
interaction with the introjected character.
● Dissociative Anonymity - a person can
have no name or at least not the real
 name. People don’t have to own their
behavior by acknowledging it within the
full of context of who “they” really are.
Impact of Online Interactions on the
Self
● The development of the person’s social
aspects can be greatly influenced by
technology due to an insufficient amount
of real life social encounters (Diaz, Evans
and Gallagher, 2014).
● Based on an analysis of teenagers’ online
experience, studies showed that ‘others’
on the internet constitute a distinctive
“looking glass” that produces a “digital
self” that differs from the self offline.
● Abuse of technology always leads to
negative consequences. Even if there are
cases when social media negatively
impacts users, it would be unfair if only
technology would be blamed.
Boundaries of the Self Online
Personal boundaries - the set of guidelines,
rules or limits that a person creates to identify
reasonable, safe and permissible ways for people
to behave towards them and how they respond in
case someone breaks these rules or oversteps
limits.
Private Vs. Public
● In many online environments people
cannot see others. Nobody can judge the
statements and images because of the
cloak of invisibility.In the public mode, the
post ill be treated as open book.
● Invisibility is also a gauge to misrepresent
oneself. A man may present himself as a
woman or vice versa.
● In virtual interactions, people cannot
always be sure when/where someone is
present. It gives courage to do things
which cannot be done in face-to-face
interactions.
Personal/Individual VS. Social Identity
Online
● Identity - is made up of both personal
identity and social identity
● Social Identity - is usually based on
group affiliation.
Like in social media many people identify
themselves as a member of a certain group so
that it will be easy for them to communicate their
concerns or issues.
In the modern era (enlightenment through
20th century). Identity is described as fixed,
stable and unitary.
In post-modern (now), identity is
considered as fluid, multiple and socially
constructed.
Sherry Turklepointed out that people have
different roles in different settings. One wakes up
as a lover, makes breakfast as a mother and
drives to work as a lawyer.
Different contexts make different aspects
of one’s identity more salient such in school,
work, church and home.
In sociology, identity theory (Stryker, 1980)
explained that individuals have “role identities”. It
is the character and the role of and individual
devises as an occupant of a particular social
position. “Self” is hierarchical ordering of identities
by salience. The greater the commitment on an
identity, the greater the salience of the identity.
Gender and Sexuality Online
Researchers have found that problem in
behaviors often characterize highly masculine
adolescents.
Gender intensification hypothesis states
that psychological and behavioral differences
between boys and girls become greater during
early adolescence because of increased
socialization pressure to conform to masculine
and feminine gender roles (Santrock, 2014).
In the study entitled, Gender Stereotype in
Facebook Profiles: Are Women More Female
Online?, the result showed that users present
themselves in a less gender stereotypical way
online, and that women do so more than males
alter self-presentation on Facebook influenced
personal well-being, but to a negative effect on
well-being.
Sex is explicitly portrayed in movies, TV
shows, videos lyrics of popular music, MTV and
internet sites.
According to Hannesy(2009), adolescents,
not unlike adults, like to watch television
programs with sexual content.
Another study by Ward in 2012 revealed
that watching television sex can influence
adolescents’ sexual attitude and
behavior.Researchers have shown that exposure
to sexual content is elated to more permissive
studies about premarital and recreational sex
(Hewstone, et al, 2015).
Another form is sexting, which refers to
sending, receiving, or forwarding sexually explicit
messages, photographs or images, primarily
between mobile phones. It may also include the
use of a computer or any digital device.
The Spiritual Self
OVERVIEW
📌Focuses on beliefs and includes the functions
of rituals and ceremonies.
To appreciate the role of religion to individuals
📌
and societies.
To help students gain a better understanding
📌
about magic and witchcraft.
Gives an overview about the soul and how it
📌
may impact beliefs about the afterlife.
Gives a deeper look into the aspect of self
transcends and how people give meaning to their
lives.
THE PRACTICE OF RELIGION: BELIEF
IN SUPERNATURAL BEING AND
POWER
The supernatural or above natural includes all
that cannot be explained by the laws of nature,
including things characteristic of or relating to
ghosts, gods, or other types of spirits and
non-material beings, or to things beyond nature.
In 21stcentury, the decline of religiousness was
measured by:
● Frequency of prayer
● Frequency of discussing religious
teachings
● Frequency of deciding moral actions for
religious reasons
● Overall importance of religion in everyday
life
THE CONCEPT OF “DUNGAN” (SPIRIT
OR SOUL)
Animism
Comes form the Latin word anima
meaning breath or soul.The belief that
everything in nature have their own spirit
or divinity.
The “soul” or spirit in different regions
● ”Kaluluwa” by the Tagalogs
● ”Gomikud” by the Bagobos”Makatu” by the
Bukidnons
● ”Dungan” by the Ilonggos(when alive)
“kalag” or “detached”, “free” (when dead)
● ”Ikararuwa” by the Ibanags
● ”Kadkadduwa” by the Ilokanos (when it is
in the physical body)
● “Karuruwa” (when departs
● The soul for indigenous Filipino is known
as kaluluwa, ikaruruwa or karuruwa.
● Taken from the root word duwa which
means two –the physical part and the
spiritual part.
● For the ibanags, the soul is the principle of
life in man.
● Body is the matter, soul is the form
● Death is the separation of the soul from
the body
● For the Ilonggos, they call the soul,
dungan which cannot be seen by the
human eye.
● It may show itself in the form of insects or
other small animal
● Dunganmay leave the body voluntarily
when asleep according to bisayans.
● The Bisayans believe that the soul or
dunganis not located in any specific part
of the body.
● The Bisayan dunganhas a secondary
meaning of ‘willpower’
● At death, the dunganleaves the body
through the nose, eyes, ears and other
body orifices and goes with the air or wind.
 ● It will wait until it can find another body to ● An organized set of beliefs, practices,
enter rituals and symbols that increases an
individual’s connection to a sacred or
RITUALS AND CEREMONIES transcendent other (God, higher power,
ultimate truth).
RITUALS ● William James (1902-1958) defined
● A religious or solemn ceremony consisting personal religion as the “feelings, acts and
of a series of actions performed according experiences of individual men in their
to a prescribed order. solitude, so far as they apprehend
● Consist of a sequence of activities themselves to stand in relation to
involving gestures, words, and objects, whatever they may consider.
performed in a specific place, according to
a set sequence. TOP 10 RELIGIONS IN THE WORLD BY
● Prescribed by the traditions of a POPULATION
community, including religious community.
● Rites refer to the ‘spoken word’ used in a
ritual to convey meaning and value, to Religion Members
evoke an image using metaphor or elicit
Christianity 2.1 billion
commitment or loyalty
● Functions of rituals: Islam 1.5 billion
○ A symbolic expression of actual social
relations, status or roles of individuals Hinduism 900 million
in a society
Buddhism 376 million
○ A transcendent, numinous (spiritual)
reality that shows the ultimate values Sikhism 23 million
of a community
○ A set of behaviours and beliefs that Judaism 14 million
are symbolic of social, psychological,
or numinous realities (non-rational Bahaism 7 million
function)
Confucianism 6.3 million
● Rituals may involve activities that can be
both secular and/or spiritual as well as Jainism 4.2 million
healing and/or destructive.
Shintoism 4 million

CEREMONIES
● Refers to movements or gestures ● Religiousness – the degree by which one
expressing feelings or beliefs beyond the is affiliated with an organized religion in
limitations of speech. terms of the person’s participation in the
● Can be elaborate or simple, formal or prescribed rituals and practices,
intimate. connection with its beliefs, and
● It is a set of formal actions performed as involvement with its community believers
prescribed by a ritual or a custom such as (Santrock, 2014).
in a wedding ceremony. ● Spirituality – involves experiencing
● It may also be a conventional social something beyond oneself in a
gesture or act of courtesy. transcendent manner and living in a way
that benefits others and society.
● Spiritual Identity – the persistent sense
RELIGION, SPIRITUALITY AND
of self that addresses ultimate questions
IDENTITY about the nature, purpose, and meaning
of life.
RELIGION
MAGIC AND WITCHCRAFT
 ● Magic – the ability to use supernatural
forces to make impossible things happen,
such as making people disappear or
controlling events in nature.
● Magician – the one who performs the
magic like casting spell and summoning
spirits.–derived from the old French
magiciien, ‘magician or sorcerer’, which is
rooted in the Greek word for ‘magical’,
magikosor magos.
● Sorcerer – translated from the Greek
word pharmakos, and carries with it the
idea of medicine, magic portions, drugs,
and poison.
● Wizard – one who is thought to be
acquainted with secrets of the nonmaterial
or unseen world.
● Necromancer – one who is ‘seeking unto
the dead’
● Barang – Filipino term for sorcerer.
● Mambabarang – a person who practices
sorcery or witchcraft
● Binarang – the target or the sorcery or
witchcraft
● Kulam –Tagalog word for ‘voodoo’ or
‘witchcraft.’
● Mangkukulam – a person who uses black
magic or spells on a victim.
● Albulario/Mananambal – Filipino
practitioner of traditional medicine; he is
also a medicine man who is also capable
of performing sorcery.
FINDING AND CREATING MEANING IN
LIFE
Logotheraphy
– comes from the Greek word ‘logos’ which
stands for meaning
– aims to help the person search for the meaning
of his existence.
THREE BASIC PRINCIPLES ON DISCOVERING
MEANING IN LIFE:
1. Meaning in Life
2. Will to Meaning
3. Freedom to Will
The Material-Economic Self
MATERIAL SELF PRESENTATION AND
IDENTITY
● According to John Heskett, design
combines “needs” and “desire” in the form
of a practical object that can also reflect
the user’s identity and aspiration through
its form and decoration
● For him, there is a significance and
function behind everyday things, he
explains that there is a subconscious
effect of design in everyday life
● Design really matters from the smallest
things like toothpick, spoon and fork. The
kind of presentation of food that people
eat up to the bigger gadgets, equipment
and cars.
Roland Barthes
● French critical theorist was one of the first
to observe the relationship that people
have with objects and in particular looked
at objects as signs or things which could
be decoded to convey messages beyond
their practical value
● He popularized the field of Semiology(The
study of object as sign)
● A sign is anything that conveys meaning
● In Semiotic Analysis, objects functions as
signifiers in the production of meaning
they construct a meaning and carry a
messages, which as a member of a
culture one can understand
● Semiotic is the study of signs that
barthes introduced. Examine how words,
photographs, images and objects can
work as language to communicate a
range of ideas, associations and feelings.
● According to him a sign has two elements:
○ Signifier - Refers to its physical form
(Ex:Diamond ring)
● Signified - Refers to mental concepts
(Ex. Engaged to be married)
● All these suggest that object acts as a
complex system of signs which allow one
 to read meaning into people, places and
purpose. Through advertising, product
become irresistible-perfumes not just a
sweet smelling liquid but an essence of
allure making it user-irresistible
● The things people use, own and surround
themselves with might accurately reflect
their personalities. Not surprisingly, the
clothes one wear the car one drives and
the furnishings of one’s home are all
expression of one self
THE THEORY OF THE MEANING OF
MATERIAL POSSESSIONS
Ditmar suggest that material good can
fulfill a range of instrumental, social,
symbolic and affective functions:
1. Instrumental Functions - Relate to the
functional properties of a product
a. (Ex. A person bought a pick-up
style of car for family and business
functions)
2. Social Symbolic Functions - Signify
personal qualities, social standing, group
affiliation and gender role.
a. (Ex. For instance buying an iPhone
instead of other mobile phones.)
3. Categorical Functions - Refer to the
extent to which material possessions may
be used to communicate group
membership and status.
a. (Ex. Buying or renting a condo unit
in Makati city)
4. Self-Expressive Functions - Reflect a
person’s unique qualities, values or
attitudes. There are people who may
represent themselves by collecting object
with Hello kitty brand. Others may express
their favorite color through the color of
their accessories.
ECONOMIC SELF PRESENTATION AND
IDENTITY
Economics is defined as:
- The study of things that a person lacking
of how people make use of the things that
they have and making the right decisions.
- It is the condition of the person, group or
region as regards to material prosperity
Economic Self-Sufficiency
- is the ability of individuals and families to
consistently meet their needs
Economic Consciousness
- Is the result of socialization and
professionalization of the subject that
acquires a particular significance in human
affairs. Includes social perceptions,
attitudes, relationship and opinions of
person/social groups
Economic Identity
- is a psychological phenomenon that result
form social categorization. The factors that
affect the economic identity of the
individual are professional development
and self determination as well as the
motivational and value sphere of his
personality
Symbolic Motives
Status
- The extent to which people believe they
can derive of recognition or achievement
from owning and using the right list of
product, can be an important motivator of
behavior. The importance ascribed to the
ownership and acquisition of manners of
goods in achieving major life goals (Ex.
We will buy a flat screen tv of a known
brand with latest features because it is
more expensive than other models.)
Effective Motive
- is a concept used in Environmental
Psychological Affect (emotions) serves as
a motivator of pro
environementalbehavior. People’s
emotional affinity with nature can be a
better predictor of pro environmental
behavior than cognitive beliefs about
environmental issues. In Relation to the
economic self ,affective motive can be a
cause of the buying behavior.
THE ROLE OF CONSUMER CULTURE
ON THE SENSE OF SELF IDENTITY
● Consumer Identity is the pattern of
assumption that describes the consumer
people may no longer consume goods
 and services primarily because of its The information or material to be learned
functional satisfaction ● How interesting and comprehensive the
● Consumption has become increasingly material is
more meaning biased brands as often Situation where learning should take place
used as symbiotic resources for the ● Conduciveness of the learning venue
construction and maintenance of identity ● The teacher
● People may construct their social identities ● Availability of materials/sources
through the consumption of commercial
brand or luxury commodities The physiological basis of learning
● Consumerism Is the preoccupation with
and an inclination towards the buying of Limbic system
consumer goods. It is also based on the
theory that an increasing consumption of
goods is economically desirable
● High class consumption is attached to the
identities of people. By Choice of
Compulsion people respond to goods and
services based on people’s assumptions
that it is associated to pro social
identities.
● Behavioral Finance is a new field that
combines behavioral and cognitive
psychological theory with conventional
economics and finance to provide
Cerebrum
explanation for why people make irrational
● Biggest part of the brain (approximately
financial decisions fails to choose then
75%)
that person chooses to fail.
● Highly developed part of the human brain
● Decision making is important when being
● Functions involves mental processing
confronted to buy something . On the
–Thinking
other hand when a person only buys
–Perceiving
goods because he needs them, he may
–Producing
feel incomplete for it lacks the joy buying
– Understanding language
for wants provide the person. Thus
Cerebral cortex
behavioral Finance tries to provide
● Covers the cerebrum
answers to these instantly faces of
● Functions:
consumer’s behavior.
–Determining intelligence
–Planning
Learning to be a Better Student –Organization
–Processing sensory information
What is learning? Hippocampus
Learning in the field of human behavior ● Responsible for processing and storing
may be defined as relatively permanent changes short term memory
brought by practice and experience(Coon, 2001) Amygdala
● Responsible for emotions, survival
Factors that affect the process of instincts and memory
learning Physiological process of learning

Characteristics of the learner

● Learners level of intelligence
● Physiological Condition
● Mindset
● Interest

Types of learning
Associative learning
● Type of learning that takes place by
associating or connecting a stimulus to a
response or a response to reinforcement
● Conditioned responses/behavior can
occur unconsciously or consciously within
the individual
● Process involved in such learning
technically are known as:
○ Classical Conditioning by Ivan
Pavlov
○ Example:–The aroma of your
mother’s cooking makes you
happy(the aroma reminds you of
your loving mother)
● Operant Conditioning by B.F. Skinner
○ Example:–Studying hard for the
quiz because you expect good
grades
Cognitive learning
● Defined as learning through conscious
mental activities like thinking,
understanding and remembering.
● This can occur in 2 ways.
○ –Latent Learning
○ –Observational Learning
● Latent Learning by Edward Tolman
– Acquisition of data that is then stored in
the memory for later use.
– Important aspect of this learning is he
memory process and formation of
cognitive maps
(e.g. Tolman’sMaze)Example:–Learning
the disaster drills may prove useful when
real disaster strikes
● Observational Learning by
Albert Bandura
– According to Bandura, people
can also learn by observing and
imitating a model (Feldman, 2000)
–Learners should know the
consequence of the model’s
behavior for the behavior to be
imitated.
–There are four factors should be
present for learning through
modeling takes place
Four factors
● Attention– The learner should
focus on the behavior of the
model
● Retention– The learner should
store what he observed in
memory for recall
● Motor Reproduction– The
learner should be able to
perform the model’s behavior
from memory
● Motivation/Reinforcement–
The learner’s behavior should
be reinforced for the imitated
behavior to be repeated
Other factors
● Aside from the factors
discussed that would influence
learning, other factors to be
considered are:
–Characteristic of stimulus
–Motivation
–Reinforcement
–Retention or memory
–Transfer of learning
Metacognition
● This concept was introduced by John
Flavell(1979)
● According to Flavell, metacognition is the
process by which a person is thinking
about, monitoring or observing his own
thinking process.
 ● Meta means ‘beyond’, therefore
metacognitiveskills involve thought
processes that are beyond ordinary
thinking
● This involves self-regulation, the
awareness of one’s strength and
weaknesses and the strategies a person
would use to overcome and handle life
difficulties.
Three components of metacognition
Metacognitive Knowledge
● This component is about knowing how the
person learns and his beliefs about
learning in himself and others
Metacognitive Experiences
● This component refers to the affective
aspect of the learning process.
● Feelings provide a feedback system to
help the person understand his response
to the whole process of learning
Metacognitive Strategies
● These are techniques used by the person
to monitor his learning process
● The aim of this strategies is to discipline
the person by controlling his thinking
activities and keeping him on track
towards the completion of goals
Study strategies
Visual
● Learning through pictures, images and
colors
Physical
● Motor movements like drawing, building
and role-playing
Aural
● Involves listening
● Uses sounds, music, recordings
Verbal
● Learning through spoken or written words
Logical
● Involves reasoning and arguments to
explain ideas
Social
● Involves learning with people and
preference for study groups
Solitary
● Preference to learning by himself apart
from social distractions.
Learning styles
1. Have a plan as to when is the best time to
study and stick to this plan
2. Start reviewing the most difficult subject
first.
3. Have a specific place for studying
4. Outline and write notes.
5. Use mnemonics (memory aid)
6. Take notes during lectures and review
notes during weekends
7. Study in groups
Managing your learning:
Self-regulated learning
Techniques
1. Have a specific learning goal in life
2. Have a learning strategy
3. Be your own teacher
4. Monitor progress
5. Reinforce yourself
6. Evaluate your progress and goals
7. Take corrective action
8. Boost motivation
Taking Charge of One’s Health
STRESSORS AND RESPONSES
Stress
- mental and physical condition that people
encounter when they have to adjust or
adapt to environmental events.
- always accompanied by some kind of
physiological reaction that is triggered by
the autonomic nervous system. Such
responses include change in the functions
of the organs such as heart, lungs,
kidneys, and liver which usually are
life-threatening.
Eustress or positive stress
- the type of stress that challenges and
motivates individuals to perform and to do
their best.
- usually present in fun competitions and
work
- out physical activities.
 - short-term stress that does not cause any
psychological or physiological damage to
a person.
- the stress that is experienced for some
time is physically and psychologically
harmful. Long-term stresses impact
strongly on people’s physical and mental
health and well-being.
Stressors
- Events, people, and even objects that give
stress.-condition in the environment that is
perceived by the person as threatening to
him and whatever he is associated with.
When people are faced with something
they see as a threat or potentially harmful;
two things happen according to
Richard Lazarus (1991):
Primary Appraisal
– in people’s mind, they figure out the event first
in order to determine how it may affect them or if
it is harmful or threatening to them in any way. If it
is not then the event is not a stressor.
Secondary Appraisal
–if the event is seen a initially threatening then
what follows is an assessment of resources in
order to come up with the best possible way to
handle and face the stressor.
Events identified as stressors meet
any one or more of the following
criteria:
A. UNPREDICTABILITY OF THE EVENT
– the stressor occurred without warning
and the person is unprepared for it.
B. THE EVENT IS INTENSE AND MAY
HAPPEN AGAIN
– the level of the threat cannot be denied
and it is bound to be repeated.
C. UNCONTROLLABLE
– people have no information about when
the threat is going to happen again and
how intense it will be and this lack of
control makes it all the more frightening.
D. LINKED TO PRESSURE
–Since people perceive that a threat will
happen, they would just have to be
prepared for it to at least lessen its impact.
People exposed to stressful situations
for some time manifest signs of their
struggle with the stressor/s.
EMOTIONAL SIGNS
1. Anxiety
2. Apathy
3. Irritability
4. MentalFatigue
BEHAVIORAL SIGNS
1. Avoidance of responsibilities and
relationships.
2. Self-destructive behavior
3. Self-neglect
4. Poor judgement
PHYSICAL SIGNS
1. Excessive worrying
2. Frequent illness
3. Exhaustion
4. Overuse of medicines
5. Physical ailments and complaints
Sources of coping and strength
Coping mechanisms
- Are the techniques/strategies people
employ to adapt to the life stresses. They
may be conscious or unconscious choices
that aim to help people gain or establish
some measure of control over their
emotions and behavior to achieve physical
and psychological comfort.
- These mechanisms generally help people
adjust to the stress and at the same time
keep intact their physical and mental
wellbeing.
- Coping strategies are of different types:
some would focus on the cognitive aspect;
another would focus on the source of
stress and still another would focus on
their emotions or feelings toward the
stress.
How effective coping strategy is
depends on three factors:
The Individual.
- the same kind of stressor will get different
reactions from different people.
 - it is the individual himself who controls
how will react to these stressors.
The type of stress
- The effect of the stress on people would
depend on what to them is most valuable.
The more valuable to the person the
source is, the greater the level of the
stress is experienced.
- Although stress can come from one
source, how the person deals with it
affects other aspects of his life.
The Circumstances
- No matter how weak or insignificant the
stressors may be, if it hits the person at a
time when he is most vulnerable, he may
not be able to handle it well.
- A person can handle only so much stress
by himself. This is where the social
environment plays a vital role in
supporting the person at a time when he
needs it most.
The following may modify their
behavior toward stress (Coon, 2001):
● Slow down
● Organize and prioritize
● Live a healthy life
● Recognize and accept limits
● Seek social support
● Writing it down
People should realize that yes, life is hard but it’s
not all that bad. For just like a diamond that is
hardened by pressure, so are human strengths
and endurance. People should always be
positive, and see the good, lean to laugh event if
all road seem to lead nowhere, learn to cry to
cleanse the spirit and most importantly, learn to
PRAY to God, the universe or to whatever they
may believe in. how people live their lives is
basically how they choose to live it.
STRESS AND THE FILIPINOS
Filipinos are a close-knit people. They
usually consider family to be the main
purpose of existence. Not unlike other Asian
countries, Filipinos usually have extended
families: the father, mother, children,
grandparents and cousins usually reside in
compound homes or in places close to each
other. They love to be together and would usually
get together for small celebrations or during
weekends just to share the latest news or the
latest gossips. They sing out loud and with their
videoke mindful of what their neighbors would
say, laugh out loud about trivial things, drink beer
and gin with ‘pulutan’ (of grilled food like isaw,
mussels and fish) or as simple as peanuts and
‘chicharon.’ Some family members too drunk to
walk home would just lay o a bench and
sleep-over while others would continue drinking
or simply talking (because there’s nothing more to
drink) until the wee hours of the morning. That is,
if the partying does not end up in a fight or brawl.
This is typical of the Filipino culture usually
observed in barrios and middle to lower class
communities.
For the elite and wealthy members of the
Filipino society, similar behaviors are observed.
The difference lies in the venue and the classy
manner by which family get-together are done.
But no matter what social strata, what
characterizes Filipinos is their being resilient-like
a bamboo that bends when the wind is strong.
Merriam and Webster dictionary
defines resilience as the ability to become
strong, healthy, or successful again after
something bad happens. YES, Filipinos are
resilient and may be this trait comes from
self-preservation for the good and betterment of
himself and his family.
Resilience is a positive trait, but for the
Filipinos, is really resilience? Or is it learned
helplessness? Learned helplessness,
according to Martin Seligman (1965) is the
perceived inability to do something to make a
situation or a task better. It is accepting that
no matter what one does, it won’t improve the
present conditions or state of affairs. Did the
Filipinos learn to be helpless?
For decades, since the Martial Law years,
people have always clamored for change, are
being promised change but still nothing seems to
have changed. As a result, when bad things
happen, Filipinos react strongly, then accept
quickly to be able to move on. So how do
Filipinos handle stress? They will feel sad for a
while, smile, make fun and laugh about it through
social media then carry on with their lives.
Resilience or learned helplessness?
TAKING care of the self: the need for
self-care and compassion
The need for self-care
What does it mean to take care of oneself? The
present society moves fast and is quite stressful.
In the hustle and bustle of life there should always
be room for ‘breaks’ to prevent overload that
oftentimes leads to burnout. The following are
some ways by which a person can care for
himself:
● Listening to one’s body
● Always make time
● Recognize and express emotions properly
● Reflect on what things are important
● Never ever stop learning
● Never let a day go without smiling,
laughing, hugging somebody
The need for COMPASSION
COMPASSION
- This interconnectedness that man has
with his fellowmen also entails a deep
understanding of the other’s suffering and
an intention to do something that would
somehow lessen if not totally eliminate
what the other is going through.
- ‘TO SUFFER TOGETHER’. It is
characterized by kindness, caring and
sincere actions to help others.
Communities in the Philippines, schools,
churches and even business establishments have
outreach programs as part of their yearly
development plans. The main objective of these
programs is to make the sheltered sectors of the
community aware of the other realities in the
society. Though the experience of being involved
and giving may be forced in some people, others
would wholeheartedly volunteer. Volunteerism is
the feeling of wanting to help those in need
willingly without expecting anything in return.
Man is a social being. Normally, he exists
with others in the society. Whether he admits it or
not, he is connected to others and every thought,
every action he does ultimately affects others.
What he does to other people therefore, he does
to himself. If the person is mean and snooty, he
gets from others the same response. If the person
is kind and caring towards others, they will be to
him also. ACTION and REACTION.
Nothing in life is permanent. Even
people’s presence is all but temporary. One
person may enjoy all the luxuries of life today but
what about tomorrow? Nobody is sure what the
next day may bring. The only assurance perhaps
is that whatever good you do to others goes back
to you. And as Robert Fulghum wrote, “when we
go out into the world, it is always best to hold
hands and stick together.”
SETTING GOALS FOR SUCCESS
IMPORTANCE OF GOALS
● According to Coon(2001), a goal is a
target or objective of a motivated and
directed chain of behaviors.
● It comes in all forms and sizes; some can
be reached quite easy while others entail
more effort, careful planning, and a longer
time to achieve.
● It varies and depends on the values and
priorities of an individual.
● It is important for behaviour to make sense
otherwise behavior would just be random
for it is without purpose.
ANATOMY OF A GOAL -ORIENTED
BEHAVIOR
● Need – a lack or a deficit
● Drive – tension that builds up and directs
the individual towards the goal“
● THE NEED AND THE DRIVE MOTIVATE
THE INDIVIDUAL TOWARDS THE
GOAL.”
WHY SETTING GOALS IS
IMPORTANT?
● Setting goals direct the individual’s
behavior.
○ When students go to school, they
SHOULD HAVE A CLEAR IDEA OF
THEIR GOAL, which is supposedly is
LEARNING. When students attend
 school for any other reason, most of
them usually end up failing the course
or dropping-out entirely.
● Goals, once set, can determine the
individual’s progress towards
accomplishing it.
○ When a student aims for a grade of
not lower than 90% average to qualify
for scholarship, his SCORES IN THE
QUIZZES, EXAMS, AND PROJECTS
WILL INFORM HIM IF HE IS ON
TRACK.
● Goals serve as guides to discipline
behavior
○ Losing weight means no BUFFETS,
no EXTRA RICE, and no SODA and
commitment to REGULAR EXERCISE
and HEALTHY DIET.
● Goals keep the individual busy so no time
is wasted.
○ Losing weight means the individual
spends time doing regular exercises
and planning His diet and activities.
THERE IS NO MAGIC ALWAYS TO
LOSE WEIGHT OVERNIGHT
NATURALLY.
● Goals motivate the individual because it
provides a purpose/reason for his
behavior.
○ What may be the reasons for losing
weight or having a scholarship?
SELF-EFFICACY SETTING GOALS FOR
SUCCESS
● A concept in Albert Bandura’s
social-cognitive aspect of behavior
● It refers to the person’s beliefs about his
capacity to exercise some measure of
control over his behavior and over events
that take place around him.
● It forms the basis of human agency.
● The level of self-efficacy in a person is not
constant. It depends on the following
factors:
○ Specific competencies required for an
activity
○ Presence or absence of other people
and their competencies
○ Physiological and psychological
condition of the individual (health,
fatigue, mindset)
● Self-efficacy is a concept that is neither
biological nor hereditary. Rather, it is an
attribute that can be learned and
enhanced through the following:
○ MASTERY OF LEARNING AND
SKILLS Practice is necessary for the
individual to have mastery. Pitfalls may
happen along the way, but for each
one that the person overcomes, he
becomes better at his craft.
○ A GOOD SOCIAL MODEL Learning
through observation is best achieved
when the model is credible and
trustworthy. Models inspire the person
to do well and be the best that he can
be.
○ A PERSUASIVE ENVIRONMENT A
social environment that is supportive
elevates the morale of the individual
and encourages him to perform at his
best every time thereby achieving
goals.
○ PHYSICAL FITNESS
Competence for a physical skill initially
requires that the person is in good
health. Any sign of fatigue or any
physical weakness, disease or
disability limits the activities/areas to
be competent in.
● “TRIUMPH OF THE HUMAN
SPIRIT”
In many cases, people are
admired more if they manage to reach
their goals DESPITE their limited
physical abilities.
Martin Heidegger (1889–1976)
“Anyone can achieve their
fullest potential, who we are might be
predetermined, but the path we follow
is always of our own choosing. We
should never allow our fears or the
expectations of others to set the
frontiers of our destiny. Your destiny
can’t be changed but, it can be
challenged. Every man is born as
many men and dies as single one.”
● EMOTIONAL MATURITY
Emotional stability helps the person
endure and persevere until the desired
goal is reached. It gives him the hope and
strength to try and try again.
REMEMBER:
● When a person sets goals and focuses his
efforts to achieve them, he has to be
realistic lest his dream of even achieving
them is wasted.
● The goals he aims for depends on his
level of self-efficacy and the other
 important factor that he has to undertake avenues for learning thus will bring them
to achieve them. closer to success.
● Over confidence in one’s abilities and
discounting all other factors can have
CATEGORY FIXED GROWTH
NEGATIVE RESULTS. MINDSET MINDSET
● Self-efficacy is important but being
prepared for any eventualities defines Success Focuses on Focuses on
establishing LEARNING
what it takes to be a winner.
SUPERIORITY something new
and behavioris and works hard
MINDSET aimed at to become the
proving that best to be
Carol Dweck
they are smart successful
– a Stanford psychologist who wrote the book, and talented
Mindset: The New Psychology of Success (2006)
● The book speaks about the power of Failure Does not Takes failures
tolerate failures as
beliefs and how it influences people’s and consider CHALLENGES
lives. them as SET for growth and
● It also tackles about how changing these BACKS learning.
beliefs alters every aspect of an
May resort to Considersfailur
individual’s existence. DISHONESTY esasOPPORTU
● In her research, Dweck discussed that a to save face NITIEStotapthe
person may be classified as belonging to about their real irpotentials.
one of two types of mindsets which is a capabilities
manifestation of his beliefs: FIXED Love Ideal mate is Perhaps a
MINDSET and GROWTH MINDSET. somebody who partner who
makes them RECOGNIZES
FEEL that they their FAULTS,
FIXED MINDSET are PERFECT HELPS them
● A person with fixed mindset believes that IMPROVE, and
their character, intelligence, and creativity ENCOURAGE
S them to
are innate/inborn and cannot be changed
LEARN AND
or altered. GROW
● In this mindset, success means affirmation
of these so-called inherited traits. Effort NO NEED for Sees effort as
effort because PART OF THE
● Man’s qualities, whether positive or qualities are LEARNING
negative, are permanent. inherent and process to
GROWTH MINDSET need not be make them
developed smart and
● A person with this mindset does not bank talented
on given qualities for them to be
successful but instead he or she wanted
to be challenged. GOAL SETTING THEORY
● The growth mindset believes that the
person’s basic qualities can be learned or
cultivated through hardwork/effort of the Professor Edwin Locke
person. People with the mindset are ProfessorGaryLatham
realistic. They know that they have The process and the means by which the goal is
potentials, they only have to discover and realized
tap it, whatever it maybe.
● Growth mindset creates in the individual a Specific
great passion to learn, to know and to Measurable
continue learning. Attainable
● They are aware that they will encounter Relevant
failures but they see each failure as Time-based
According to Professors Locke and Latham, there perspective. Suggestions should
are other things that should be considered for be welcomed and wisdom from the
people to actualize their goals. The following are experts should be given due
the principles that can increase the person’s consideration.
chances of reaching his goals: ● TASK COMPLEXITY
○ An important thing to be
- CLARITY considered when setting
- CHALLENGE challenging goals is the level of
- COMMITMENT complexity. When the goal is a bit
- FEEDBACK complicated, it is always wise to
- TASK learn a little more about it. Doing
- COMPLEXITY this increases the level of
confidence to accomplish the goal
as the person becomes more
competent.
○ It is also more practical to
GOAL SETTING PRINCIPLES breakdown complex goals in to
manageable components or
● CLARITY sub-goals and deal with the
○ If the person knows what it is that components one at a time.
he is trying to accomplish, then he ○ It is also important for the person
can set his mind on his target and to set his sight on accomplishing
start working. goals one at a time and not to have
○ Good technique: Put your goal on too many goals on his plate.
paper, including the possible ways ○ Though a person can have more
on how he would be able to than one goal, he should learn to
monitor his progress. It can serve prioritize so as NOT TO
as a tangible contract between him SACRIFICE THE VALUABLE
and his goal. THINGS in his life like his FAMILY
● CHALLENGE and FRIENDS.
○ Goals should challenge the
person’s ability to make him exert
more effort in learning something
new and growing along the way. A
challenging goal, however, should
be attainable NOT impossible.
○ In setting goals, the person should
make sure that the level of
challenge is enough to sustain
interest to make the person persist
in finishing the challenging task.
● COMMITMENT
○ It means owning the goal and
making it one’s responsibility to
make sure that behaviors are
undertaken to achieve it.
● FEEDBACK
○ Although the goal belongs to the
person who sets it, it is not wrong
to ask people about what they
think just to have the gauge of his
progress from another person’s