PART 1_LESSON 1: FROM THE SOCRATES (470-399 BCE)

PERSPECTIVE OF PHILOSOPHY ● The mentor of Plato

● Wanted to discover the essential nature of knowledge,
justice, beauty and goodness (Moore and Bruder,
Approximately 600 BCE
2002)
•The Birth of Philosophy or the “love for wisdom” in Athens of
● He didn’t write anything, he is not a writer
Ancient Greece
● A lot of his thoughts were only known through Plato’s
•The Greeks in search for knowledge came up with answers
writing (The Dialogues)
that are both cognitive and scientific in nature (Price, 2000)

Socratic Method
Greek Philosophers in Miletus
● This is Socrates’ method for discovering what is
•They Chose To Seek Natural Explanations to events and
essential in the world and in people
phenomena around them instead of seeking supernatural
● In this method, Socrates did not lecture, he instead
explanations from God that were passed down through
would ask questions and engage the person in a
generations.
discussion
•These philosophers observed changes in the world and
● He would begin by acting as if he did not know
wanted to explain these changes by understanding the laws of
anything and would get the other person to clarify their
nature
ideas and resolve logical inconsistencies (Price, 2000)
•Their study of change led them to the “idea of permanence”
•Using this method, the questioner should be skilled at
(Price, 2000)
detecting misconceptions and at revealing them by asking the
right questions
“The early philosophers sought to understand the nature of
•The goal is to bring the person closer to the final
human beings, problems of morality and life
understanding
philosophies”(Price, 2000)

View of Human Nature

In the 5th Century BCE
•Socrates believed that his mission in life was to seek the
•Athenian Settle Arguments By Discussion And Debate
highest knowledge and convince others who were willing to
•Peoples killed in doing this were called Sophists, the first
seek his knowledge with him
teacher of the West

TRUE SELF
•The touching of the soul,may mean helping the person
to get in touch with his true self
 •The true self, Socrates said, is not the body but the
soul. Virtue is inner goodness, and real beauty is that
of the soul (Price,2000)
•According to Socrates, real understanding comes from within
the person
•His Socratic method forces people to use their innate reason
by reaching inside themselves to their deepest nature.
The aim of the Socratic Method is to make people
think, seek and ask again and again. Some may be
angered and frustrated, but what is important is for
them to realize that they do not know everything, that
there are things that they are ignorant of, to accept this
and to continue learning searching for answers
(Moore and Bruder, 2002)
PLATO (428-348 BCE)
•His real name is Aristocles
•He was nicknamed “Plato” because of his physical built which
means wide/broad
•Left Athens for 12 years after the death of Socrates
•When he returned he established a school known as “The
Academy”
Theory of Forms
•Plato’sMetaphysics(philosophical study on the causes
and nature of things)
•Plato explained that Forms Refers To What Are Real
•They are not objects encountered with the senses but
can only be grasped intellectually
Plato’s Forms have the following characteristics:
1. The Forms are ageless and therefore external
2. The Forms are unchanging and therefore
permanent
3. The Forms are unmoving and indivisible
Plato’s Dualism
The Realm of the Shadows
•Composed Of Changing, ‘sensible’ things which are
lesser entities and therefore imperfect flawed
The Realm of Forms
•Composed of eternal things which are permanent and
perfect. It is the source of all reality and True
Knowledge.
View of Human Nature
He believed that knowledge lies within the person’s soul:
•He considered human beings as microcosm of the universal
macrocosms i.e. everything in the universe can also be found
on people – earth, air, fire, water, mind and spirit (Price,2000)
• Even if the materials of the human body and the physical
world are imperfect, humans have an immortal, rational soul
which Plato believed is created in the image of the divine.
SOUL
Plato described the soul as having three components:
1.The Reason is rational and is the motivation for
goodness and truth
2. The Spirited is non-rational and is the will or the
drive toward action
 3. The Appetites are irrational and lean towards the (Moore and Bruder, 2002)
desire for pleasures of the body.
Christian Philosophers
Plato believed that people are intrinsically good. Sometimes ● Their concern was with God and man’s relationship
however, judgements are made in ignorance and Plato with God
equates ignorance with evil. (Price, 2000) ● These Christian philosophers did not believe that self -
knowledge and happiness were the ultimate goals of
Theory of Becoming and Love man.

The Allegory of the Cave

● What people see are only shadows of reality which Greek Philosophers Christian Philosophers
they believe are real things and represents knowledge
Sees man as basically good Sees man as sinners who
● What these people fail to realize is that the shadows and becomes evil through reject/go against a loving
are not real for according to Plato, “only the Forms are ignorance of what is good God’s commands
real”

Plato’s Love
St. Augustine of Hippo (354-436 CE)
● Plato’s love begins with a feeling or experience that
there is something lacking ● Hippo, Africa
● This then drives the person to seek for that which is ● Became a priest and bishop of Hippo
lacking ● Initially rejected Christianity for it seemed to him then
● Thoughts and efforts are then directed towards the that Christianity could not provide him answers to
pursuit which is lacking questions that interested him

Love is a process of seeking higher stages of being, View of Human Nature

The GREATER the love, the MORE intellectual component it
will contain.
Lifelong longing and pursuit seek even higher stages of love
which lead to the possession of absolute beauty
1. God as the source of all reality and truth
● Through a mystical experience, a man is
capable of knowing the eternal truths
● This is possible through the existence of one
eternal truth which is God
 ● God is within man and transcends him.
2. The Sinfulness of man
● The cause of sin or evil is an act of man’s
freewill
● Moral goodness can be only achieved through
the grace of God
The Role of Love
● That the man searches for happiness “For God is love
and he created humans for them to also love”
● Disordered love results when man loves the wrong
things which he believes will give him happiness.
St. Augustine explains…
1. Love of physical objects leads to sin of greed
2. Love for other people is not lasting and excessive love
for them is the sin of jealousy
3. Love for the self leads to the sin of people
4. Love for God is the supreme virtue and only through
loving God can man find real happiness
Rene Descartes (1956-1650)
● Father of Modern Philosophy
● One of the Rationalist Philosophers of Europe
● Cartesian Method and Analytic Geometry
Descartes’ System
Through math, he discovered that the human mind has
TWO POWERS:
1. INTUITION or the ability to apprehend direction
of certain truths
2. DEDUCTION or the power to discover what is
not known by progressing in an orderly way
from what is already known
View of Human Nature
Descartes deduced that a thinker is a thing that doubts,
understands, affirms, denies, wills, refuses and also
imagines and feels (Price, 2000)
The Mind-Body Problem
The body, according to Descartes, is like a machine
that is controlled by the will and aided by the mind.
John Locke (1632-1704)
● Born in Wrington, England
● Interested in politics; Defender of the parliamentary
system
● At 57 years old, He published a book which played a
significant role in the era of Enlightenment (Price,
2000)
He believed that knowledge results from ideas produced a
posteriori or objects that were experienced.
The process involves 2 forms:
1. Sensation where in objects are experienced through
senses
2. Reflection by which the mind‘ looks’ at the objects that
were experienced to discover relationships that may
exist between them.
View of Human Nature
Moral good depends on the conformity of a person’s behavior
towards some law
There a 3 laws according to Locke:
1. LAW OF OPINION – where actions that are
praiseworthy are called VIRTUES and those are not
are VICES
2. CIVIL LAW – where right actions are enforced by
people in authority
3. DIVINE LAW – set by God on the actions of man
David Hume (1711-1776)
● Born in Edinburgh, Scotland
● At the time he was enrolled at the University of
Edinburgh, he lost his faith
● Here lied on the scientific method, believing that it
could analyze human nature and explain the workings
of the mind.
The Human Mind
According to Hume, there are two types of perceptions:
IMPRESSIONS immediate sensations of external reality
IDEAS recollections of the impressions
In examining the patterns of thinking, Hume formulated three
principles on how ideas relate to one another:
THE PRINCIPLE OF RESEMBLANCE
THE PRINCIPLE OF CONTIGUITY
THE PRINCIPLE OF CAUSE AND EFFECT
View of Human Nature
In looking for ‘the self’, Hume only discovered sense of
impressions
● He believed that like causality, ‘the self’ is also a
product of imagination
● There is no such thing as ‘personal identity’ behind
perceptions and feelings that come and go; THERE IS
NO PERMANENT / UNCHANGING SELF
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
● Lived in the town of Konisbergin East Prussia
(presently Western Russia)
● Founder of German Idealism
● Wrote three books: Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of
Practical reason and Critique of Judgement
Views of the Mind
Kant argued that the mind is not just a passive receiver of
sense experience but rather actively participates in knowing
the objects it experiences
View of Human Nature and The Self
“When the self sees an object, it tends to remember its
characteristics and applies on it, the forms of time and space”
● The term he used for this experience of the self and its
unity with objects is TRANSCENDENTAL
APPERCEPTION
In the matter of God, Kant stated that the Kingdom of God is
within man
● God is manifested in people’s lives therefore it is man’s
duty to move towards perfection.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
● Austrian Neurologists
● His psychodynamic theory has characteristics of
philosophical thought
● Freud made use of methods like free association and
dream analysis for his clinical practice
Structures of the Mind
In Freud’s illustration, he made use of the typical iceberg to
show how the mind works based on his theorizing
The Three Levels of the Mind
● ID – based on the pleasure principle
● EGO – based on the reality principle
● SUPEREGO – primarily dependent on learning the
difference between right or wrong
Freud in his 1920 book, “Beyond the Pleasure Principle”, he
presented 2 kinds of instincts that drive individual behavior:
EROS – Life Instinct; the energy is called LIBIDO and urges
necessary for individual and species survival like thirst, hunger
and sex
THANATOS – Death Instinct; behavior that is directed towards
destruction in the form of aggression and violence
View of Human Nature
“Man’s behavior by his pleasure seeking life instinct and his
destructive instinct is said to be born with his ego already in
conflict”
● Man then lives his life balancing the forces of life and
death making mere existence a challenge
Gilbert Ryle (1900-1976)
● English Philosopher
● Contradicted Cartesian Dualism
● Stated that many of the philosophical problems were
caused by the wrong use of language
View of Human Nature and Knowledge ● Aims to explore the relevance of the neuroscientific
studies to the philosophy of the mind
Ryle touched two types of knowledge:
Patricia claims that the man’s brain is responsible for the
KNOWING-HOW identity known as ‘the self’
Using facts in the performance of some skill or technical ● The biochemical properties of the brain according to
abilities this philosophy is really responsible for man’s thoughts,
KNOWING-THAT feelings and behavior
Refers to knowing facts/ information
View of Human Nature
“A person may acquire a great bulk of knowledge but without
the ability to use it to solve some practical problems to make “Man is endowed with more than just physical or neurological
his life easier, this bulk of knowledge is deemed to be characteristics. Despite research findings, neurophilosophy
worthless” states that the self is real, that it is the tool that helps the
person tune-in to the realities of the brain and the extant
reality”
Patricia & Paul Churchland
Maurice Merleau-Ponty(1908-1961)
Patricia Churchland ● French Phenomenological Philosopher
● Born on July 16, 1943 ● ‘Philosopher of the Body’
Pau lChurchland ● Center of his philosophy is the emphasis placed on the
● Born on October 21, 1942 human body as the primary site of knowing the world

Patricia coined the term NEUROPHILOSOPHY, who together View of Human Nature
with Paul was dissatisfied with the particular approach of According to Merleau-Ponty, The world and the sense of self
philosophers and instead sought to guide scientific theorizing are emergent phenomena in the ongoing process of man’s
with philosophy and guide philosophy with scientific inquiry ‘becoming’

The philosophy of neuroscience is the study of the philosophy In addition he stated that perception is not purely the result of
of the mind, the philosophy of science, neuroscience and sensations nor is it purely interpretation. Rather,
psychology.
consciousness is a process that includes sensing as well as At the center of his theorizing is the concept of
interpreting/reasoning self.

PART 1_Lesson 2: From the Perspective of

● He described the self as “dimension of personality that
Sociology is made up of the individual’s self-awareness and
self-image” (Macionis, 2012)
Sociology ● According to Mead, the self cannot be separated from
is one of the disciplines in the social sciences which aims to the society.
discover the ways by which the social surrounding / ● He explained through a set of stages which the person
environment influences people’s thoughts, feelings, and undergoes in the course of his development.
behavior.
The Preparatory Stage
George Herbert Mead
Mead believed that a self did not exist at birth but develops
over time. It depends on social interaction and social
● Born on February 27, 1863 in Massachusetts, USA
experience.
● Graduated and taught Grade School at Oberlin
College.
At this stage..
● Enrolled in Harvard University in 1887 where his
● Children’s behavior are primarily based on Imitation.
interests were Philosophy and Psychology
They become familiar with symbols (verbal and
● He wrote and published articles and book reviews but
non-verbal) as they interact and these symbols are the
did not publish his own book.
bases of Communication
● His students put together a number of his articles and
● Knowing and Understanding the symbols are important
edited them for publication.
to constitute their way of communicating with others
● He died in 1931 due to Heart Failure
throughout their lives (Schaefer, 2012)
Mead’s Social Self
The Play Stage
● Social Behaviorism
This stage is where the child widens his perspective and
○ the approach Mead used to describe the power
realizes that he is not alone and there are others around him
of the environment in shaping human behavior.
which he has to consider.

At this stage..
● Knowing and Understanding the symbols of
communication to constitute the basis for socialization
to form social relationships.
● Role-taking is the process of assuming the perspective
of another person to see how this person might behave
or respond in a given situation (Schaefer, 2012)
The Game Stage
The child now has the ability to respond not just to one but
several members of his social environment
At this stage..
● Begins to consider several tasks and various types of
relationships simultaneously.
● Generalized other was used to explain the behavior
when a person considers other people in the course of
his action. Through this, the person realizes the cultural
norms, beliefs, & values incorporated to each self. With
this, it forms the basis of self-evaluation
Stages of Self Formation (George Mead)
Stage Existence of Self Characteristics
Preparatory Stage None Imitates another
Play Stage Developing Role-Taking
GameStage Present Generalized other
Mead’s Theory of the Self
● Theory of the Self: The self is not present at birth but
begins as a central character in a child’s world.
● Children see themselves as “the universe”and are
having difficulty understanding people around them.
● As they grow and mature, they begin to see other
people and are concerned about their reactions.
● His family plays a major role in the formation of the
self. They are the Significant others–strongly influence
his development. (Schaefer, 2012)
The “I” and “Me”
Mead explained that the person’s capacity to see the self
through others implies that the self has 2 parts:
1. Self – when the person initiates, the self functions as
subject. This subjective element of the self is the
2. Me Self – when the person takes the role of the other,
the self functions as an object. The objective element
of the self is the Me.
Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929)
● American sociologist who made use the Socio
Psychological Approach to understand how societies
work.
● Earned his Doctorate at the University of Michigan and
taught as a Sociology Professor until the end of his life.
 ● He discussed the formation of the self through
interaction in his written work, Human Nature and the
Social Order (1902)
Looking-glass self
● the self that is a product of social interaction. Seeing
oneself is based on contemplating one’s personal
qualities and the view of the self is also influenced by
the impression of other people.
● Cooley believed that developing a self has 3 phases:
(Schaefer, 2012)
○ People imagine how they present themselves to
others
Ex: You dress-up elegantly at the prom
○ People imagine how others evaluate them
Ex: Others will see you as pretty by the way you
fix yourself
○ People develop some sort of feeling about
themselves as a result of those impressions.
Ex: You may see yourself as confident.
I am not what I think I am
I am not what YOU think I am
I am what I thinkYOU think I am.
Hindi ako yung sa tingin ko na ako,
Hindi rin ako yung a tingin mo,
Ako yung sa tingin kong tingin mo sa akin.
It is noticed that Cooley used the word Imagine. This may
mean that there is a possibility that people develop
self-identities based on the wrong perception of how others
see them. Wrong perceptions, however, can still change based
on positive social experiences.
Erving Goffman (1922-1982)
● Canadian-American sociologist known for his role in
the development of Modern American Sociology.
● The Presentation of the Self in Everyday Life –people
early in their social interactions learned to slant their
presentation of themselves in order to create
preferred appearances and satisfy particular
people or altering how the person presents himself to
others which he called Impression Management.
● He sees similarities of real social interaction to a
theatrical presentation. This is the reason for the label
dramaturgical approach to his view.
● He used the phrase face-work to describe another
aspect of the self. This was observed in situations
where face-saving measures are resorted to in the
maintenance of a proper image of self in frustrating or
embarrassing situations (Schaefer, 2012)
● “Choose your self-presentations carefully, for what
starts out as a mask may become your face”
-Erving Goffman
From the Perspective of Sociology
The discussions and observations of the sociologists
represented a progression on how the self has developed
through the process of socialization to how the person
manages self-presentation in order for him to be accepted
by others.
 Archaeology

● Archeologist is a scientist who studies artifacts in order

PART 1_Lesson 3: From the Perspective of to discover how people lived their lives. As a result,
archaeologists have discovered humans adapted to
Anthropology
changes in their environment in order for them to
The Self from the Perspective of survive.
Anthropology ● They believe that homo sapiens did not become extinct
because of their ability to think, use tools, and learn
from experience.
Anthropology ● These discoveries made people realize that the most
- is a field of the social sciences that focuses on the important aspect of human life is survival. Human
study of man. Behavior according to the School of Functionalism,
- Not just on one aspect of man, but the totality of what it continues to adapt, in order to survive.
means to be human. ● Men are similar, but the manner they use to survive
- The field looks into man’s physical / biological differs. This is the dilemma that archaeology is
characteristics, social relationships, and the influence continuously searching for answers.
of his culture from the dawn of civilization up to the
present. Biological Anthropology
- Everything in anthropology is interconnected and a ● Biological Anthropologists Focus primarily on how the
complete understanding is necessary to achieve better human body adapts to the different earth environments.
understanding of oneself. They look at the probable cause of diseases, mutation
and death. They are interested in explaining how
There are 4 subfields of Anthropology that suggests that biological characteristics of human beings affect how
human beings are similar and very different at the same they lived their lives.
time: ● They study people in different places and discovered
that while human beings vary in their biological
● Archaeology make-up and behavior, there are a lot more similarities
● Biological Anthropology among them than there are difference
● Linguistic Anthropology
● Cultural Anthropology
 ● Biological characteristics of human beings may earn and forms an essential part of the member’s personal
them complete dominion over all earth creatures and at and social identity.
the same time be the cause of their extinction.

Linguistic Anthropology
● Human survival is primarily linked to their ability to Theory of Cultural Determinism
communicate and an essential part of human ● Where culture has a strong impact on how an
communication is language. individual views himself.
● Language –identifies a group of people; words, ● According to this theory, human nature is determined
sounds, symbols, writings and signs that are used are by the ideas, meanings, beliefs, and values learned as
reflections of a group’s culture. members of a society.
● Linguistic Anthropologists used language to discover a ● Who or what a person is maybe determined by the kind
group’s manner of social interaction, to create and of culture he is born into and grew up in.
share meanings to form ideas, concepts, and to ● Having different cultures, Cultural Anthropologists
promote social change, and how language changes suggest that there is no universal or right way of being
over time. human.The right way is always based on culture.Since
● Language is reflective of the time and mode of culture varies, there is no one way of understanding
thinking of the people using it. As societies change human nature.
and technologies develop, so do the symbols and
meaning people use through language as their way of This theory has positive and negative implications
communicating.
Positive Negative
Cultural Anthropology
● Culture –group of people’s way of life. Including their Human beings can be People have no control over
behavior, beliefs, values, and symbols that they accept, shaped to have the kind of what they learn. They blindly
life they prefer. There is no accept the learning their
socially transmitted through communication and
limit placed on the human culture exposes them to.
imitation from generation to generation. ability to be or to do They are seen as helpless
● Cultural Anthropologists focus on knowing what makes whatever they set their and do only what their
one group’s manner of living particular to that group minds and hearts into. culture instructs them to do.
Cultural Anthropology
● Cultural diversities are manifested in different ways and
at different levels of depth. Symbols are considered
the most superficial level of culture and values belong
to the deepest level or are considered as the core of
culture.
● Ways in which culture may manifest itself in people:
○ Symbols
○ Heroes
○ Rituals
○ Values
● Ways in which culture may manifest itself in people:
○ Symbols –words, gestures, symbols, that have
recognized meaning in a particular culture.
Ex: Rings that signify commitment
● Ways in which culture may manifest itself in people:
○ Heroes –people from the past or present who
have characteristics that are important in a
culture. They may be real or fictitious and are
models of behavior.
Ex: Real –Jose Rizal Fictitious –Darna
● Ways in which culture may manifest itself in people:
○ Rituals –activities, may be religious or social,
participated in by a group of people for the
fulfillment of desired objectives and are
considered to be socially essential.
Ex: Baptism, Wedding
● Ways in which culture may manifest itself in people:
○ Values –are unconscious, and can neither be
discussed nor be directly observed but can only
be inferred from the way people act and react to
circumstances and situations.
Ex: Kissing of the hand of elders
The Self from the Perspective of Anthropology
● Anthropology makes the person aware that what he is
may be determined by his past, and present condition,
his biological characteristics, the way he
communicates, the language that he uses and the
manner in which he chooses to live his life.
PART 1_Lesson 4: From the Perspective of
Psychology
William James (1842-1910)
● American Philosopher and Psychologist
● Professor of Psychology and Philosophy at Harvard
University
● “Theory of the Self”
● One of the great pragmatists
● Wrote a book entitled “The principles of Psychology”
THE ‘ME’ AND THE ‘I’
1. All human thoughts are owned by some personal self.
2. All thoughts are constantly changing or are never
static.
 3. There is a continuity of thoughts as its focus shifts
from one object to another.
4. Thoughts deal with objects that are different from and
independent of consciousness itself.
5. Consciousness can focus on a particular object and not
others.
The ‘Me’ Self
A separate object or individual that the person to when
discussing or describing their personal experiences.
Examples:
1. The gifts were sent to ME.
2. The person is smiling at ME.
Divided into three components: the material self, the social
self, and the spiritual self.
● The material self
○ Consists of the things or objects that belong to
the person or entities that a person belongs to.
(e.g. The person’s body, his family, clothes, his
money)
● The social self
○ Refers to the person is in a particular social
situation
○ Changes in behavior usually result from the
different social situations the person finds
himself in.
● The spiritual self
○ Refers to the self that is more concrete or
permanent when compared to the material and
social selves.
○ The most subjective and intimate part of the
self.
○ Always engaging in the process of
introspection(self-observation).
The ‘I’ Self
● Pure Ego = person’s soul or mind
● Comprises the totality of the person’s identity
Other selves in Psychology
The Global Self
● Represents the overall value that a person places upon
himself.
● The groups of people that you interact with everyday
strongly influences you.
● The global self is the product of all experiences that
he had in the society which accounts for the kind of
person he presently is.
Differentiated Self
● Murray Bowen (1913-1990)
○ came up with the concept of a differentiated
self
○ observed that there are two forces affecting the
person: togetherness and individuality
 ● affected by the presence of others and has the ability ● When the self is found to be deviating from these
to separate feelings and thoughts guides, the result is self-discrepancy.
● Enables the person to develop and sustain his unique ○ self-discrepancy - causes emotional discomfort
identity, make his own choices, and accept
responsibility for his behavior and still be able to stay Multiple and Unified selves
emotionally connected with his family and friends.
● Multiple Selves Theory
○ suggests that there exists in the individual
different aspects of the self
● A unified being is essentially connected to
Real and Ideal Self-Concepts consciousness, awareness, and agency
True and False selves
Carl Rogers (1902-1987) ● D.W. Winnicott (1896-1971)
● Proposed a personality theory known as the ● The true self
‘Person-Centered Theory’ ○ Creative
● Self-concept–used to refer how a person thinks about ○ Spontaneously experiencing each day of their
or perceives himself. lives
○ Two types of self-concept: ○ Appreciate being alive
■ A. The real-self concept. ○ High level of awareness in the person of who
● Refers to all information and he is
perception the person has about ○ Recognizes his strengths
himself. ○ Accepts his limitations
■ B. The ideal-self concept ○ Enjoys winning and successLearns from
● Refers to what the person aims mistakes
for himself to be ● The false self
○ Lacks spontaneity
○ Dead and empty
The Self-Discrepancy Theory
○ The mask that hides the true person for fear of
● By Edward Tory Higgins (1987)
pain of rejection and failure
● Self-guides - internalized standards to which people
○ At times, enable the person to form superficial
use to compare themselves
but productive social relationships
 ● True and false selves are present in all individuals.
They should be functional for the advantage of both
the person himself and his society.
The self as proactive and agentic
● Albert Bandura (1925 –present)
○ The Social Cognitive Theory
■ learning through observation-suggested
that human beings are proactive, self
regulating, self-reflective, and
self-organizing
■ The human agency is the essence of
being human
FEATURES OF HUMAN AGENCY
● Intentionality
○ Actions performed by the person with full
awareness of his behavior.
■ Example: Kenneth went online to apply for a
passport because he wants to travel
outside his country.
● Forethought
○ Person’s anticipation of likely outcomes of his
behavior.
■ Example: Kenneth chose an interview date
for his passport application where most
likely he will be on-leave.
● Self-reactiveness
○ Process in which the person is motivated and
regulates his behavior as he observes his
progress in achieving his goals.
■ Example: Kenneth saves a larger
portion of his salary in the bank so he
can have enough cash to travel to
Japan.
● Self-reflectiveness
○ The person looking inward and evaluating his
motivations, values, life goals, and other
people’s effect on him.
■ Example: Kenneth believes that he has
to enjoy and experience life a little
while still able and capable.
Self-regulation
● A person reactively attempts to minimize the
discrepancies between what he has already
accomplished and what he still wants to achieve.
PART 1_Lesson 5: The Self in Western and
Eastern Thought
Individualistic Self
● Through the process of introspection and reflection, a
man decides to search for his purpose in life and the
role he plays in this world.
● A person who makes most of his life, going into the
world with the life he chooses, making decisions, acting
upon these choices and taking full responsibilities of
the consequences is called an individualistic self.
● An individualistic self:
 ○ Is aware that he is not alone and exists with
others.
○ Sees himself as capable of living his own life,
doing things he loves, making mistakes and
learning from it.
○ Is aware of his rights and limitations of his
freedom
○ Sets goals and works hard to achieve them.
● Independence and self-reliance form development of
the self in Western cultures.
● For example, 18 years old Americans are expected to
‘move out’ of their home.
● Individualist people are expected to have the ability to
stand alone.
Collective Self
● The cultures of the East are focused with the collective
self of individuals.
● It’s where the identity of the individual is lost and does
not exist except as a part of the group.
● The family and society control how group members
should think, act and behave in society.
● Group members depend on each other.
● Collective selves:
○ Establish strong bonds with their families.
○ Are bound by the customs, beliefs and tradition
of the group
● Examples of issues decided by the group are gender
roles, marriage, practices and patriarchy.
● In society, collectivism fosters nationalistic attitude as
what the group believes.
● In contemporary society, both individualistic and
collective self may exist in an individual resulting from
influences and intermarriages between people of the
East and the West.
The Self in Western Thought
● The self in Western thought:
○ Plays a central role in almost all perspectives of
intellectual inquiry.
○ Has been an area of interest by the French and
English philosophers.
○ Is an entity whose proof of existence is most
challenged by Greek philosophies of
Socratesand Plato.
● Descartes
○ Self exists regardless of his environment.
○ The cognitive basis of the person’s thoughts is
proof for the existence of the self.
● Kant
○ Self is capable of actions that entities it to have
rights as an autonomous agent
○ Inspired the recognition of human rights as
important in individual freedom
● Ecological self sees the self as a process that is
undergoing development.
● Factors that influence self-development:
○ Human and biological and environmental
characteristics such as
■ Race
■ Gender
 ■ Social status
■ Education
■ Culture
● Self is seen as dynamic, different and unique and
constantly exposed to an ever changing world.
The Self in Confucian Thought
● Confucius –the name for which Kong Zhongi of China
was known in the West.
● Confucius was born in Zhou dynasty period in 551 BCE
in small state of Lu.
● Grew up poor even though he descended from a
scholarly family
● Zhou dynasty was characterized by political, social and
moral disintegration in China.
● Through scholarly study, Confucius came to be known
as ‘Master Kong’ and as ‘Great Sage and Teacher’
(Koller, 2007).
● Confucius’ philosophy came to be known as humanistic
social philosophy.
● Humanistic social philosophy focuses on human beings
and the society he finds himself in.
● The society and communities serve as the main source
of values of both human beings and society in general.
● The philosophical concept of Confucianism is centered
on ren which manifested through:
○ Li(propriety)
○ Xiao(filiality)
○ Yi (rightness)
● REN - can be understood as human goodness which
makes human beings different from beasts.
○ It involves feelings and thinking which serves as
the foundation of human relationships.
● Ren signifies the Chinese culture’s emphasis on
feelings for the heart as the most important instead of
the head in human nature.
● Confucius believed that ren is a reflection of the
person’s own understanding of humanity.It is found
within each personGuides human actions Makes life
worth living.
● To abandon ren means abandoning what is truly
human.
● REN-Li
○ Li (propriety)
○ Self-mastery involves self-development.
○ Self-mastery is characterized by self-control
and the will to redirect impulses and change
socially accepted expressions of human nature.
○ Li conforms to the norms of society.
○ Confucius believes that everyone has duties
and responsibilities hence five relationships.
○ 5 relationships
■ Father and son
■ Ruler and subject
■ Older and younger brothers
■ Husband and wife
■ Friend and friend
● REN-Xiao
○ Xiao (filiality)
○ Xiao is the virtue of reverence and respect for
family.
○ Parents should be revered for the life they had
given.
 ○ Children show respect to their parents by According to Confucianism, virtuous people result in a
exerting efforts to take care of themselves. well-rounded, civilized, humane society.
○ Reverence for parents and family is further
demonstrated by bringing honor to the family,
making something of himself to earn the
respect of others.
○ If the person is having difficulty giving his family
honor, he should do his best not disgrace the
family.
○ Relationship that exist in the family reflect how
the person relates to others.
○ Family is the reflection of a person. PART 2_LESSON 1: The Physical Self
○ How the person interacts socially and values
acted upon can be traced back to his family
The Self as Impacted by the Body
environment which forms the bases of the
person’s moral and social virtue. Physical Self
● REN-Y
○ Yi (rightness) The concrete dimensions of the body, it is the tangible aspect
○ It is the right way of behaving. of the person which can be directly observed and examined.
○ Unconditional and absolute.
○ Right Is right and what is not right is wrong. Self-understanding
○ There are no gray areas. ● According to Santrock (2004), self-understanding is the
○ Actions must be done because they are the individual’s cognitive representation of the self which
right actions. consists of the substance and the content of
○ For example: obedience to parents which is self-conceptions.
expected from children because it’s morally ● The development of self-understanding in adolescence
right and obligated to do so. can be described from simple to perplexing and
involves a number of aspects of the self.
Li, Xiao and Yi are virtues observed in a person whose
humanity is developed, morally cultivated and aware. Growing up
As the age is advancing, interests and bodies are also
changing. The changes are also rapid that before the parents
notice it, they are no longer babies but unpredictable
teenagers.
In growing up, the parents should respect the privacy
of their children and allow them enough space to grow but at
the same time let them know that they are ready to listen and
support.
Physical Characteristics
The defining traits or features of the person’s body.
Physical characteristics are distinguished by the naked eye
like facial features, hairstyles, clothes or figure.
According to Erik Erikson, he believed in the
importance of the body from early development because the
physical as well as intellectual skills will somehow serve as
basis to whether a person has achieved a sense of
competence and be able to manage and face the demands of
life complexities.
According to William James, he considered the body
as the initial source of sensation and necessary for the origin
and maintenance of personality.
Adolescence
According to healthy children.org, adolescence is
divided into three periods:
● Early Adolescence (11-14 years old)
● Middle Adolescence (15-17 years old)
● Late Adolescence (18-21 years old)
In the Philippines, ages from 15-30 years old are the youth.
Puberty
According to Santrock, puberty is the same as
adolescence because puberty ends prior to the end of
adolescent period but he recognized puberty as the most
essential marker of the beginning of adolescence.
● Girls reached puberty earlier than boys and
they experience menarche (first menstrual flow)
● Boys two to three years later experienced
semenarche (first ejaculation/wet dreams)
Puberty is a brain-neuroendocrine process occurring
primarily in early adolescence that triggers the rapid physical
changes that occur in the adolescent stage of human
development.
● Pituitary gland - master endocrine gland that
controls growth and regulates the function of all
other endocrine glands.
● Gonads
○ Ovaries for girls
○ Testes for boys.
● Estrogen - hormones in girls that are
responsible for physical change like increase in
height, widening of hips and increase in fatty
tissues in the breast.
● Androgen and testosterone - hormones for
boys that are responsible for the boy’s growth of
facial and body hair, muscles and changes in
the voice.
Body Image
● The way one sees himself/ herself or the way
he/ she imagines how he/ she looks.
● How they see themselves can either be positive
or negative.
 ● Adolescents usually experience an imaginary
audience which refers to an egocentric state
where the individual imagines and believes that
many people are actively listening to or
watching him or her.
● In social psychology, the spotlight effect refers
to the belief that others are paying more
attention to the person’s appearance and
behavior than they really are.
Factors that affect Perception of the Physical
Self
● PERSONALFACTORS
○ Introspection and Self-reflection
■ Introspection is the process by which
one observes and examines one’s
internal state (mental and emotional)
after behaving in a certain way. This
means that people have a low
self-insight on aspects about the self
where they wish were not true and many
people tend to overestimate their
positive aspects.
○ Self-PerceptionTheory
■ Explains that since one’s internal state is
difficult to interpret, people can infer
their inner states by observing their own
behavior -as if they are an outside
observer.
● Self-concept
○ Self-concept is a cognitive
representation of self-knowledge which
includes the sum total of all beliefs that
people have about themselves. Physical
concept is the individual’s perception or
description of his physical self, including
his physical appearance.
● Personal Identity
○ This is the concept that has developed
over the years. Aspects of his life like
nationality, gender, physical traits as well
as choices he makes.
● SOCIAL FACTORS
○ Attachment Process and Social Appraisal
■ According to Bowlby, people learn about
their value and lovability when they
experience how their mother or
caregivers care for them and respond to
their needs. This is developed prior to
achieving self-awareness.
○ Maintaining, regulating and expanding the Self
in Interpersonal Relationships
■ When individuals are still young, the
sense of self is continuously shaped
through ongoing interaction with others
and act as “private audiences” which
 carry an internal dialogue that people
are not aware that they are being
influenced.
○ The Looking-glass Self Theory
■ Charles Horton Cooley stated that a
person’s self grows out of society’s
interpersonal interaction and the
perception of others. The self image is
shaped and reflected from the social
world. Other reactions will serve as
mirrors in which people see themselves
particularly the way they are perceived
by others.
○ Social Comparison
■ It is the process of comparing oneself
with others in order to evaluate one’s
own abilities and opinions.
■ Two types of Social Comparison
● Upward social comparison - When
an individual compares himself to
others who are better than him.
● Downward social comparison -
When an individual compares
himself to someone who is in a
worse situation than he is especially
when he is feeling so low.
○ Social Identity Theory (Collective Identity)
■ People have a need for positive social
identity that is why they connect to wider
social networks, which helps to enhance
their self-esteem.
Comparison of Self and Identity
Self Identity
The person that someone Is who a person believes she
truly is or the entire person of or he is, representing a
the individual synthesis and integration of
self-understanding
(Santrock, 2014)
The total characteristics or The traits and
qualities of a person both characteristics, social
known and unknown to relations, roles and social
others but known to oneself. group memberships that
define who one is.
A way of making sense of
some aspect or part of self
concept (Leary and Tangney
2012).
The Impact of Culture on Body Image and
Self-Esteem: The Importance of Beauty
What is Culture?
Culture is defined as a social system that is
characterized by the shared meanings that are attributed to
people and events by its members.
Significant aspect of culture that strongly influences
adolescents who are in a face-to-face encounter with their
physical selves is how their culture conceptualizes beauty.
Merriam and Webster define beauty as the quality of being
physically attractive or the qualities in a person or a thing that
give pleasure to the senses or the mind.
But it should be noted that in every culture and in every
individual, the standards of beauty may vary. Body image of
adolescents which includes perception and feelings about
oneself could either be positive or negative, it is based on how
they measure up to cultural standards of body image.
Self-Esteem and the Ideal Body Image
Self-esteem
Is a measure of the person’s self-worth based on some
personal or social standard. One of the factors that may affect
self-esteem is the physical appearance, as the children
advanced to adolescence they form a body image.

Adolescents Body Image Includes:

● Perception of their physical self when they look in the
mirror.
● Feelings of like or dislike about the physical self that
The Filipino Concept of Beauty they see.
● Their thoughts and how they relate to their physical
What is Eurocentrism? self.
It is defined as a tendency to interpret the world in ● Perception of how other people view them physically.
terms of European or Anglo-American values and
experiences. Aspect in Culture that may have led to the
Filipino with eurocentric features are with their fair skin aforementioned misconceptions:
and tall skin that sweeps what is Filipino beauty is (Dark skin
and flat nose). The “tisoy” and “tisay” beauty standards are ● Society’s ideals for perfect physical form which are:
strongly promoted in the media, perpetuating the idea that the
European standard of beauty is the only thing that can be
deemed as beautiful. Women Men
An aspect of eurocentrism called colorism is defined as
● White skin ● Tall
“the prejudicial or preferential treatment of people of the same ● Small waistline ● Tanned
race based solely on the color of their skin". ● Big breast and ● Perfect Skin
The message that society gives is that flat noses have behind ● Muscled Physique
dark complexions that do not define beauty. Eurocentrism and ● Long straight hair ● 6-pack abs
colorism indeed have significant effects on the body image and ● Long manicured nails
identities of the common Filipino. ● Slender and tall
 ● Mass media is a powerful tool that reinforces cultural
beliefs and values. Though young people may initially
disagree with the set ideals of beauty, repeated
exposure via media leads to misconceptions.
● Since a standard has been set by society and
reinforced by the media, any characteristics that do not
conform to these standards are labelled as ugly.
The following misconceptions strongly affect how the young
form their body image and its influence on their self-esteem.
PART 2_LESSON 2: The Sexual Self
The Sexual Self
Human sexuality is influenced by physical,
psychological, spiritual and cultural factors. As sexual beings,
people are identified by gender, role, assignment and
perception.
Perspective of Human Sexuality
Sexual selfhood is defined as how one thinks about
himself or herself as a sexual individual. Human sexuality is a
topic that just like beauty is culturally diverse.
1. Historical
● In Ancient Greece, it is the male that assumes the
dominant role
● The male symbol, the penis, was viewed as the symbol
of fertility and how the male body structured was
greatly admired
● Wives were considered as an object
● Forbidden to own property and to have legal and
political rights
● Not Even Allowed Toreador Write
● The Only Function Was To Bear Children
● “Gyne”= Greek Word For Women Means Bearer Of
Children
● The Middle Ages (476 –1450)
○ The church decreed that all sexual acts that do
not lead to procreation were considered evil.
● Protestant Formation of the 16th Century
(1483-1546)
○ The reason for sexual intimacy was to
strengthen the physical and emotional bond
between husbands and wives not just for
procreation
● By the 17th and 18th Century
○ Puritans had positive views on marital sex and
did not condone sex outside marriage.
● The Victorian Era(1873 –1901)
○ Women were told that they should not enjoy
having sex, if they did, there was something
wrong with them;
○ Ejaculating more than once month would
greatly weaken a man and masturbation leads
to blindness, insanity and death
● 20th Century
○ Sexuality became more evident and accepted
in society.
 ● In the first weeks of gestation, the internal as well as
2. Biological the external genital structures of all human fetuses are
● The brain initiates and organizes sexual behavior. the same. The gender of the baby is conspicuous
● The next generation of human beings are created by within 16th to18th weeks of pregnancy.
the fusion of the egg and sperm cell. ● Chromosomes – the thread like structures found in
● Secondary Sex Characteristics the nucleus of the cell of the body are composed of
○ genes which are the basic unit of heredity.

Women Men

● Breasts enlarge ● Voice becomes

● Hair growth much lower
under arms and (breaks)
pubic area ● Hair growth on
● Hip widens chest, face, 3. Sociological / Evolutionary
● Skin becomes underarms, ● Natural Selection - A process by which
oily and pores arms, legs and organisms that are best suited to their
enlarge public area
● Increase in environment are most likely to survive
muscle size ● On the basis of human sexual behavior, it all
● Skin becomes begins with physical attraction.
oily and pores ● Sexual preference for females with big breasts
enlarge
and males with broad shoulders and muscular
torsos is instinctively more genetic survival than
● Primary Sex Characteristics for pleasure or social status.
○
Women Men 4. Psychological
● Rosenthal (2013) – sexuality is not a mere
● Ovaries ● Testes
● Fallopian tubes ● Penis
physical response. But, it involves emotions,
● Uterus ● Scrotum thoughts and beliefs.
● Vagina ● Seminal ● But according to Freud, humans are faced with
Vesicles and two forces
prostate glands
○ Sex instinct or libido (pleasure)
○ Aggressive instinct (harm toward oneself or
towards others)
 ● Id (pleasure principle) - Seeks for pleasure
and aggression
● Ego(analytical principle) - Thinks of ways to
satisfy the need in an acceptable manner
● Superego(moral principle) - Person’s sense of
morality
5. Religious
● Hinduism
○ Sexuality is seen as spiritual force, and
the act of ritual lovemaking is a means
of both celebrating and transcending the
physical
● Roman Catholic Church
○ Marriage is purely for intercourse and
procreation
Clarifying Sexual Terminologies
● “Sex” word derived from the Latin words “ecare” which
means ‘to divide’ while the word sexuality means ‘to
unite’
● Sexual arousal has emerged as a new phenomenon
in adolescence and that it is important that sexuality be
viewed as a normal aspect of adolescent development.
● Adolescent’s sexual identity includes sexual
orientation, his ability to manage sexual feelings and
his capacity to regulate his sexual behavior to avoid
undesirable consequences
● Gender refers to the characteristics of people as males
or females
● Gender role is a set of expectations that prescribes
how females and males should think, act and feel.
● In DSM V (2013)
○ Sex and sexual – the biological indicators of
male and female or having the capacity to
reproduce
○ Gender Assignment – the initial assignment as
male or female which usually occurs at birth.
○ Gender Reassignment – official and usually
legal change of gender
○ Gender Identity – a category of social identity
that refers to an individual’s identification as
male, female or some category other than male
or female.
● Masculine – the qualities and behaviors judged by a
particular culture to be ideally associated with or
especially appropriate to men and boys
● Feminine – qualities and behaviors judged by a
particular culture to be ideally associated with or
especially appropriate to women and girls
● Androgyny – both masculine and feminine traits,
feelings and qualities.
● Asexuals – persons who do not experience sexual
drives or attraction to either sex
● Hypersexual – persons with an excessive interest in
sex to the point where it can cause problems in one’s
life
The Phases of Human Response
Human Sexual Response Cycle (HSRC)
 ● Excitement
○ Initial physical response to sexual arousal ● Attraction
○ Characterized by an increase in heart rate and ○ is a characteristic that causes pleasure or
blood pressure as well as heightened muscle interest by appealing to a person’s desires or
tone tastes, and causes one to be drawn to the
● Plateau other.
○ Period of sexual excitement prior to orgasm ■ Criteria of beauty are subjective and
○ Characterized by intensification of the changes vary overtime in different cultures
begun during the excitement phase.
● Orgasm
○ Characterized by waves of intense pleasure
(climax), often associated with vaginal
contractions in females and ejaculations in
males. Love: Emotion or Drive?
● Resolution
○ The body returns to its non-excited state Three Phases of Romantic Love
● Lust Phase
Rosenthal (2013) has included a stage of desire prior to ○ Characteristics:
excitement which is a drive or motivation to seek out sexual ■ This describe as an intense craving for
objects or to engage in sexual activities. sexual contact
1. Triphasic Model of Sexual Response was introduced ■ Hormonal and Neural Pathways
by Helen Singer Kaplan which includes only sexual Involved:
desire, excitement and orgasm ● Androgen and estrogen,
2. Erotic Stimulus Pathway Theory by David Reed. His ● Pheromones and
theory includes fours tages: ● The senses
a. Seduction, ● Attraction Phase
b. Sensation, ○ Characteristics
c. Surrender, and ■ Couples are infatuated and pursued a
d. reflection. relationship
■ Hormonal and Neural Pathways
Involved:
The Chemistry of Lust, Love and Attachment
 ● High dopamine and
norepinephrine;
● Low serotonin
● Attachment Phase
○ Characteristics:
■ Long-term bond between partners; with
a feeling of security, comfort and
emotional union
■ Hormonal and Neural Pathways
Involved:
● Oxytocin,
● vasopressin
John Lee’s Love Styles
● Eros – Love is based on strong sexual and emotional
component
○ The Eros lover dreams of the ideal
characteristics of a partner and usually
experiences love at first sight. The relationship
seldom lasts forever because they tend to be
quick to fall in and out of love.
● Agape – Altruistic and selfless love.
○ The person shows his love without expecting to
receive the same in return.
○ This type of love is more acceptable to women
than men.
● Storge – Love-related friendship and based on
nonsexual affection.
○ Storgic lovers don’t suddenly fall in love with an
idealized lover.
○ Commitment, stability and comfort are their
goals.
● Ludus – Love is just a game, something for fun or
entertainment.
○ Ludic lovers do not experience jealousy. They
don’t value commitment or intimacy
○ Manipulate their partner by lying, cheating and
deceiving
● Mania – An intense feeling which may lead to
obsessive and possessive love towards the loved one.
○ Manic lovers always check the partner's
whereabouts and easily get jealous
○ Easily taken advantage of by ludic lovers
● Pragma – A Practical and business-like love.
○ Pragmatic lovers may plan the best time to get
married, have children, and other future plans
○ Love is based on what is appropriate.
The Triangular Theory of Love
Robert Stenberg, 1986
● Intimacy
○ Includes the desire to give and receive
emotional closeness, support, caring and
sharing
● Passion
○ Described as intensely romantic or sexual
desire for another person usually accompanied
by physical attraction and physiological arousal
● Commitment
 ○ The cold component of love. It is the decision to ○ Named for “endogenous morphine”, the body’s
maintain the relationship through good times natural opiate, similar to the man-made drugs
and bad times. morphine or heroin

Theories: Why do people fall in love?

1. Behavior Reinforcement Theory – when someone
receives a reward a positive feeling may be
experienced.
2. Physiological Arousal Theory – the body
experiences physiological change first, then people
assign an emotion to that physical sensation.
3. Evolutionary Theories – This explains that love
arouses due to sociobiological needs.

Factors that would determine with whom people fall in

The Chemistry of Love love are:
● Physical attractiveness
● Dopamine and Norepinephrine ● Reciprocity
○ Involved in mood, motivation, attention and ● Proximity
excitement ● Similarities
● Serotonin
○ Associated with mood, obsession, sex and Diversity of Sexual Behavior
sleep 1. Sociosexual Behavior – sexual behavior involving more
● Phenylethylamine than one person.
○ Increase the level of DA and NE especially in 2. Solitary Behavior – self-masturbation or self-stimulation
the pathways involving mood and pleasure with the intention of causing sexual arousal, a feeling of
● Oxytocin and vasopressin pleasure and often results in orgasm.
○ Important in trust, empathy, emotional
accessibility, pair bonding and close relationship
● Endorphins Sexual Orientation
 ● Homosexual
○ person whose sexual orientation is toward The Method of Contraception
another the same sex ● Hormonal Method of Contraception
● Lesbian ○ (prevents the release of an egg or ovulation)
○ Used to describe a woman whose sexual and ■ Oral Contraceptive Pills
romantic attraction is toward women. ■ The patch – a small patch you stick on
● Gay to the skin that releases estrogen and
○ a man whose sexual and romantic attraction is progestogen.
towards other men ■ Thering – small plastic ring a woman
● Heterosexual inserts into her vagina every month and
○ A person whose sexual orientation is towards releases hormones to stop ovulation.
other opposite sex ■ Implants – a small flexible rod that is
● Bisexual place under the skin of the upper arm by
○ A person who may be sexually oriented to both a health professional and releases
men and women progesterone to stop ovulation.
● Pansexual ■ Injectable – contraceptive injection
○ A new sexual orientation of persons who are which is a long-acting reversible
sexually attracted to people regardless of their contraception. It is more than 99%
sex or gender identity effective.
● Transgender ● Barrier Method of Contraception
○ Refers to the broad spectrum of individuals who ○ Diaphragm – a soft dome made of latex or
transiently or persistently identify with a gender silicone and is used with spermicide
different from their natal gender. ○ Cervical Caps – put into the vagina to cover the
cervix and are 92to96% effective when used
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) correctly.
● HIV ( Human Immunodeficiency Virus)/ AIDS (Acquired ○ Male and Female Condoms or spermicides
Immunodeficiency Syndrome) ● Behavioral Method of Contraception
● Genital Herpes ○ Rhythm or Calendar Method – way to know a
● Genital Warts woman’s fertile and infertile month by charting
● Gonorrhea the menstrual cycle.
● Syphilis ○ Abstinence or celibacy – avoidance of sexual
● Chlamydia intercourse
 ○ Outercourse – a sexual activity that does not
include the insertion of the penis into thev agina
○ Withdrawal – happens when a man removes
his penis from the vagina and ejaculates
outside of the woman’s body
● Sterilization
○ (procedure that make an individual permanently
incapable of conceiving)
■ Tubal Ligation / sterilization – fallopian
tubes are tied to prevent eggs from
travelling to the uterus so a woman
cannot get pregnant
■ Vasectomy – the surgeon makes a small
cut in the upper part of the scrotum then
ties or blocks the vas deferens
● Intrauterine Device (IUD)
○ A small device that is placed in the uterus by a
doctor to prevent pregnancy
● Emergency Contraception (EC)
○ A measure that protects against pregnancy
after unprotected sex has already occurred.