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Geology of The Philippines & South East Asia: Southeast Asian Tectonic Region
Geology of The Philippines & South East Asia: Southeast Asian Tectonic Region
Geology of The Philippines & South East Asia: Southeast Asian Tectonic Region
→ Subducts under:
o Eurasian plate along the Japan trench
o Philippine Sea plate along Bonin-Marianas-Yap trench system
o Under Indo-Australian Plate east of New Zealand
2. Eurasian Plate
→ Continental except for marginal basins
→ Rate of movement: 3 mm/year
→ Fixed since 50 Ma (Late Eocene)
3. Indo-Australian Plate
→ Both Continental (India & Australia) and Oceanic (Indian Ocean)
→ Rate of movement: 107 mm/year– fastest in terms of motion
→ 150 Ma (Late Jurassic) - Separation of India and Australia
→ 43 Ma (Middle Eocene) – Mid-Oceanic ridge has become inactive, plate is moving northwards
→ Continental portion collides with Eurasian plate (Himalayas)
→ Oceanic portion subducts under Eurasian Plate along the Java Trench
Southeast Asian Tectonic Region
→ SW portion of the Western Pacific Domain
→ Composed of Philippine Sea Plate and the southern edge of Eurasian Plate
• Ocean Basins
→ 4 to 6 km depth, long axis of these basins is generally oriented N-S except for West Philippine Basin
/idmc_2021 1
GEOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES & SOUTH EAST ASIA
→ Central Basin Fault
▪ Series of en echelon ridges 15° (almost E-W) to its general direction (WNW-ESE)
▪ Extinct mid-oceanic spreading ridge, cut transversely by N-S parallel faults
→ 2 stages of opening
1. 60-45 Ma: NE-SW spreading, 4.4 cm/year half spreading rate
2. 45-35 Ma: N-S opening, 1.8 cm/year half spreading rate
→ Basin Origin:
1. Trapped Oceanic Basin
– basin is trapped because of the formation of ridges and trenches surrounding the basin (By Uyeda-
Benavraham 1972), Hilde (1977) & Lee (1984))
2. Back-arc basin Model
– during subduction, Pacific plate subducts beneath PH Sea Plate. Oki-Daito ridge would correspond to a
relic volcanic arc that travelled to the NE during the opening of the basin
o Other Basins
1. Parece Vela – Shikoku Basin
→ east of West PH Basin
→ oceanic crust accreted on a N-S spreading axis
→ Opening:
1. 30 Ma – Parece Vela
2. 10 Ma – Shikoku
→ oceanic accretion stops at 17 Ma
2. Marianas Basin
→ N-S spreading
→ Opens around 6 Ma and presently active
→ Youngest basin (evidence: Marianas Trench)
3. Ayu Basin
→ Poorly known on the southern portion of the plate
• Submarine Ridges
→ Oriented N-S
o Palau-Kyushu Ridge
→ Middle Eocene – Oligocene; Age: 43 Ma
→ Divides WPB from Parece Vela-Shikoku basin
→ Traverses the PH Sea Plate for 2500 km
→ Relict volcanic arc
→ Trapped Basin Model:
1. 43 Ma: transformation of an old transform fault into a subduction zone from the kinematic
reorganization
2. 30 Ma: subduction retreated eastward, activity stopped and Parece Vela – Shikoku opened
o Izu Bonin Ridge
→ Eastern limit of Shikoku Basin
→ Volcanic arc of the presently active Bonin Trench
→ Presently colliding with the Japanese margin (Izu Peninsula, Japan)
→ Splits into two branches towards the South, these ridges define the western and eastern limit of
Marianas Basin
1. West Marianas Ridge
→ Ancient volcanic arc active between 20 – 9 Ma
→ Relict volcanic arc left inactive after opening of Marianas Basin
2. East Marianas Ridge
→ Volcanic arc of the active Marianas Trench; younger
/idmc_2021 2
GEOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES & SOUTH EAST ASIA
Tectonic Nature of the Boundaries of PH Sea Plate
/idmc_2021 3
GEOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES & SOUTH EAST ASIA
SOUTHEAST ASIAN MARGIN
Marginal Basins – successively opened in several phases within Neogene times
- bordered by:
1. Continental blocks of Taiwan (true continental margin)
2. North Palawan (rifted from the Asian Continental margin)
3. Volcanic arcs of Sulu and North Sulawesi
• Cagayan Ridge
→ composed of volcanic material dated 14.7 Ma
→ corresponds to a volcanic arc that was active until the end of early Miocene
→ southern flank is characterized by the presence of the SE-dipping normal faults which define its
contact with the SE subbasin
→ divides the Sulu basin into two:
▪ NW Subbasin – asymmetric basin whose western flank is more inclined towards
Palawan. 6-8km sedimentary fill, volcanic or continental (or both)
▪ SE Subbasin - oceanic basement covered with a thin sedimentary fill (1-2 km), oldest
known sediments have been dated Late Miocene to early Middle Miocene, while
volcanic ash appeared around 6 Ma. Relatively young crust due to heat flow data
• Sulu-Zamboanga Arc
→ Separates Sulu Sea Basin from the Celebes Sea Basin
→ Group of islands Pleistocene-Holocene with 1 active volcano
→ No well-defined seismic zone
→ Solfataric stage volcanic arc
o Celebes Sea
→ Oceanic crust; age: 55 – 42 Ma (Eocene)
→ ENE-WSW oriented magnetic anomalies
→ SE of the Sulu-Zamboanga Arc
→ Trapped basin mechanism for the origin the basin
Origin of Marginal Basin
Marginal basin – oceanic basin formed on the edge (margin) of a continental crust
Models:
o Back – Arc Basin
→ Formed behind a subduction zone
→ Examples: Marianas Basin, Parece Vela Shikoku basin & Okinawa Basin (formed behind Ryukyu
Trench)
/idmc_2021 4
GEOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES & SOUTH EAST ASIA
o Extrusion Tectonics
→ Applies to areas where strikeslip faults play a major role
→ South China Sea (according to Tapponier & others) is a consequence of extrusion tectonics,
particularly the collision of India with Eurasia
→ India impige northwards against Eurasia which would cause the southeastward expulsion of the
Indo-Chinese block along large strikeslip faults where pull-apart extensional zones formed basins
o Trapped Basin
→ Formation of trapped basin occur in two stages:
▪ Emplacement of ocean basin
▪ Isolation of a portion of oceanic crust from the rest of the basin
▪ Example: West Philippine Basin – was originally part of the Pacific plate which was isolated
during kinematic reorganization at 43 Ma
Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) – active deforming zone, first defined by Gervasio (1966)
Philippines – collage of insular arcs, ophiolitic suites and continental rocks of Eurasian affinity. Controlled by
subductions, collisions and major strike slip faults
Subduction zones – PMB is surrounded by subduction zones with opposing polarities.
WEST-DIPPING SUBDUCTION ZONES EAST-DIPPING SUBDUCTION ZONES
Philippine Trench (4°N-15°) Manila Trench (22°N-13°N)
→ Westward subduction of the PH Sea Plate → >15 Ma
under the eastern PH Arc → Located west of Luzon opposite the East
→ Benioff Zone – slightly inclined (20°) to the Luzon Trough
North but plunges 45° to the South → Represent the morphological expression of
→ Southward propagation of the trench to the the subduction of SCS under Luzon Arc
Moluccas Collision Zone → 5100 m depth in Manila & 2500-2600 m
→ Do not show well-developed accretionary sedimentary fill
prism → Benioff zone is steep on its southern
→ Age: 5 Ma portion, but flattens off towards the north
→ Length of subducting slab: 250 km → Southern termination passes through
→ To completely consume 250km of stab Mindoro-Panay Collision Zone
subducted at 8cm/yr would take 31 Ma → Well-developed accretionary prism, forearc
basin is developed between the
accretionary prism and Luzon Island
/idmc_2021 5
GEOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES & SOUTH EAST ASIA
East Luzon Trough (16°N - 18°N) Negros Trench (10°N)
→ Degree of deformation decreases from → Runs parallel to Panay and Negros
16°N - 18°N and completely disappear to → Oceanic crust of Sulu Sea Basin is consumed
the North → Benioff Zone is poorly manifested.
→ A nascent subduction zone propagating Subducted slab does not exceed 100km
northwards (Lewis and Hayes, 1983) → Active volcanic chains (Canlaon Volcano)
→ Inactive accretionary prism to the west →
→ Flanked to the east by Benham Rise Cotabato Trench (6°N)
→ Early Miocene → Young, shown by a poorly developed
Why it stopped? Benioff Zone
- subduction of Benham rise stress transfer to MNL → Disappear southwards into Moluccas Sea
trench. If it continued, Cagayan portion will become an Collision Zone
ocean (Correlations 2 Lecture) → Active volcanic arc,
→ Left lateral fault (Cotabato Fault) cutting
across the Zamboanga Peninsula appears to
link the Cotabato Trench and Negros
Trench
Collision Zones
o TAIWAN
→ Continental – Arc Collision – continent drifts toward the subduction zone
→ 400 km-long island
→ Active orogenic belt resulting from collision of the western edge of the PH Sea Plate where Luzon Arc
has developed, with the continental margin of Eurasia
→ 4 Ma (Pliocene) – start of collision with PH Sea Plate and Eurasian Plate
→ Passes into the MNL Trench – Luzon Arc system which in turn passes into the Mindoro-Panay
collision zone = Taiwan Luzon-Mindoro Belt
o MINDORO-PANAY
→ Arc-continental collision – island arc moves towards the subduction zone
→ 32 – 17 Ma (Miocene) after the cessation of the accretion of the South China Sea oceanic crust
→ Palawan-Mindoro microcontinent enters into collision with the central portion of PH Mobile Belt
→ Collision appears to have decreased since Pliocene
o MOLUCCAS SEA
→ Arc-Arc collision
→ Subducting in two directions to the east (200km) and to the west (600km)
→ Double-vergent subduction causes consequently the convergence/collision of the two corresponding
active volcanic arcs, present day example of ophiolites by silvers (obduction) developed from the
curvature of the fold axis of the oceanic plate
→ E-W dimension of atleast 900km
→ Age: Late Miocene
→ Corresponding arcs: separated by atleast 100 km
▪ Sangihe – west dipping, 600 km depth (one of the deepest in the world)
▪ Halmahera – east dipping, 200 km depth
/idmc_2021 6
GEOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES & SOUTH EAST ASIA
Philippine Archipelago
- rifted from Asia mainland during
Late Cretaceous to Late Eocene
Palawan-Mindoro Microcontinent - drifted to its present position due
to opening of South China Sea
Basin
4 Lithological units:
Pre- Tertiary Basement of the PH
o Metamorphic Rocks
→ Divided into 2 categories:
Pre-Cretaceous Metamorphic Rocks Cretaceous Metamorphic Rocks
(Continental origin) (Insular Arc Affinity)
Located in: Distributed sporadically within the whole
▪ North Palawan, Mindoro, Panay & archipelago
neighboring island Basic to ultrabasic – which likely derived from old,
Includes: island arcs (considered post Jurassic)
▪ Caramay Schist (Palawan) Age of rocks do not extend beyond Paleogene
▪ Halcon Metamorphic Complex (Mindoro)
▪ Romblon Metamorphic Complex Present in:
(Romblon) ▪ Eastern Luzon
▪ Buruanga Metamorphic Complex (Panay) ▪ Caramoan Peninsula, Bicol
▪ Tungauan Schist (Zamboanga) ▪ Eastern Mindanao
Abundant in Silica (continental provenance)
/idmc_2021 7
GEOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES & SOUTH EAST ASIA
o Ophiolites and Ophiolitic Rocks
→ Occurring together with Pre-Tertiary metamorphic rocks
→ Basement on which magmatic arcs developed
→ Complete ophiolitic sequence can be found in:
▪ Zambales (Eocene)
▪ Isabela
▪ Pujada Peninsula
▪ South Palawan
→ Dating is based on pelagic sediments covering them
→ Varying from Early Cretaceous – Eocene – Oligocene
o Magmatic Arcs - presence of magmatic arcs that cannot be associated with any active subduction zones
indicates that the evolution of the PH archipelago is characterized by a relative continuous volcanic activity
throughout the Cenozoic
ANCIENT ARCS ACTIVE ARCS
▪ Lutopan Diorite (Cebu) – oldest known Pliocene-Holocene Volcanic belts:
magmatic rock (Late Cretaceous) ▪ Luzon Volcanic Arc – Manila Trench
▪ Bohol, Negros, Panay, Masbate – Paleogene age ▪ East-Philippine Volcanic Arc – PH Trench
▪ Sierra Madre to Bicol, Leyte, Pacific Cordillera – ▪ Negros-Panay Arc – Negros Trench
Early Eocene to Oligocene ▪ Sulu-Zamboanga Arc – Sulu Trench
▪ Dioritic in Composition though alkali rocks also ▪ Cotabato Arc – Cotabato Trench
occur East Pacific Arc – well defined only to Bicol & Leyte
▪ 90% of all auriferous deposit in the PH are Active volcano chains in Mindanao (including Mt. Apo)
associated with Late Neogene hypabyssal are located more than 100 km away from the subduction
intrusions and volcanism zone. These volcanoes are produced by partial melting of
a detached slab underneath Mindanao
/idmc_2021 8
GEOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES & SOUTH EAST ASIA
Sedimentary basin – 9 is within PH Mobile belt and the 10th forms a vast basin over the thinned continental margin
of Eurasia (Palawan Basin)
ILOCOS-CENTRAL LUZON → Thickness: 8,000 m
BASIN → N-S axis
→ Structurally controlled by the main branches of the northern segment of
the PH fault, Vigan-Aggao Fault
CAGAYAN VALLEY BASIN → Thickness: 8,100 m
→ With coal-bearing carbonates
→ Asymmetric, where bedding planes on its eastern flank dip gently to the
west while formation on its western flank are highly deformed, resulting to
overturned beds
SOUTHERN LUZON – BICOL → Thickness: 4,600 m
BASIN → NE-SW axis
→ Traversed longitudinally by the PH Fault
→ Flanked to the NE by the East PH Volcanic Arc and by Mindoro, Panay,
Visayan Sea basin to the SW
MINDORO BASIN → NW-SE axis
→ Juxtaposed with South China Sea oceanic crust
ILOILO BASIN → Thickness: 5,000 m
→ Basement is represented by Paleogene volcanic belt of Negros-Panay
VISAYAN SEA BASIN → Thickness: 4,000 m
→ NNE-SSW axis
→ Unconformably over a deformed volcaniclastic basement
→ Covers a portion of Negros, whole Cebu, and large portion of Bohol
SAMAR BASIN → N-S axis
AGUSAN DAVAO BASIN → Thickness: >12,000 m; thickest sedimentary fill
→ N-S axis
→ Traversed longitudinally by the PH Fault
COTABATO BASIN → Thickness: 8,000 m
→ Located between active volcanic arcs of Cotabato and central Mindanao
/idmc_2021 9
GEOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES & SOUTH EAST ASIA
Segments:
o Northern Segment: NW Luzon to Lamon Bay
→ Transpressional regime (movement is both strike slip and thrust faulting)
→ Vertical thrust component is dominant in NW Luzon
→ Fault branches out into several strike-slip faults generally oriented N-S, the fault branches are:
▪ San Manuel-Vigan-Aggao Fault system
▪ Pugo fault
▪ Tuba Fault
▪ Tebbo-Abra River Fault System
▪ Digdig-Kabugao Fault system
❖ Digdig segment –Between Dingalan Bay and Lingayen Gulf; strikes N60°W to N45°W. reorients to a N-S strike
southwards in the Southern Sierra Madre Range
→ Northern segment is characterized by a thrust fault regime that is more structurally similar to the
Longitudinal Valley Fault of Taiwan
/idmc_2021 10
GEOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES & SOUTH EAST ASIA
accretionary prism
→ Consider to play a significant role in the
transition from subduction along MNL trench to
collision in the Mindoro-Palawan-Panay area
SIBUYAN SEA FAULT TABLAS LINEAMENT
→ New branch of PH fault → Tectonic boundary between Palawan-Mindoro
→ Located offshore north of Masbate microcontinental block and western edge of the
→ Appears to function independently from the PH PMB
fault → Trends northerly as it separates Busuanga
→ Transtensional (interplay of strike-slip and peninsula from the Antique Range (Panay
normal faulting) Island), passes offshore northwards east of
→ Relayed with Verde Passage fault by an aborted Tablas Island
spreading center → Connect with Negros Trench southwards
LEGASPI LINEAMENT
→ SE trending from Pasacao (Ragay Gulf area)
passing through Lake Bato then to Legaspi City
→ Lake Bato – manifestation of a dilational jog
along left-lateral fault system
→ 40 km left-lateral displacement of the PH trench
→ Interact with PH fault close to shore in
Buenavista, Quezon
MINDANAO FAULT
→ NW-trending linear fracture zone on the western
third of Mindanao Island
→ Has two distinct segments:
▪ Cotabato Fault Segment –separates
Daguma Range and Cotabato Basin; may
have been left-lateral then became
normal fault
❖ Mt. Parker – located on the western end of this
fault, seems to be cut by the fault (from radar
images)
❖ Daguma Range – terraces formed by Quaternary
limestones; young age
▪ SIndangan Fault Segment – represents
the northern continuation towards
northern Zamboanga
/idmc_2021 11
GEOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES & SOUTH EAST ASIA
Summary of Significant Tectonic Events in the PH
→ Geologic and tectonic history of the PH during Cenozoic has 4 very important characteristics:
Origin of Basement Rocks
→ Permian to Late Oligocene
→ Can be classified into:
• Continental Basement
→ Include sedimentary, carbonate and igneous rocks found in Palawan, Mindoro, Panay and
Romblon Island Group (Romblon, Sibuyan and Tablas)
→ Originated from mainland Asia before the rifting and eventual opening of the South China
Sea (32 Ma and 17 Ma)
→ Collectively constituting the Palawan-Mindoro microcontinent
→ Post-basement formations include pre-, syn- and post-rift sedimentary basins (observed
offshore), igneous intrusions (e.g., Kapoas Granite), and ophiolite obduction (Palawan
Ophiolite)
• Oceanic Basement
→ Ophiolite and ophiolitic basement rocks are widely distributed in the archipelago
→ Cretaceous to Late Oligocene
→ Believed to have originated from different oceanic spreading centers and have been
emplaced in various modes
• Arc Basement
→ Often exist as volcaniclastic sequences sometimes with their plutonic and volcanic
equivalents
→ Cretaceous to Present
→ Arc rocks originated from multiple magmatic episodes associated to several subduction
events
→ Can be found in the magmatic arcs of:
▪ Luzon Cordillera
▪ Sierra Madre Range
▪ Antique Range
▪ Negros Arc (ancient)
▪ East Pacific Cordillera
▪ Daguma Range
/idmc_2021 12
GEOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES & SOUTH EAST ASIA
→ This event gave rise to the emplacement/juxtaposition of pre-Neogene ophiolites over Miocene formations
→ Upper Oligocene-Lower Miocene portion of the sedimentary formations were deformed and incorporated
with sequences of continental, ophiolitic and island arc origin
Recent Tectonic Deformation
→ Exhibit complex structural grains due to the superposition of several compressive events
→ Influenced by the northwestward movement of the PSP with the Eurasian margin, promoted oblique
convergence causing the PH island arc system to deform under a broad shear portioning regime
→ Caused the most recent deformation of sedimentary basins, arc sequences, and old basement terranes by
activity along major tectonic boundaries
Philippine Stratigraphy
STRATIGRAPHIC GROUPINGS
Name Dominant Stratigraphic Character Major Areas Covered
Ilocos-Central Luzon Basin Sedimentary basin Ilocos
Central Luzon Basin West
Central Luzon Basin East
Luzon Central Cordillera Arc Central Cordillera and Batanes Group
of Islands
Cagayan Valley Basin Sedimentary Basin Cagayan Valley
Northern Sierra Madre Arc/Ophiolitic Northern Sierra Madre
Zambales Range Ophiolitic/Arc Zambales Range
Southern Sierra Madre Arc/Ophiolitic Southern Sierra Madre
Southwest Luzon Uplands Arc Southwestern Luzon
Marinduque Island
Northern Mindoro
Southeast Luzon Basin Sedimentary basin / arc Bondoc Peninsula
Masbate Island Group
Recent Southeast Luzon Arc Arc Southeast Luzon
Ancient Southeast Luzon Arc Arc Southeast Luzon
North Palawan Block Continental / Metamorphic Southern Mindoro
North Palawan
Northwest Panay
Romblon Island Group
South Palawan Block Ophiolitic South Palawan
Antique Range Ophiolitic/Metamorphic Western Panay
Iloilo Basin Sedimentary Basin Central Panay
Recent Negros Arc Arc Eastern Panay
Southwest Negros
Ancient Negros Arc Arc Central Negros
Visayan Sea Basin Sedimentary Basin Eastern Negros
Cebu
Bohol
Northwest Leyte
Samar Block Sedimentary Basin/Arc Samar
Leyte Central Highlands Arc/Ophiolitic Leyte
Leyte Gulf Ophiolitic Northeast Leyte
Southern Samar
DInagat Island Group
Sulu-Zamboanga Arc Arc Sulu Archipelago
Zamboanga – Misamis Occidental
Central Mindanao Arc Arc Central Mindanao
/idmc_2021 13
GEOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES & SOUTH EAST ASIA
Agusan-Davao Basin Sedimentary Basin Agusan-Davao Valley
Mindanao Pacific Cordillera Arc/Ophiolitic/Basin Eastern Mindanao
Daguma Range Arc Western Cotabato
Cotabato Basin Sedimentary Basin Cotabato Valley
Saranggani Block Arc Saranggani Peninsula
Pujada Block Ophiolitic Pujada Peninsula
South China Sea Basin Oceanic crust/Basin South China Sea
Sulu Sea Basin Oceanic Crust/Basin Sulu Sea
Celebes Sea Basin Oceanic Crust/ Basin Celebes Sea
Philippine Sea Basin Oceanic Crust/Basin Philippine Sea
/idmc_2021 14
GEOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES & SOUTH EAST ASIA
LUZON
Stratigraphic Column Basement Fomation – Age Youngest Formation – Age
Northern Cordillera (Ilocos) Suyo Schist – Cretaceous Laoag Fomation – Plio-Pleistocene
Central Luzon Basin (West) Aksitero Formation – Oligocene Bamban Formation – Pleistocene
Central Luzon Basin (East) Barenas – Baito Formation – Late Guadalupe Formation – Pleistocene
Cretaceous
Central Cordillera Pugo Formation – Cretaceous Malaya Formation – Pleistocene
Cagayan Valley Abuan Formation – Pleistocene Awiden Mesa Formation –
Pleistocene
Northern Sierra Madre – Caraballo Isabela Ophiolite – Pleistocene Pantabangan Formation – Pliocene
Zambales Range Zambales Ophiolitic Complex – Bataan Volcanic Arc Complex /
Eocene Bolinao Limestone – Late Miocene /
Plio-Pleistocene
Southern Sierra Madre Polilio – Buhang Ophiolitic Complex – Karlagan Formation – Pliocene
Infanta Cretaceous
Southern Sierra Madre - Mainland Montalban Ophiolitic Complex – Manila Formation – Holocene
Cretaceous
Southwest Luzon Island San Juan Formation – Oligocene Banahaw Volcanic Complex –
Pleistocene – Recent
Marinduque Island Marinduque Formation – Cretaceous Malindi Volcanic Complex –
Pleistocene
Bondoc Peninsula Gumaca Schist – Cretaceous Malumbang Formation – Pleistocene
Quezon – Camarines Norte Malaguit Schist / Cadig Ultramafic Viñas Formation – Pliocene
Complex – Jurassic / Cretaceous
Caramoan Formation Simura Schist /Lagonoy Ophiolite – Lahuy Formation – Middle – Late
Jurassic / Jurassic – Early Cretaceous Miocene
Catanduanes Island Yop Formation – Early to Late Ligao Formation – Plio – Pliestocene
Cretaceous
Bicol Volcanic Arc Complex Mt. Tagapo, Susong Dalaga Volcanic
Complex – Pliocene
Masbate Baleno Schist – Cretaceous Masbate Limestone – Pleistocene
Ticao Island Talisay Schist – Cretaceous Matabao Formation – Pleistocene
Burias and Adjacent Island Makalawang Limestone – Oligocene Baybay Limestone – Pliocene
Southwest Mindoro Malansay Formation – Jurassic Oreng Formation – Pleistocene
Northeast Mindoro Halcon Metamorphic Complex – Dumali Volcanic Commplex –
Jurassic Pleistocene
North Palawan Bacuit Formation – Permian Maguao Basalt – Pleistocene
(Oldest formation)
South Palawan Palawan Ophiolite – Cretaceous Tagburos Ophiolite - Pleistocene
/idmc_2021 15
GEOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES & SOUTH EAST ASIA
VISAYAS
Stratigraphic Column Basement Fomation – Age Youngest Formation – Age
Buruanga Peninsula Buruanga Metamorphic Complex – Libertad Formation – Plio –
Jurassic Pleistocene
Antique Range Antique Ophiolite – Cretaceous Apdo Formation – Plio -Pleistocene
Central Panay – Iloilo Basin Panpanon Formation – Oligocene – Cabatuan Formation – Plio –
Miocene Pleistocene
Eastern Panay Sibala Formation – Cretaceous Cabatuan Formation – Pleistocene
Romblon Island Group Romblon Metamorphic Complex – Peliw Formation: Looc Formation –
Permian Pleistocene
Negros and Central Cebu Tunlob Schist – Jurassic Carcar Formation – Pleistocene
Southern Cebu Pandan Formation – Cretaceous Linut-Od Formation – Early Miocene
Siquijor Island Kanglasong Volcanic Complex – Siquijor Limestone – Plio-Pleistocene
Cretaceous
Bohol Island Alicia Schist – Cretaceous Maribojoc Formation – Plio-
Pleistocene
Western Leyte / Camotes Island Malitbog Ophiolite – Cretaceous San Isidro Limestone – Pleistocene
Central Leyte Highland Albuera Diorite – Eocene Leyte Volcanic Arc Complex – Late
Pliocene – Recent
Eastern Leyte Tacloban Ophiolite – Cretaceous Bagahupi Formation – Late Miocene
– Pliocene
Samar Island Samar Ophiolite – Jurassic Calicoan Formation - Pleistocene
/idmc_2021 16
GEOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES & SOUTH EAST ASIA
MINDANAO
Stratigraphic Column Basement Fomation – Age Youngest Formation – Age
Dinagat Group of Island Nueva Estrella Schist – Cretaceous Siargao Limestone – Pleistocene
Sulu Archipelago Sulu Serpentinite – Cretaceous Jolo Volcanic Complex – Pliocene –
Recent
Zamboanga Peninsula Tungauan Schist – Cretaceous Sta. Maria Volcanic Complex –
Pleistocene
Sibuguey Peninsula -Olutanga Island Mangabel Formation – Eocene Labangan Formation – Pleistocene
North – Central Zamboanga Dansalan Metamorphic Complex – Aurora Formation – Pleistocene
Eocene
Misamis Oriental – Bukidnon – Lanao Tago Schist – Cretaceous Cagayan Gravel – Pleistocene –
Recent
Mindanao Central Cordillera Tago Schist – Cretaceous Cabanglasan Gravel – Pleistocene
Central Mindanao Volcanic Complex Mambuaya Andesite/Lanao
Volcanic Complex/Ragang Volcanic
Complex/Parker Volcanic Complex –
Pliocene – Recent
Agusan Basin Adgaoan Formation – Late Miocene- Alluvial, Paludal & Lacustrine
Late Pliocene Deposits – Holocene
Davao Basin Kabagtican Formation – Early Tigatto Terrace Gravel – Holocene
Miocene
Davao Gulf and Samal Island Tagbobo Conglomerate – Pliocene Samal Limestone – Pleistocene
Northern Pacific Cordillera Dinagat Ophiolite – Cretaceous Placer Conglomerate – Pleistocene
Central Pacific Cordillera Anoling Andesite/Buggao Limestone Hinatuan Limestone – Pleistocene
– Eocene
Southern Pacific Cordillera Barcelona Formation – Cretaceous Amacan Volcanic Complex –
Holocene
Daguma Range Salbuyon Schist – Cretaceous Matualas Gravel – Holocene
Cotabato Basin Patut Formation – Middle Miocene Omanat Marl – Pleistocene
Saranggani Peninsula Malita Formation – Early Miocene Gumasa Formation – Plio-
Pleistocene
Pujada Peninsula Pujada Ophiolite – Cretaceous Maco Limestone – Late Pleistocene
/idmc_2021 17
GEOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES & SOUTH EAST ASIA
INDEX FOSSILS OF THE PHILIPPINES
AGE FOSSIL FORMATION LOCALITY
Neohindeodella
uniforma
Radiolaria
Fasciolites sp.
/idmc_2021 18
GEOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES & SOUTH EAST ASIA
Discocyclina sp.
Globorotalia centralis
Globigerapsis
mexicana
Camerina kjokjokaetae
Globigerina selli
Globigerina
cerachitaensis
Globigerina binaiensis
Lepidocyclina
montrosa
Lepidocyclina
bondjjirra
Lepidocyclina ensis
Globorotalia opima
/idmc_2021 19
GEOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES & SOUTH EAST ASIA
Candeina praenitida
Globigerina calida
Marginopora
Baculogypsinoides
/idmc_2021 20