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CELERITY: WAVE ACTION
TANK SUPPORT
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
OUTPUT SUMMARY
Wave Action in a Tank Per the AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE (API)
Standard 620 Tenth Edition, February 2002

tank_full 5753 k weight of full tank

WT 5012 k weight of liquid
Ws tare 741 k weight of empty tank, tare

H 66.70 ft maximum design liquid height

D 47.50 ft tank diameter
G 0.83 unit specific gravity of stored product

density 0.0518 k/ft³ 0.83 * 0.0624 density of stored product

circ 149.23 ft 47.50 * π shell circumference
W tank 4.97 k/ft 741 /149.23 tank shell per foot of circumference CG of Tank
V 118196 ft³ π * (47.50 /2)² * 66.70 volume of tank
118,196 * 7.48052 = 884,168 gallons Tank Movement
CG of Effective Ht, Height
Contents Mass of Tank
OVERTURNING MOMENT H, Product Xs 66.00'
Not all of the liquid works to overturn the tank + contents. Much of the Height 44.00'
potential force is taken out as wave action so that not all of the liquid 66.70'
moves in the same direction of the tank but, instead, much of the liquid X1
moves vertically against the loaded wall. 28.36'

D/H 0.71 unitless diameter / height

47.50 /66.70 Seismic Motion

k1 0.57 -0.0008 * 0.71³ + 0.0122 * 0.71² - 0.0062 * 0.71+ 0.5699

k 0.59 IF(factor for D/H) row 40
D, Tank Diameter 47.50'
T 4.07 sec period of first mode sloshing
0.59 * 47.50
Figure 40-1 Tank elevation and forces.
S 1.50 site amplification factor from API Table L-2
C2a 0.28 0.75 * 1.50 /4.07 for T ≤ 4.5 API L.3.3.2 Site Coefficients S
Rock, shear-wave velocity >2500 fps
C2b 0.31 3.375 * 1.50 /4.07² for T > 4.5 API L.3.3.2 Stiff or dense soil depth < 200 ft 1.00

C2 0.28 lateral seismic force coefficient Stiff or dense soil depth > 200 ft 1.20 row 50
IF(4.07 ≤ 4.5, 0.28, 0.31)
Soil depth > 70 ft containing 20 ft or
more of soft to medium stiff clay but
W1 / WT 0.84 0.0183 * 0.59² - 0.251 * 0.59 + 0.9798 not more than 40 ft of soft clay 1.50

W1 4200 k weight of the effective mass of the tank contents More than 40 ft of soft clay where
that moves with the tank, see figure API L-2 shear-wave < 500 fps 2.00
0.84 * 5,012 k

W2 / WT 0.14 0.001 * 0.71³ - 0.0264 * 0.71² - 0.2481 * 0.71- 0.6 row 60

weight of the effective mass of the first mode
sloshing of tank contents, see API Figure L-2

W2 686 k weight of effective mass of the first mode sloshing

0.14 * 5,012 k
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TANK SUPPORT
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N

row 70
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TANK SUPPORT
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
OVERTURNING MOMENT -- Continued
X1 /H 1 0.43 D/H * -0.07692 + 0.48 Seismic Zone Coefficients
0.71 * -0.07692 + 0.48 1 0.075
2A 0.15
X1 /H 0.43 2B 0.2
X1 28.36 ft height to the centroid of lateral seismic force of tank 3 0.3
contents that move in unison with the tank, W1 4 0.4

X2 / H 0.80 0.0005 * D/H^4 - 0.0116 * D/H^3 + 0.0952 * D/H^2 - 0.3437 * D/H + 1

X2 53.32 ft height to the centroid of the tank contents sloshing mass, W 2 row 80

Importance Factor
Generally the importance factor I = 1.00.
Z 0.30 unitless seismic zone coefficient Use I = 1.25 for tanks containing toxic or explosive
I 1.25 unitless importance factor chemicals.
Many building departments consider cryogenic materials
Wr 0 k total weight of tank roof and insulation, to be hazardous and I = 1.25.
0 when included in Ws The IBC (International Building Code) Table 1604.5 may
Ht 66.00 ft total height of tank shell require I = 1.50.
Xs 44.00 ft height to the CG of the shell usually row 90
taken as 2/3 Ht for flexible structures 0 Wr
C1 0.6 unitless arbitrary factor
686 W2
Overturning Moment Applied to Bottom of Tank
19562 C1 Ws Xs 0.60 * 741 * 44.00 741 Ws 66.00
0 C1 Wr Ht 0.60 * 0 * 66.00 4,200 W1 53.32
71481 C1 W1 X1 0.60 * 4,200 * 28.36
10115 C2 W2 X2 0.60 * 686 * 53.32 44.00
Mot 37934 k-ft Z I (C1 Ws Xs + C1 Wr Ht + C1 W1 X1 + C2 W2 X2) 28.36

445 k C1 W s 0.60 * 741

0 C1 W r 0.60 * 0 Mot
2520 C1 W 1 0.60 * 4,200 Figure 40-2 Tank overturning forces.
190 C2 W 2 0.28 * 686
W sum 1183 k for lateral forces Wave Vertical Motion

W arm 32.1 ft 37,934 /1,183 vertical arm to lateral forces

row 110

Ratio loads for midline frame

midline 5 columns
total 21 columns
0.238095 ratio Tank and
Liquid Motion
E 282 k-ft

row 120
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TANK SUPPORT
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
Seismic Motion
Figure 40-3 Tank in overturning and deformation.
row 130
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TANK SUPPORT
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
RIGHTING MOMENT
tb 0.25 in thickness of bottom of tank
ts 0.25 in shell thickness Tank Edge
Fby 36.0 k/in2 minimum yield strength of the bottom shell CL Tank
23.75
WL 1 9659 lbs/ft 7.9 * tb * Fby * G * H
7.9 * 0.25 * 36.0 * 1000 * 0.83 * 66.70 * 12 in/ft
Contributing Liquid
WL max 3287 lbs/ft 1.25 * G * H * D Shell
1.25 * 0.83 * 66.70 * 47.50 Roof and Insulation row 140

WL 3287 lbs/ft weight of contents to resist tank shell overturning

Mrt
Wshell 4576 lbs/ft weight of shell and insulation
Figure 40-4 Tank righting moments.
Wrt 491 k 3,287 * 47.50 PI()/1000 contributing liquid
683 4,576 * 47.50 * PI()/1000 shell
0 total weight of tank roof and insulation,
ΣWrt 1173 k
row 150
Mrt 27866 k-ft 47.50 /2 * 1,173

0 logic !!! 27,866 < 37,934 k-ft Mot

For Anchored Tank

b 4597 lbs/ft 4,576 + 1.273 * 37,934 /47.50² of shell circumference
σ 1532 lbs/in2 4,597 /(12 * 0.25) longitudinal stress at bottom of the shell row 160

factor 1998532 0.83 * 66.70 * 47.50² /0.25²

0 logic factor > 106

Fa 4386 lbs/in2 10,000,000 * 0.25 /(47.50* 12) shell longitudinal stress

Fa 6219 lbs/in2 10,000,000 * 0.25 /(2.5 * 47.50 * 12) + 600* 0.83 * 66.70

Fa 6219 lbs/in2 IF(0, 4,386, 6,219)

row 170
1 logic OK 6,219 ≥ 4,386

Wave Height
dwave 1.93 ft 1.124 * Z * I * C2 * T2 * tanh(4.77 * H /D )
1.124 * 0.30 * 1.25 * 0.28 * 4.07² * tanh(4.77 * 66.70 /47.50 )

row 180

1.93' Wave Height

Liquid Motion

Seismic Motion
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TANK SUPPORT
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Figure 40-5 Wave height during motion.

row 190
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CELERITY: WAVE ACTION
TANK SUPPORT
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
APPROXIMATIONS of API TABLES
The Trendline command with the Display equation and R-squared Values on chart
were used to approximate the API table values so that the chart values can be
automaticaly calculated. This does, in fact, reduce errors. The Trendline values
closely approximate chart values.

D/H 0 1 2 2.8 3 4 5 6 7 8
W1/WT 1 0.74 0.53 0.41 0.38 0.28 0.2 0.15 0.12 0.13
W2/WT 0.0 0.22 0.4 0.51 0.53 0.63 0.7 0.75 0.77 0.79 row 200

1
0.9 f(x) = 0.018319042525294 x² − 0.251006257770332 x + 0.979833683293055
0.8 R² = 0.997301063722468
0.7 f(x) = 0.000966129484644 x³ − 0.026406197502234 x² + 0.24810741426007 x − 0.000599108096264 W1/WT
0.6 R² = 0.999919945953433
Polynomial
0.5 (W1/WT)
W1, W2/WT
0.4
W2/WT
0.3
0.2
0.1 row 210
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
D/H

Figure 40-6 Diameter/Height versus W1, W2/WT, the effective

mass of the first mode sloshing of tank contents API L-2.

D/H 0 1 1.3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
X2/H 1 0.74 0.69 0.61 0.55 0.54 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.50 row 220
X1/H 0.48 0.41 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38

1
f(x) = 0.000512341184755 x⁴ − 0.011597458804174 x³ + 0.095150128833721 x² − 0.343732568297793 x + 0.999986085457639
0.9
R² = 0.999843275500609
0.8 X2/H
0.7 Polynomial (X2/H)
0.6 X1/H
0.5 row 230
X1, X2/H
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
D/H

Figure 40-7 Diameter/Height versus X1, X2/H, the height to row 240
the centroid of the tank contents sloshing mass, W 2 API L-3.
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TANK SUPPORT
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row 250
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TANK SUPPORT
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APPROXIMATIONS of API TABLES -- Continued
D/H 1.7 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
k 0.59 0.6 0.64 0.69 0.74 0.8 0.85 0.89

0.95

0.9

0.85 f(x) = − 0.000799591294031 x³ + 0.012185395159537 x² − 0.006220551414958 x + 0.569855293166219

R² = 0.999806719491632
0.8 row 260
0.75

k 0.7

0.65

0.6

0.55

0.5
D/H
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
row 270
Figure 40-8 Diameter/Height versus factor k API L-4.

Mot /(D2 * (WL + Wshell)) *1000 0.7 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.49
(b + wL) / (wt +wL) 2 2.2 2.2 2.5 3 3.8 5.5 7.7

9
8
7 f(x) = 27.4155335440971 x³ − 74.5652047182032 x² + 67.5981650999717 x − 18.1978487268901 row 280
R² = 0.999089956716167
6
5
4
3
b factor
2
Polynomial (b factor)
1
row 290
0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
Figure 40-9 Maximum longitudinal compressive force
at the bottom of the shell API L-5.

row 300
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row 310
Unanchored Tanks for Reference
limit 2.138 Mot /(D2 * (WL + Wshell)) *1000
37,934 /(47.50² * (4,576 + 3,287)) * 1000

b 4597 lbs/ft 4,576 + 1.273 * 37,934 /47.50² of shell circumference

σ 1532 lbs/in2 4,597 /(12 * 0.25) longitudinal stress at bottom of the shell
0 logic 2.138 < 0.785

b 4629 lbs/ft 4,576 + 27.416*limit3 - 74.565 * limit2 + 67.598 * limit - 18.198

1 logic 2.138 > 0.785 row 320
0 logic 2.138 < 1.5

b #NUM! lbs/ft 4,576 + 1.490 / 1 - (0.637 * Mot * 1000 /(D2 * (Wshell + WL))
1 logic 2.138 > 1.5
0 logic 2.138 < 1.57

b #NUM! lbs/ft
1 logic Unanchored tank may be unstable row 330

σ #NUM! lbs/in2 #NUM!

Note: #NUM indicates the square root of a negative number, in this case.

row 340

row 350