Indian architecture

Character:

-monolithic

-monumental

-free standing construction

-laid down by Brahmanism and Hinduism

Buddhist – magnificent development

Styles

Buddhist – internal / timber originals / ornaments was lavished on the interior

columns and roof

Jaina – light and graceful character / in and out cruciform shape /rich sculpture
picturesque

Hindu (Brahman) – excessive carving and sculpture / additions or attached shrine

/ imposing mass / majestic beauty

Plan

Buddhist

Chaityas (temple)

-Rock-hewn

-resembled Christian cathedral

-sanctuary is semi-circular

Viharas (monasteries)

-rock-hewn

-central hall surrounded

Jaina

-mountain tors or wooden valleys

-square cell

-pillared portico in front

Hindu

-similar to jaina

Walls

Buddhist / jaina / hindu

-constructed with granite, stone and marble

-laid without marbles

-plain walling is avoided

-sculpture is employed in confusing way

Openings

Buddhist

- norseshoe opening

-only for light

-wood frame work

Jaina

-squared headed

-pillared porches

-supported by brackets

Hindu

-flat headed
-brackets

Roofs

Buddhist

-semi-circular

-wooden ribs of stone imitations

Jaina

Sikhara – stone roofs covered sanctuaries

-flat slab or pointed dome

Hindu

-3distinct style

-nagara – northern India

-dravida – southern india

-vesara – combination

Columns

Buddhist

-octagon shape

-Assyrian and persopolitan

-chakra

-lions, horse, elephant are supporting men

Jaina

-special feature

-great variety

-bracket type capitals

Hindu

-Bracket type capitals

-life size figures of yalis

-not more than 2 columns are alike

Mouldings

Buddhist jaina hindu

Bulbous swelling

Ornaments

-bound with religion and mythology

-24 jinas were used by sculptor in jainas

Chatri – cultured umbrellas used in Buddhist stupas

Naga – 3, 5 or 7 serpent

Examples

Stambhas / lats

-monumental pillars standing

-inscriptions carved shape

-sandstone or metal

-pillar symbolizes

-columns crowned with bell shape

-Hellenistic influence

Roc-cut sanctuaries / cave temples

-first rock cut techniques

Barabar and nagarjuni caves

Chaityagrihas / chaitya – place for worship

Chaitya hall consist of:

-ornament façade

-Central hall divided

-Rock-cut stuppa at the rear end

Vihara – monasteries

Ellora caves

-symbolizes the 3 faiths of Hinduism, Buddhism, and jaina

-34 caves

12

17

Chaitya hall karli

-male and female riders on elephant

Stupa (tope)

-vedic age

-dome shape mount

-contain holy relics

Parts of a stupa

Medhi – first part in the circular base

Anda - dome

Hormika – pedestal

Vedika – railings
Sopana – stairs

Chattra – spires

Torana – gateway in all 4 cardinals

Pradakshina – datha – circumambulation

Sanchi stupa, madhi Pradesh

-best specimen of stupa art

Amaravathi stupa

-finest stupa in south india

Stupa nagarjunakonda

Stupa jagayota

Stupa ghatasala

Hindu architecture

Mandir (temple)

-residence for the god and not a hall

Purusha – primordial man

Mandala – generic name of any plan or chart

Vastu purusha mandala

-basis for generating design

-heavenly bodies

Purusha – refers to energy and powers

Brahma – center

Aditi – 12 entities

Akasha – squares
Temple complex

-main shrine – nucleus

-school

-hospital

-courts

-halls

-gopuram

Reservoirs – water used for rituals

-walkways

Main shrine

Sikhara – representing mt. meru

Amalaka – flattened flutted

Kalasha – top decorative element

Garbhagriha

-inner chamber

-only accessible to priest

Pradakshina patha- circumambulation

Mandara – temple hall

Pitha – platform / plinth

Antrala – vestibule

Ardamandhapa – main entrance

3 types of Hindu temples

Dravida (south)
Vesara(hybrid)

Nagara(north)

Prakaram – open courtyard

Composed of:

-vimana

-mantapams

-gopurams

Sri Lankan architecture

-old name (Ceylon)

-ancient name (Sinhala)

Influences

-large island in the Indian ocean

-architecture built around rock out crops

-constructed on top of hills / rocks

Materials

Stone granite, limestone, laterite and sandstone

Clay for bricks rock tile and pottery

Soft and hard wood timber, bamboo grasses

Dry areas

Teak and hardwoods

Religions

Hindu and Buddhism

Dharma – dipa island of the Buddhist doctrine

Buddhism – introduced by son of ashoka mahinda thera reign of king
devanampiyatissa

Bodhi tree – trees where Buddha sit

sacred Bodhi tree – one of the oldest tree in the world

planted by sanghamitta thera

planted in anaradhpura

Adam’s peak - vertical and unmoving, stable pivot around axis mundi

Sree padafoot (sacred footprint)

-mark of lord shiva

-foot print of lord Buddha

-Adam’s first step

Sinahalese – earliest colonizer of sri lanka

Anuradhapura and polonnoruwa – centered civilization cities

Hydraulic engineering – water tanks / irrigations canals

3 periods in sri lanka

-anuradhapura period

-polonnoruwa period

-kandyan period

Anaradhapura period

-firstcapital

-major ports of northwest / east

-progressive country

Sigiriya – a city in a rock hill

Polonnoruwa

-occupied by cholan

-capital city by king vijayambahu I

-also called jananathamangalam

-built by king parakrma bahu

Kandyan

-capital at kandy

-occupied by Portuguese and Dutch

Character

-natural

-Rock cut

-base on Buddhism

Anuradhapura

--buildings and ;landscape are important

Polonnoruwa

-expansion of temple

-temples with interior

-Buddha statue

Kandyan

-city place on a hill

Walls
Anuradhapura

-brick work

-white plastered

Polonnoruwa

-red bricks

-lime plastered

Kandyan

-timber

-painted walls

No openings

Roof

Anuradhapura

-rock chamber

Polonnoruwa

-stupa covered by a roof

Kandyan

-high pitched roof

Columns

Anuradhapura

-square or octagon

-capital (hexagon abacus)

Polonnoruwa

-Pillared buildings
-lotus mottifs

Kandyan

-timber columns

Mouldings

Polonnoruwa

-4 entrance for stupa

-colosal statue

Kandyan

-rich carved with mottifs

Other term for stup in sri lanka

-dagoba/ dagaba

-stupa

-store ashes of monks

Parts of Buddhist monasteries

-temple

-dagoba

-budhi-gara

-halls

-court

-Priory

-ponds (bathing place)

Jetavanaram dagoba

-first Buddhist building to enshrine

-paddy – heap converted into a bell

-4 concentric rows

Ruwanveliseya

-biggest stupa (bubble shape)

-white stupa

-maha thupa

-great stupa

Abhayagiri dagaba

-founded by king vatagaminu

-paddy heap

Samadhi buddha

-buddha in deep meditation

Kuttam pokuna

-pair of ponds

Thumparama

-biggest dagoba

Monasteries of mahintave

-stands on a hill top 300m

Kirivahara

-best preserve dagoba

Watdage

-stupa sheltered

Lankatelleke temple
-plasterd with paintings

Galvihara

-four colossal buddha

Nepalese architecture

-lies between two civilization (china and india)

-himalayas

-mahabarat range

-terai

Main cities

-khatmandu (capital)

-bhaktapur

-patan

Materials

-wood (columns, beams, rafters)

-metals

_natural stone

-brick and tile

Religion

-Hinduism

-Buddhism

-Islam

Temples, shrines, monuments and monasteries

Prayer manis (chomrong)

Emperor ashoka – introduced buddhism in khatmandu

Newars _ central khatmandu

Malla – golden period of khatmandu

Character

Plans

-design with courtyards

Walls

-wood and clay bricks

-stone and wood for temples

-rural stone and clay

Openings

-made of timber wood

-intricate lattice screen

Roofs

-double pitched

-timber roofing

-bracket support

-dagoba form

-clay tile (jinggati)

Columns

-timber for columns

Mouldings or ornaments

-use of spire amalaka

-13 Buddhist heaven

-motifs of all seeing eye

Stupa in Nepal (chorten)

-swayambunath – ashoka tumulus on a hill (stupa)

-low narrow plinth

All seeing one

-embossed on metal and ivory

Bonath (stupa)

-3 platforms

Krishna temple

-typical sikhara spire

Pasupathinat temple

-dagoba styles temple

-dedicated to coroshiva

Bhairab temple

-the kali (black)

Changunarayan

-oldest hindu temple

Durbar square

-royal residence

Mala (king)

Golden gate

-built by raja ranjit mala

Bhudatindra mala statue

-arts in columns