Module 5:Architecture of Korea 한국 I.Influences a.

Geographical•Boundaries:-China-North-Russia-Northeast-
Sea of Japan- East-Yellow Sea-West-Korea Straight – South

•Mainly mountainous along its east coast, so most of its river water flows west, emptying into the Yellow Sea.•Majority of ridge lines run in a north-south
direction, severely restricting east-west movement.•20 % of the total land area consists of plains and lowlands.•Han River•Passes through Seoul and
continues to the Yellow sea•Meats the sea along the DMZ•DMZ (Demilitarized Zone)•Division of North and South Korea b.Geological•Timber-
Coniferous and Deciduous Temperate Forests•Hwaijon-Method of Agriculture-Firing existing wild vegetation for cultivation c.Climate•North-
Temperate Continental Climate

•Mid-Warm Continental Climate•South -Humid Subtropical Climate d.Religion•BUDDHISM and CONFUCIANISM-remained the most prominent
religion and philosophy from the Three Kingdom period (57 BC -688 AD) until the late 18th C•SHAMANISM•CHRISTIANITY-Majority of South Korean
population•ATHEISM-Communist prohibition of the practice of religion in North Korea e.Socio Political•Monarchs of Korea-Korean history from 2333
B.C.E. until the beginning of the Goryeo dynasty in the 930 AD (more than 3000 yrs), had been kingdoms coexisting yet clashing for dominance.-From
the 930 AD to 1910, nearly 1000 yrs, Korea experienced a single dynasty ruling the entire Korean Peninsula. f.Historical•PERIODS-Prehistory-
Gojeoseon-Proto-Three Kingdoms-Three Kingdoms-Three Kingdoms-North-South States-Later Three Kingdoms-Goryeo-Joseon-Korean Empire-
Japanese Rule-Provisional Government and the Division of North and South

II.Architectural Character • Harmony with nature• Human Scale• Visual Elegance• Decorations and Color• Humble
Opennessa.Plan•BUDDHIST TEMPLES-Two Pagodas flank the front of the central main hall -Symmetrical layout-Axis: North-South•CAVE
SHRINE/TEMPLES-Shrine-Circular Main Chamber-Statue of Buddha

•PUNGSU-Korean Fung Shui-Science and Philosophy-Associated with Daoism-Dictates the life energy that permeates through the earth
•YUNDO-Compass, essential tool in pungsub.Wall•Timber framing•Mud walls and thatch (lower class)•Plaster walls and rough wood
framing (lower class)•Brick was less common•Preferred the materials of wood, stone and paper c.Openings•Doors and Windows are
usually made of Hanji•Lattice patternd.RoofsTypes of Roof Construction•Neowa-Shingle Roof-Mountain Villages-Thick pine bark•Byeotjib-
Rice straw roof

•Eoksae-Eulalia Leaf•Goolpy-Oak Bark •Stone Giwa-Tile roofing-Flat layered stone tiles•Giwa-Geewa-Amkiwa – Flat Giwa-Sukiwa – Round
Giwae.Columns•Circular wooden pillars•Bracket System•Posts (daebulbo) may not be inserted to the ground, but are fitted into
cornerstonesf.Ornaments•Dancheong- Korean traditional art of painting buildings-colors coexist to create magnificent splendour

•Five Cardinal Colors- Blue- Red- Yellow- White- Black•Some traditional motifs:-Dragon-Phoenix-Turtle-Kirin (legendary animal)-Pegasus-
like heavenly horses-Lion-Crane above the clouds-four gentlemen-noble plants-Buddhist stories III.EXAMPLES
a.PREHISTORIC
STRUCTURES •CAVES AND ROCK SHELTERS-Remains of a portable shelter dating to c. 30,000 BC were excavated at the Seokjang-ri site in
South Chungcheong Province.•PIT-HOUSES-Early pit-houses contained basic features such as hearths, storage pits, and space for working and
sleeping.-Mumun period buildings with walls of wattle-and-daub and thatched roofs•MEGALITHS-Dolmens are the main example of mortuary
architecture in the Mumun Pottery Period-TYPES:-SOUTHERN TYPE: low and often a simple slab with supporting stone

b.MORTUARY STRUCTURES GUGORYEO•TYPES:•Stepped Pyramid-Tomb of Gugoryeo Military General•Tumuli-

Cheonmachongc.TEMPLES BAEKJE KINGDOM•Mireuksa Temple 미륵사 UNIFIED SILLA KINGDOM•Hwangnyongsa 황룡사•Bulguksa 불국사
GORYEO•Woljeong Temple 월정사 JOSEON•Beopjusa 법주사•Ssangbongsa 쌍봉사•Hwaeomsa 화엄사

-NORRTHERN TYPE: larger and shaped much like a table-CAPSTONE TYPE: no supporting stones

d.PALACES FIVE GRAND PALACES•Gyeongbokgung 경복궁•Changdeokgung 창덕궁•Geonghuigung 경희궁•Deoksugung 덕수궁

•Changgeonggung 창경궁 e.OBSERVATORY SILLA KINGDOM•Cheomseongdae 첨성대 f.FORTRESS •HWASEONG (BRILLIANT
FORTRESS)-Were established by the government to commemorate exceptional acts of filial piety or devotion.

g.JAESIL •CLAN MEMORIAL HALLS-Became common in many villages where extended families erected facilities for common veneration of a
distant ancestor.h.JONGRYO •MEMORIAL HALLS-Were established by the government to commemorate exceptional acts of filial piety or
devotion.i.HONGSALMUN •“Gate with red arrows”•Gates for Confucian sites-It is arranged by 2 round poles set vertically and 2 transverse bars.-It
has no roof and door-gate and placed on the middle top gate there is a symbol of the trisula and the taegeuk image. j.ILJUMUN •“One Pillar
Gate”•Gates for Buddhist Temples -One true path to enlightenment.-Boundary of the Buddhist temple and the human worldly life (purification)

k.HANOK •Korean Traditional House•Ondol – Floor heating system•Cheoma is the edge of Hanok's curvy roofs.•The lengths of the Cheoma can be
adjusted to control the amount of sunlight that enters the house.•This curvature permits extra sunlight in winter to enter the building and at the same
time provide a little extra shade in summer
Module 6:Architecture of Japan
I.Influences a.Geographical •Location at the eastern edge of the Eurasian Continent with boundaries:-East - Pacific Ocean-West - Sea of
Japan-North - Sea of Okhotsk

-South - East China Sea/Philippine Sea•Group of Islands-Hokkaido-Honshu-Kyushu-Shikoku-Okinawa•Prevalence of Earthquake- profound effect on

building development and technology•Situated in a volcanic zone on the Pacific Ring of Fire•Highly indented coast lines with good harbors. Well
situated for commerce.b.Geological•Over 90% of the ancient Japanese Islands were covered with forests.•WOOD-Traditional structural materials
came from coniferous trees such as cedar, pine, cypress, and fir.•CYPRESS-resistant to moisture, strong , and has an attractive grain. Preferred for
structural members such as posts, beams and flooring•CEDAR-softer and damages easily but has a more attractive grain and coloration. Cut easily,
ideal for construction of movable interior fixtures•Deciduous Trees- oak and chestnut were used for furniture and fixtures•MULBERRY PAPER-sliding
paper shoji that forms a movable wall •BAMBOO- wall lathing coated with a mixture of clay, sand and straw fibers, or with a variety of hydrated lime
made of LIMESTONE or oyster SHELLS•RICE STRAWTatami mat-floor covering

•STONE-mainly of volcanic origin•Used for Foundations•Granite and Porphyries•Lime and Sandstone•CLAY-used extensively, not only for the entire
castle wall (core to final coating) but also for producing roof ties c.Climate•North-Temperate Continental Climate•Mid-Warm Continental
Climate•South -Humid Subtropical Climated.Religion•SHINTO-Indigenous religion which started around 660 BCE. Way of the Gods with the sun as
them most important god.•ZEN BUDDHISM-Mahayana Buddhism+Taoism-Observe the Buddhist's teahings in everyday life through the arts. e.Socio
Political•FEUDALISM-13TH Century-Gave way to castle architecture

-A combination of Shinto and Confucianism, developed a code of conduct or way of the warrior (SAMURAI) which is bravery and Chivalry•EMPEROR-
Official ruling class and figure head of Japan but had no Power•SHOGUN-Administers Japan through their Military•DAIMYO-lords, vassals to the
shogun•SAMURAI-A combination of Shinto and Confucianism developed a code of conduct or way of the warrior which is bravery and
chivalry.•RONIN– masterless samuraisf.Historical•PERIODS-Jōmon Culture

-Yayoi Culture-Yamato -Kofun Period -Asuka-Nara Period-Heian Period-Kamakura Period-Ashikaga Period-Tokugawa Period-Meiji Reformation-
Taisho and early Showa Period (WWII)-Postwar Japan II.Architectural Character • Natural material and setting• Emphasis upon straight
lines, asymmetry, simplicity of design understatement• Appreciation of exuberant color and complexity of form in contrast to the restrained
tradition with its simplicity and asymmetry• Attention to detail• Blending of different Influences• Preserving the Past• Status and Function

a.Plan•SHINTO SHRINE1.ToriiGateway representing the division between everyday world and the divine world. 2.Stone
Stairs3.Pathway4.ChozuyaWashing Place5.Toro – Lanterns6.Kagura Dance Platform7.Shrine Office8.Votive Picture Repository9.Auxiliary
Shrine10.KomainuStone Lions11.Haiden Worship Hall12.TamagakiFence13.HondenSanctuary

•BUDDHIST TEMPLES-Sanmon- Gate-To– Pagoda-Kondo – Statues and images of the Buddha-Kodo – Scripture Hall

•TATAMI-Floor Mats-Regulated the floor size of a room-Ken x ½Ken b.Wall•Houses-Wood Framing and Cardoard•Temples-Timber Posts
and Rails-Plaster, boarding or carved and painted panels -Light through doorways-Cornice bracketing crowns the wallsc.Openings•Owing
to the great projection of the roofs and the lowness of the openings, direct light from the sky is seldom obtained, the light of the interior being
reflected from the ground•The windows are either filled in with trellis work or bars on the outside, and with wooden shutters and paper slides
on the inside.•In connection with Temples are numerous gateways, one or two storied, the latter having muniment rooms over.•Kato-Mado –
window in the shape of a lotus flowerd.Roofs•Roofs bear a general resemblance to Chinese –Simpler in treatment and more subtle and
refined in outline.•Types of Roof Shapes -Kirizuma

-Irimoyae.Columns•Intercolumniation is dependent on Ken•Pillars are square, round or octagonal.•Round-Reeded•Square-

Paneled•Inclined inwardsf.Ornaments•Colored and carved panels forming the inclosing Walls•Ramna-pierced ventilating friezes under the
cornices•Colored projecting eaves to the roofs•Komainuthe stone dogs which face each other at the entrance to shrines, guarding the
precints. One dog always has its mouth open and is called “A”, while the other has its mouth closed and is called“Un”

•ShachihokoDolphin-like ornament on top of castle roofs III.EXAMPLES a.TRADITIONAL HOUSES •TATEANA-SHIKI-Pit-style

dwelling•TAKAYUKA-SHIKI-Used for warehouses•MINKA-Farmhouse

•MERCHANT’S HOUSE•GASSHO-ZUKURI STYLE b.SHINTO SHRINES •Crystallization of the Japanese homage to tradition•Contributes to the
landscape•Built to welcome gods, who descended temporarily to the earth.•Common Parts of the Honden -Munamochi-bashira-pair of free standing
posts-Chigi-forked finials-Katsuogi-circular billets-Kiza-hashi-stairs•EXAMPLES-Kitano 北野天満宮-Izumo 出雲大社

-Sumiyoshi 住吉大社-Kasuga 春日大社-Kamigamo 上賀茂神社-Usa Jingu 宇佐神宮-Itsukushima 厳島神社-Kibitsu 吉備津神社-Nikko Toshogo 日光東照
宮-Ise Jingu 伊勢神宮 c.TORII •It is a traditional Japanese gate most found at the entrance of or within a Shinto shrine, where it symbolically marks
the transition from the profane to the sacred•They are also common in Buddhist Temples d.BUDDHIST TEMPLES •Buddhist temple complexes
consist of a number of structures arranged according to certain concepts or guidelines.•The arrangement of the major buildings changed over time.•A
Buddhist temple complex in Japan generally follows the pattern of a series of sacred spaces encircling a courtyard and entered via a set of
gates.•EXAMPLES-Toshodai-Ji 唐招提寺-Joruri-Ji 浄瑠璃寺-Taima-dera 當麻寺-Ishiyama-dera 石山寺
-Kongorin-Ji -Taisan-Ji 太山寺-Jodo-Ji 極楽山浄土寺-Kencho-Ji 建長寺-Eiho-Ji 永保寺-Engaku-Ji 円覚寺-Kakurin-Ji 刀田山鶴林寺-Hogon-Ji -Kiyomizu-
dera 清水寺•SEVEN GREAT TEMPLES OF NARA-Yakushi-Ji 薬師寺-Todai-Ji 東大寺-Horyu-Ji 法隆寺-Saidai-ji 西大寺-Kofuku-ji 興福寺-Gango-ji 元興
寺-Daian-Ji 大安寺 e.TO (PAGODA) •Used as reliquaries but in many cases, they ended up losing this function.•Pagodas are quintessentially
Buddhist and an important component of Japanese Buddhist temple compounds.•A pagoda's size is measured in ken, where a ken is the interval
between two pillars of a traditional-style building•TYPES OF PAGODA-Stone PagodasoGorintōUsed for funerary purposes

oTasōtō or tajūtōHolds a sacred image insideoHōtōIt is a pagoda consisting of four parts: a low foundation stone, a cylindrical body with a rounded top,
a four-sided roof and a finial.oHōkyōintōUsed as tombstones oMuhōtōMarks the gravesite of budhist priestsoKasatōbaa square stone post placed over
a square base and covered by a pyramidal roof.-Wooden PagodasoWooden Tasōtō They are pagodas with an odd number of stories.oWooden
HōtōRare type of Pagoda.oTahōtōIt is unique among pagodas because it has an even number of stories (two).oSotōbaoffertory strips of wood with five
subdivisions and covered with elaborate inscriptions

f.SHIRO (CASTLE) •Fortresses constructed primarily of wood and stone.•Evolved from the wooden stockades of earlier centuries and came into
their best known form in the 16th century.•Built to guard important or strategic sites, such as ports, river crossings, or crossroads, and almost always
incorporated the landscape into their defenses.•Built as centers of governance.•Served as homes for the Daimyo•DEFENSIVE FEATURES-MOATS-
Waterways around the castle-GATE-TENSHU-The Japanese word tenshu is often translated to mean 'donjon’. It refers to the main tower of the castle.-
WALLS-Japanese castle walls were built of stone with builders using a special dry masonry technique to lock rocks into position.-FIRE PROOFING-All
exposing timber was covered with a fireresistant plaster-They painted the timber boards with a fireproof lacquer.-SPIKES -It was necessary in Japan to
have a concentrated amount of protection surrounding the windows.-ISHIOTOSHI-They were small openings which protruded out from the wall slightly.
From these openings the defender could throw stones or boiling water to stop the enemy from scaling up the wall. -SAMA A loophole was either a
square, circular or triangular hole in the wall used for shooting firearms and/or arrows through.

•TYPES OF CASTLES ACCORDING TO LOCATION-YAMASHIRO-Mountain Top CastlesBitchu Matsuyama 備中松山城-HIRAYAMAJIRO-Flatland

Mountain CastlesHikone 彦根城 Inuyama 犬山城 Hirosaki 弘前城 Kumamoto 熊本城-HIRAJIRO-Flatland CastlesMatsumoto 松本城-MIZUSHIRO-Water
CastlesAzuchi 安土城 g.PALACES •Tokyo Imperial Palace 皇居•Kyoto Imperial Palace 京都御所

h.OTHER STRUCTURES •Chashitsu -Japanese Tea houses•Theatrical Spaces-Noh Stage-Kabuki theatre-Sumo Ringpagoda