Titin Irawati

LNG 2A
2002322016

HOMEWORK 7

Problem 1

The temperature at the beginning of the compression process of an air-standard Otto cycle with a
compression ratio of 8 is 540 °R, the pressure is 1 atm, and the cylinder volume is 0.02 ft3. The
maximum temperature during the cycle is 3600 °R. Determine:

1. the temperature and pressure at the end of each process of the cycle,

2. the thermal efficiency, and

3. the mean effective pressure, in atm

At condition :

The air in the piston–cylinder assembly is the closed system.

The air is assumed as ideal gas
The compression and expansion processes are adiabatic.
All processes are internally reversible.
Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible.
- Know
From air-standard otto cycle we know that;
• Pathway 1-2: adiabatic process
• Pathway 2-3: isochoric process
• Pathway 3-4: adiabatic process
• Pathway 4-1: isochoric process
Titin Irawati
LNG 2A
2002322016

• T1 = 540 [R]
• P1 = 1 [atm]
•
V1 = 0,02 [ft3]
• For otto cycle diagram we know that;
• V1 = V4
• V2 = V3
• Tmax = T3 = 3600 [R]
• 𝑉1 𝑉4
r= 𝑉2
= 𝑉3
=8

- Question
a. T2, P2, P3,T3,P4, T4
b. η =
c. mep = … [atm]

- Answer
• Process 1 – 2 (adiabatic) ➔ isentropic compression (S1 = S2)
Ideal gas law
𝑃2 . 𝑉2 𝑃1 . 𝑉2
=
𝑇2 𝑇2
𝑃2 𝑉1 . 𝑇2 8 . 𝑇2
= =
𝑃1 𝑉2 . 𝑇1 540
Find below using A22 table :
U1 = 92,04 [Btu/lb]
Vr1 = 144,32
𝑉2 𝑉𝑟2 𝑉 𝑉 1
𝑉1
= 𝑉𝑟1
➔ Vr2 = 𝑉2 . Vr1 which 𝑉2 = 𝑟
1 1
𝑉𝑟1 144,32
Vr2 = 𝑟
= 8
= 18,04

At A-22 table, Vr2 = 18,04 locates between T = 1200 [R] and T = 1240 [R]
Interpolation between both of temperature and vr to find T2
𝑇2 −1200 18,04−16,93
1240−1200
= 18,51−16,93
➔ T2 = 1228,1013 [R]

Interpolation between Temperature to find u2

𝑈2 −216,53 1228,1013−1200
209,5−216,53
= 1240−1200
➔ u2 = 211,2752 [Btu/lb]

With using ideal gas law,

𝑉1 .𝑇2 8 .1228,1013 [𝑅]
𝑃2 = 𝑃
𝑉2 .𝑇1 1
= 540 [𝑅]
1 [𝑎𝑡𝑚] = 18,1941 [atm]

• Process 2-3 (T3 = 3600 [R]) ➔ isochoric, Qin

Titin Irawati
LNG 2A
2002322016

𝑇3 𝑃2 18,1941[𝑎𝑡𝑚].3600[𝑅]
𝑃3 = 𝑇2
= 1228,1013[𝑅]
➔ P3 = 53,3333 [atm]

Using A-22 table, found:

u3 = 721,44 [btu/lb]
Vr3 = 0,6449
• Process 3 – 4 (adiabatic) ➔ isentropic expansion (S3 = S4) with V4 > V3
𝑉4 𝑉𝑟4
𝑉3
= 𝑉𝑟3
𝑉4
Vr4 = 𝑉𝑟3 𝑉3
= 8 . 0,6449 = 5,1592

Find T4 in table A-22 Using interpolation between T=1850 [R] and T = 1900 [R]
𝑇4 −1900 5,1592−4,974
1850−1900
= 5,388−4,974
➔ T4 = 1877,6329 [R]

Interpolation between Temperature to find u4

𝑈4 −336,55 1877,6329−1800
346,85−336,55
= 1900−1800
➔ u4 = 342,2424 [Btu/lb]

• Process 4 – 1 ➔ isochoric , Qout

Using ideal gas law
𝑇4 1877,6392[𝑅]
𝑃4 = 𝑃
𝑇1 1
= 1 [𝑎𝑡𝑚]. 540[𝑅]
➔ P4 = 3,4771 [atm]

a. Review
Stage P [atm] T [R]
1 1 540
2 18,1941 1228,1013
3 53,3333 3600
4 3,4771 1877,6329
b. Thermal efficiency
𝑄41⁄
𝑚 𝑈 −𝑈 342,2424−92,04
η = 1 – 𝑄23 = 1 – 𝑈4 − 𝑈1 = 1 – 721,44−211,2755 = 0,5096 ≅ 50,96% ≅ 51%
⁄𝑚 3 2

c. MEP
Wcycle = m[(u3-u4)-(u2-u1)]
Find m with equation:
1 1 𝑃 .𝑉
m = (𝑅/𝑀)𝑇 which m = molecule mass (of air)
1
𝑙𝑏𝑓
(14,696 2 )(144 .102 𝑓𝑡 2 )(0,02 𝑓𝑡 3 )
𝑖𝑛
m= 1545 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏𝑓 = 1,47 . 10-3 [lb]
.[540 𝑅]
28,97 𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑅

Wcycle = 1,47 . 10-3 [(721,44 – 342,2424) – (211,2751 – 92,04)]

= 0,3821 [Btu]
𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑊 𝑊𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 0,3821[𝐵𝑡𝑢]
mep = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
= 𝑉1 𝑉2
= 1
𝑉1 (1− )
8
Titin Irawati
LNG 2A
2002322016

0,3821[𝐵𝑡𝑢] 778 𝑙𝑏𝑓 1ft3 lbf

= 1 . 1𝑙𝑏𝑓
. 144in2 = 117,9658 in2
= 8,0271 [atm]
0,02 𝑓𝑡 3 (1− )
8

Mep = 8,0271 [atm]

Problem 2

At the beginning of the compression process of an air-standard Diesel cycle operating with a
compression ratio of 18, the temperature is 300 K and the pressure is 0.1 MPa. The cutoff ratio for the
cycle is 2. Determine:

(a) the temperature and pressure at the end of each process of the cycle,

(b) the thermal efficiency,

(c) the mean effective pressure, in MPa

At condition :

The air in the piston–cylinder assembly is the closed system.

The compression and expansion 3–4 are adiabatic.
All processes are internally reversible.
The air is assumed as an ideal gas.
Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible
- Know
• From air-standard diesel cycle we know that;
• Pathway 1-2: adiabatic process
Titin Irawati
LNG 2A
2002322016

• Pathway 2-3: isobaric process

• Pathway 3-4: adiabatic process
• Pathway 4-1: isochoric process
• T1 = 300 [K]
• P1 = 0,1 [MPa]
• rc =2
• 𝑉1
r= 𝑉2
= 18

- Question
(a.) T2, P2, P3,T3,P4, T4
(b.) η =
(c.) mep = … [MPa]

- Answer
• Process 1 – 2 (adiabatic) ➔ isentropic compression (S1 = S2)
Compression ➔ V1 > V2
Find below using A22 table :
u1 = 214,07 [kJ/kg]
Vr1 = 621,2
𝑉2 𝑉𝑟2 𝑉2 𝑉2 1
= ➔ Vr2 = . Vr1 which =
𝑉1 𝑉𝑟1 𝑉1 𝑉1 𝑟
𝑉𝑟1 621,2
Vr2 = = = 34,5111
𝑟 18

At A-22 table, Vr2 = 34,5111 locates between T = 900 [K] and T = 880[K]
Interpolation between both of temperature and vr to find T2
𝑇2 −880 34,5111−36,61
900−880
= 34,31 −36,61
➔ T2 = 898,2512 [K]

Interpolation between Temperature to find u2

𝑈2 −657,95 34,5111−36,61
674,58 −657,95
= 34,31 −36,61
➔ u2 = 673,126 [kJ/kg]

Interpolation between Temperature to find h2

ℎ2 −910,56 34,5111−36,61
932,93 −910,56
= 34,31 −36,61
➔ h2 = 930,9751 [kJ/kg]

With using ideal gas law,

𝑉1 .𝑇2 18 .898,2512 [K]
𝑃2 = 𝑃 = 0,1 [𝑀𝑝𝑎] ➔ P2 = 5,3895 [MPa]
𝑉2 .𝑇1 1 300 [𝐾]
𝑉
• Process 2-3 ➔ Isobaric , cut of ratio (𝑉3 ), P2 = P3 = 5,3895 [MPa]
2

𝑉3 𝑇2
𝑇3 = 𝑉2
= 2. 898,2512 [K] ➔ T3 = 1796,5024[K]

Using A-22 table, and interpolation between T = 1800[K] and T = 1750[K]:

Titin Irawati
LNG 2A
2002322016

𝑉3 −4,328 1796,5024 −1750

3,944−4,328
= 1800 −1750
➔ v3 = 3,9709

Interpolation between Temperature to find h3

ℎ3 −1941,6 1796,5024 −1750
2003,3 −1941,6
= 1800 −1750
➔ h3 = 1998,984 [kJ/kg]

• Process 3 – 4 (adiabatic) ➔ isentropic expansion (S3 = S4) with V4 > V3 and V4 = V1

𝑉4 𝑉𝑟4
𝑉3
= 𝑉𝑟3
𝑉4 𝑉1 𝑉
Vr4 = 𝑉𝑟3 𝑉3
= 𝑉𝑟3 𝑉3
to minimize it, multiple it with 𝑉2
2

𝑉1 𝑉3
𝑉2
= 𝑟 = 8 and 𝑉2
= 𝑟𝑐 = 2
𝑉 𝑉 𝑟 18
Vr4 = 𝑉1 . 𝑉2 𝑉𝑟3 = 𝑟𝑐 . 𝑉𝑟3 = 2
. 3,9709 = 35,7378
2 3

Find T4 in table A-22 Using interpolation between T=880 [K] and T = 900[K]
𝑇4 −880 35,7378−36,61
900−880
= 34,31 −36,61
➔ T4 = 887,5843 [K]

Interpolation between Temperature to find u4

𝑈4 −657,95 35,7378−36,61
= ➔ u4 = 664,2564 [kJ/kg]
674,58−657,95 34,31 −36,61

Using ideal gas law

𝑇4 887,5843 [K]
𝑃4 = 𝑃 = 0,1 [𝑀𝑝𝑎]. ➔ P4 = 0,2952 [Mpa]
𝑇1 1 300[𝐾]

(a.) Review
Stage P [MPa] T [K]
1 0,1 300
2 5,3895 898,2512
3 5,3895 1796,5024
4 0,2952 887,5843
(b.) Thermal efficiency
𝑄41⁄
𝑚 𝑈4 − 𝑈1 664,2564−214,07
η = 1 – 𝑄23 =1– ℎ3 −ℎ2
= 1 – 1998,984−930,9751 = 0,5785 ≅ 57,85%
⁄𝑚

𝑊𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑊𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
⁄𝑚 ⁄𝑚
(c.) MEP = 𝑉1 −𝑉2
= 1
𝑉1 (1− )
𝑟

Wcycle = m[(u3-u4)-(u2-u1)]
Find w with equation:
𝑊𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑄23
Wnet = 𝑚
= 𝑚
= (h3 – h2) – (u4 – u1)

= (1998,984 − 930,9751) – (664,2564 − 214,07)

= 617,8225 [kJ/kg]
Find V1 using ideal gas law
Titin Irawati
LNG 2A
2002322016
𝑅
( ).𝑇1
𝑀
V1= 𝑃1
which M = molecule mass (of air) and P1 = 0,1[MPa] = 105[kPa]
8314 [𝑁 𝑚]
( 300[𝐾])
28,97[𝑘𝑔 𝐾]
V1 = 𝑁 = 0,861 [m3/kg]
105 [ 2 ]
𝑚

𝑊𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑊𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
⁄𝑚 ⁄𝑚
mep = 𝑉1 −𝑉2
= 1
𝑉1 (1− )
𝑟

617,8225 [𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔] 102 [𝑁 𝑚] 1[𝑀𝑝𝑎]

= 𝑚3 1
. 1[𝑘𝐽]
. 𝑁 = 0,7598 [𝑀𝑃𝑎]
0,861 [ ](1− ) 106 [ 2 ]
𝑘𝑔 18 𝑚

mep = 0,7598 [MPa]

Name : Titin Irawati

Class : LNG 2A/2002322016