Physics data booklet

First assessment 2016

 Diploma Programme
Physics data booklet

Published February 2014

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4082
Contents

Fundamental constants 1

Metric (SI) multipliers 2

Unit conversions 3

Electrical circuit symbols 4

Equations—Core 5

Equations—AHL 8

Equations—Options 10

Physics data booklet

Fundamental constants

Quantity Symbol Approximate value

Acceleration of free fall (Earth’s surface) g 9.81 m s−2

Gravitational constant G 6.67 × 10−11 N m2 kg−2

Avogadro’s constant 𝑁A 6.02 × 1023 mol−1

Gas constant R 8.31 J K−1 mol−1

Boltzmann’s constant 𝑘B 1.38 × 10−23 J K−1

Stefan–Boltzmann constant σ 5.67 × 10−8 W m−2 K−4

Coulomb constant k 8.99 × 109 N m2 C−2

Permittivity of free space 𝜀0 8.85 × 10−12 C2 N−1 m−2

Permeability of free space 𝜇0 4π × 10−7 T m A−1

Speed of light in vacuum c 3.00 × 108 m s−1

Planck’s constant h 6.63 × 10−34 J s

Elementary charge e 1.60 × 10−19 C

Electron rest mass 𝑚e 9.110 × 10−31 kg = 0.000549 u = 0.511 MeV c−2

Proton rest mass 𝑚p 1.673 × 10−27 kg =1.007276 u = 938 MeV c−2

Neutron rest mass 𝑚n 1.675 × 10−27 kg =1.008665 u = 940 MeV c−2

Unified atomic mass unit u 1.661 × 10−27 kg = 931.5 MeV c−2

Solar constant S 1.36 × 103 W m−2

Fermi radius 𝑅0 1.20 × 10−15 m

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Physics data booklet
Metric (SI) multipliers

Prefix Abbreviation Value

peta P 1015

tera T 1012

giga G 109

mega M 106

kilo k 103

hecto h 102

deca da 101

deci d 10–1

centi c 10–2

milli m 10–3

micro µ 10–6

nano n 10–9

pico p 10–12

femto f 10–15

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Physics data booklet
Unit conversions
180°
1 radian (rad) ≡
π

Temperature (K) = temperature (°C) + 273

1 light year (ly) = 9.46 × 1015 m

1 parsec (pc) = 3.26 ly

1 astronomical unit (AU) =1.50 × 1011 m

1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 3.60 × 106 J

hc = 1.99 × 10-25 J m = 1.24 × 10–6 eV m

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Physics data booklet
Electrical circuit symbols

cell battery

ac supply switch

voltmeter V ammeter A

resistor variable resistor

lamp potentiometer

light-dependent resistor
thermistor
(LDR)

transformer heating element

diode capacitor

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Physics data booklet
Equations—Core

Note: All equations relate to the magnitude of the quantities only. Vector notation has not been used.

Sub-topic 1.2 – Uncertainties and errors Sub-topic 1.3 – Vectors and scalars
If: 𝑦 = 𝑎 ± 𝑏
then: 𝛥𝑦 = 𝛥𝑎 + 𝛥𝑏
𝑎𝑏
If: 𝑦 =
𝑐
𝛥𝑦 𝛥𝑎 𝛥𝑏 𝛥𝑐
then: = + +
𝑦 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
If: 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑛
∆𝑦 ∆𝑎
then: = �𝑛 �
𝑦 𝑎 𝐴H = 𝐴 cos 𝜃
𝐴V = 𝐴 sin 𝜃

Sub-topic 2.1 – Motion Sub-topic 2.2 – Forces

𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 𝐹f ≤ 𝜇s 𝑅
2

𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠 𝐹f = 𝜇d 𝑅

(𝑣 + 𝑢)𝑡
𝑠=
2
Sub-topic 2.3 – Work, energy and power Sub-topic 2.4 – Momentum and impulse
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
1
𝐸K = 2 𝑚𝑣 2 ∆𝑝
𝐹=
1
∆𝑡
𝐸P = 2 𝑘∆𝑥 2
𝑝2
𝐸K =
∆𝐸P = 𝑚𝑔∆ℎ 2𝑚
power = 𝐹𝑣 Impulse = 𝐹∆𝑡 = ∆𝑝
useful work out
Ef�iciency =
total work in
useful power out
=
total power in

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Physics data booklet
Sub-topic 3.1 – Thermal concepts Sub-topic 3.2 – Modelling a gas
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 𝐹
𝑝=
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿 𝐴
𝑁
𝑛=
𝑁A
𝑝𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
3 3 𝑅
𝐸�K = 2 𝑘B 𝑇 = 2 𝑇
𝑁A

Sub-topic 4.1 – Oscillations Sub-topic 4.4 – Wave behaviour

1 𝑛1 sin 𝜃2 𝑣2
𝑇= = =
𝑓 𝑛2 sin 𝜃1 𝑣1
Sub-topic 4.2 – Travelling waves 𝜆𝐷
𝑠=
𝑑
𝑐 = 𝑓𝜆
Constructive interference: path difference = 𝑛𝜆
Sub-topic 4.3 – Wave characteristics
1
Destructive interference: path difference = (𝑛 + 2)𝜆
𝐼 ∝ 𝐴2
𝐼 ∝ 𝑥 −2
𝐼 = 𝐼0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

Sub-topic 5.1 – Electric fields Sub-topic 5.2 – Heating effect of electric currents
∆𝑞 Kirchhoff’s circuit laws:
𝐼=
∆𝑡 Σ𝑉 = 0 (loop)
𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹=𝑘 2 Σ𝐼 = 0 (junction)
𝑟
1 𝑉
𝑘= 𝑅=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝐼
𝑊 𝑉2
𝑉= 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 = 𝐼 2 𝑅 =
𝑞 𝑅
𝐹 𝑅total = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + ⋯
𝐸=
𝑞 1 1 1
= + +⋯
𝐼 = 𝑛𝐴𝑣𝑞 𝑅total 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑅𝐴
𝜌=
𝐿
Sub-topic 5.3 – Electric cells Sub-topic 5.4 – Magnetic effects of electric currents
𝜀 = 𝐼(𝑅 + 𝑟) 𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 sin 𝜃
𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝐿 sin 𝜃

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Physics data booklet
Sub-topic 6.1 – Circular motion Sub-topic 6.2 – Newton’s law of gravitation
𝑣 = 𝜔𝑟 𝑀𝑚
𝐹=𝐺
𝑣 2 4𝜋 2 𝑟 𝑟2
𝑎= = 2 𝐹
𝑟 𝑇 𝑔=
𝑚
𝑚𝑣 2
𝐹= = 𝑚𝜔2 𝑟 𝑀
𝑟 𝑔=𝐺
𝑟2

Sub-topic 7.1 – Discrete energy and radioactivity Sub-topic 7.2 – Nuclear reactions
𝐸 = ℎ𝑓 ∆𝐸 = ∆𝑚 𝑐 2
ℎ𝑐
𝜆=
𝐸
Sub-topic 7.3 – The structure of matter

Charge Quarks Baryon Charge Leptons

number
–1 e µ τ
2 1
𝑒 u c t
3 3 0 υe υµ υτ
1 1
− 𝑒 d s b All leptons have a lepton number
3 3
of 1 and antileptons have a lepton
All quarks have a strangeness number of 0
number of –1
except the strange quark that has a
strangeness number of –1

Gravitational Weak Electromagnetic Strong

Particles experiencing All Quarks, leptons Charged Quarks, gluons
Particles mediating Graviton W+, W–, Z0 γ Gluons

Sub-topic 8.1 – Energy sources Sub-topic 8.2 – Thermal energy transfer

energy 𝑃 = 𝑒𝜎𝐴𝑇 4
Power =
time
2.90 × 10−3
Power = 2 𝐴𝜌𝑣 3
1 𝜆max (metres) =
𝑇(kelvin)
power
𝐼=
𝐴
total scattered power
albedo =
total incident power

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Physics data booklet
Equations—AHL

Sub-topic 9.1 – Simple harmonic motion Sub-topic 9.2 – Single-slit diffraction

2𝜋 𝜆
𝜔= 𝜃=
𝑇 𝑏
𝑎 = −𝜔2 𝑥 Sub-topic 9.3 – Interference
𝑥 = 𝑥0 sin 𝜔𝑡 ; 𝑥 = 𝑥0 cos 𝜔𝑡 𝑛𝜆 = 𝑑 sin 𝜃
𝑣 = 𝜔𝑥0 cos 𝜔𝑡 ; 𝑣 = −𝜔𝑥0 sin 𝜔𝑡 Constructive interference: 2𝑑𝑛 = (𝑚 + 2) 𝜆
1

𝑣 = ±𝜔�(𝑥0 2 − 𝑥 2 ) Destructive interference: 2𝑑𝑛 = 𝑚𝜆

1
𝐸K = 2
𝑚𝜔2 (𝑥0 2 −𝑥 2)

1
𝐸T = 2 𝑚𝜔2 𝑥0 2

𝑙
Pendulum: 𝑇 = 2𝜋�
𝑔

𝑚
Mass–spring: 𝑇 = 2𝜋�
𝑘
Sub-topic 9.4 – Resolution Sub-topic 9.5 – Doppler effect
𝜆 𝑣
𝜃 = 1.22 Moving source: 𝑓 ′ = 𝑓 � �
𝑏 𝑣 ± 𝑢s
𝜆 Moving observer: 𝑓 ′ = 𝑓 �
𝑣±𝑢0
�
𝑅= = 𝑚𝑁 𝑣
Δ𝜆
∆𝑓 ∆𝜆 𝑣
= ≈
𝑓 𝜆 𝑐

Sub-topic 10.1 – Describing fields Sub-topic 10.2 – Fields at work

𝑊 = 𝑞∆𝑉𝑒
𝑊 = 𝑚∆𝑉𝑔 𝐺𝑀 𝑘𝑞
𝑉𝑔 = − 𝑉𝑒 =
𝑟 𝑟

Δ𝑉𝑔 Δ𝑉𝑒
𝑔=− 𝐸=−
Δ𝑟 Δ𝑟

𝐺𝑀𝑚 𝑘𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐸P = 𝑚𝑉𝑔 = − 𝐸P = 𝑞𝑉e =
𝑟 𝑟

𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹G = 𝐺 𝐹E = 𝑘
𝑟2 𝑟2

2𝐺𝑀
𝑣esc = �
𝑟

𝐺𝑀
𝑣orbit = �
𝑟

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Physics data booklet
Sub-topic 11.1 – Electromagnetic induction Sub-topic 11.3 – Capacitance
𝛷 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃 𝑞
𝐶=
𝑉
∆𝛷
𝜀 = −𝑁 𝐶parallel = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯
Δ𝑡
𝜀 = 𝐵𝑣𝑙 1 1 1
= + +⋯
𝐶series 𝐶1 𝐶2
𝜀 = 𝐵𝑣𝑙𝑁
𝐴
Sub-topic 11.2 – Power generation and 𝐶=𝜀
transmission 𝑑
1
𝐼0 𝐸 = 2
𝐶𝑉 2
𝐼rms =
√2 𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶
𝑉0 𝑡
𝑉rms = 𝑞 = 𝑞0 𝑒 −𝜏
√2
𝑡
𝑉0 𝑉rms 𝐼 = 𝐼0 𝑒 −𝜏
𝑅= =
𝐼0 𝐼rms 𝑡
𝑉 = 𝑉0 𝑒 −𝜏
𝑃max = 𝐼0 𝑉0
1
𝑃� = 2 𝐼0 𝑉0
𝜀p 𝑁p 𝐼s
= =
𝜀s 𝑁s 𝐼p

Sub-topic 12.1 – The interaction of matter with Sub-topic 12.2 – Nuclear physics
radiation
𝐸 = ℎ𝑓 𝑅 = 𝑅0 𝐴1/3
𝐸max = ℎ𝑓 − 𝛷 𝑁 = 𝑁0 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡
13.6 𝐴 = 𝜆𝑁0 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡
𝐸=− 𝑒𝑉
𝑛2
𝜆
𝑛ℎ sin 𝜃 ≈
𝑚𝑣𝑟 = 𝐷
2𝜋
𝑃(𝑟) = |ψ|2 Δ𝑉
ℎ
Δ𝑥Δ𝑝 ≥
4𝜋
ℎ
Δ𝐸Δ𝑡 ≥
4𝜋

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Physics data booklet
Equations—Options

Sub-topic A.1 – The beginnings of relativity Sub-topic A.2 – Lorentz transformations

′
𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑡 1
𝛾=
2
�1 − 𝑣2
′
𝑢 =𝑢−𝑣
𝑐
Sub-topic A.3 – Spacetime diagrams
𝑥 ′ = 𝛾(𝑥 − 𝑣𝑡) ; ∆𝑥 ′ = 𝛾(∆𝑥 − 𝑣∆𝑡)
𝑣
𝜃 = tan−1 � � 𝑡 ′ = 𝛾(𝑡 −
𝑣𝑥
) ; ∆𝑡 ′ = 𝛾(∆𝑡 −
𝑣∆𝑥
)
𝑐 𝑐2 𝑐2
𝑢−𝑣
𝑢′ = 𝑢𝑣
1− 2
𝑐
∆𝑡 = 𝛾∆𝑡0
𝐿0
𝐿=
𝛾
(𝑐𝑡 ′ )2 − (𝑥 ′ )2 = (𝑐𝑡)2 − (𝑥)2
Sub-topic A.4 – Relativistic mechanics (HL only) Sub-topic A.5 – General relativity (HL only)
𝐸 = 𝛾𝑚0 𝑐 2 ∆𝑓 𝑔∆ℎ
= 2
𝐸0 = 𝑚0 𝑐 2 𝑓 𝑐
2𝐺𝑀
𝐸K = (𝛾 − 1)𝑚0 𝑐 2 𝑅s =
𝑐2
𝑝 = 𝛾𝑚0 𝑣 ∆𝑡0
∆𝑡 =
𝐸 2 = 𝑝2 𝑐 2 + 𝑚0 2 𝑐 4
�1 − 𝑅s
𝑞𝑉 = ∆𝐸K 𝑟

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Sub-topic B.1 – Rigid bodies and rotational Sub-topic B.2 – Thermodynamics
dynamics
𝛤 = 𝐹𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊
3
𝐼 = ∑𝑚𝑟 2 𝑈 = 2 𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝛤 = 𝐼𝛼 ∆𝑄
∆𝑆 =
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 𝑇
5
𝜔f = 𝜔 i + 𝛼𝑡 𝑝𝑉 3 = constant (for monatomic gases)
𝜔f2 = 𝜔i2 + 2𝛼𝜃 𝑊 = 𝑝∆𝑉
1
𝜃 = 𝜔i 𝑡 + 𝛼𝑡 2 useful work done
2 𝜂=
energy input
𝐿 = 𝐼𝜔
𝑇cold
1
𝐸Krot = 2 𝐼𝜔2 𝜂Carnot = 1 −
𝑇hot
Sub-topic B.3 – Fluids and fluid dynamics (HL only) Sub-topic B.4 – Forced vibrations and resonance
(HL only)
𝐵 = 𝜌f 𝑉f 𝑔 energy stored
𝑄 = 2𝜋
𝑃 = 𝑃0 + 𝜌f 𝑔𝑑 energy dissipated per cycle
energy stored
𝐴𝑣 = constant 𝑄 = 2𝜋 × resonant frequency ×
power loss
1
2
𝜌𝑣 2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧 + 𝑝 = constant

𝐹D = 6𝜋𝜂𝑟𝑣
𝑣𝑟𝜌
𝑅=
𝜂

Sub-topic C.1 – Introduction to imaging Sub-topic C.2 – Imaging instrumentation

1 1 1 𝑓o
= + 𝑀=
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢 𝑓e
1 Sub-topic C.3 – Fibre optics
𝑃=
𝑓 1
ℎi 𝑣 𝑛=
sin 𝑐
𝑚= =−
ℎo 𝑢 𝐼
attenuation = 10 log
𝜃i 𝐼0
𝑀=
𝜃o Sub-topic C.4 – Medical imaging (HL only)
𝐷 𝐷 𝐼1
𝑀near point = + 1 ; 𝑀in�inity = 𝐿I = 10 log
𝑓 𝑓 𝐼0
𝐼 = 𝐼0 𝑒 −𝜇𝑥
𝜇𝑥1 = ln2
2

𝑍 = 𝜌𝑐

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Sub-topic D.1 – Stellar quantities Sub-topic D.2 – Stellar characteristics and stellar
evolution
1 𝜆max 𝑇 = 2.9 × 10−3 m K
𝑑 (parsec) =
𝑝 (arc–second)
𝐿 ∝ 𝑀3.5
4
𝐿 = 𝜎𝐴𝑇
𝐿
𝑏=
4𝜋𝑑 2
Sub-topic D.3 – Cosmology Sub-topic D.5 – Further cosmology (HL only)
∆𝜆 𝑣
𝑧= ≈ 4𝜋𝐺𝜌
𝜆0 𝑐 𝑣=� 𝑟
3
𝑅
𝑧= −1 3𝐻 2
𝑅0
𝜌c =
8𝜋𝐺
𝑣 = 𝐻0 𝑑
1
𝑇≈
𝐻0

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