TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MOMBASA

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

BSC. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

YEAR 3, SEMESTER 1.

UNIT CODE: EEE 4316

ELECTROMAGNETICS II LABORATORY REPORT

TRANSFORMERS

NAME REGISTRATION NUMBER

JOSHUA MASASI OPENDA BSEE/214J/2018
ADAMS LAZSON BSEE/224J/2018
FRANCIS CHEGE BSEE/217J/2018
JULIUS PKIROR LOKAPEL BSEE/151J/2017
EDMOND CHERUYOIT BSEE/222J/2018
KEVIN ONDUKO BSEE/231J/2018
JOSEPH NGUU MUTISYA BSEE/230J/2018
REAGEN COLLINS BSEE/237J/2018

INTRODUCTION
The following laboratory report gives details of the tests on a transformer which incudes the no-
load test and the load test of a transformer. A practical test was done to support and prove the
correctness of the theory.

OBJECTIVES

1. To carry out no-load tests on a transformer and measurement of the transformation ratio.
2. To carry out load tests on a transformer.
3. To use a transformer as an autotransformer.

EQUIPMENT

1. Base unit for the IPES system (power supply mod.PSU/EV, support for modules
mod.MU/EV), Individual Control modSISl/SIS2/SIS3
2. Experiment module MCM2/EV
3. Multimeter

BACKGROUND THEORY

The transformer is an electrical machine whose operation is based on the principle of mutual
induction. It consists of a core of ferromagnetic material on which two coils (or windings) are
wound. The coils may have different numbers of turns. One of the most useful features of the
transformer is its ability to relate the input voltage or current to its output voltage or current
respectively (transformation ratio) while maintaining the power relationship the same (i.e input
power = output power).

If an A.C. current flows through the first coil (the “primary” winding), the magnetic field
generated will be variable, and so there will be a flux variation in the secondary winding. This
will then induce an A.C. voltage across the secondary. If the secondary is connected to a load,
for example a resistive load, an A.C. current will flow through it.

The conditions of frequency, voltage, current and volt-amperes product under which a
transformer is designed to operate continuously are collectively termed as the rating of the
transformer.

The figure below shows an Ideal transformer.

 Fig 1.1 An ideal transformer

Consider a magnetic core as shown above, carrying primary and secondary windings having N1
and N2 turns, respectively. When a sinusoidal voltage is applied to the primary winding, a flux Φ
will exist in the core which links both the primary and secondary windings, inducing the RMS
voltages

V1 = 4 .44f N1 Φ in the primary winding

V2 = 4.44fN2 Φ in the secondary winding

For an ideal transformer (with windings resistance of zero and no magnetic losses between
primary and secondary), the electrical power in the primary will be equal to that in the
secondary:

V1 I1 = V2 I2

For an ideal transformer we also have the following relationship:

V p Np
= =n
Vs Ns

Where:

 Vp and Vs are the rms values of voltages across primary and secondary
 Np and Ns are the number of turns for each winding
 n is the transformation ratio

A similar relation is true also for the currents:

Is Np
=
Ip Ns

In which Ip and Is are now the rms values of the currents.

As a transformer enables the voltage / current ratio to be varied, it is possible to use it for
impedance matching.
In fact, if the secondary is connected to an impedance Zs, the impedance seen by the primary,
Zp, will be related to Zs by:

Zp = n² ∙ Zs
In some applications a particular type of transformer, known as an autotransformer is used. The
autotransformer is a device which has a single winding, with a suitable intermediate “tap” or
connection point. From the electrical point of view, the operation of this device is similar
to that of an ordinary transformer. The advantages of the autotransformer are the reduced size,
weight, and a higher efficiency. A disadvantage of the device, however, is the fact that the 2
windings are not electrically separated, or “isolated”.
Tests may be carried out to determine the parameters of the equivalent circuits of the transformer
using either winding as the primary, depending upon the potential difference that must be neither
high nor very low. These tests include the no-load test and the load test.
The no-load test or open load test on a transformer s performed to determine the losses in the
core, no-load current and the turns ratio. Usually, a rated voltage is applied at the terminals of
one winding while the other winding terminals are open-circuited. Voltage, current and power is
measured. The current that flows in the primary winding during this test is called the excitation
current. The excitation current component of the primary current is needed to produce the
resultant mutual flux. This current has two component the magnetizing and the core loss current.
The load test or short circuit test is performed on a single-phase transformer, to find out the
efficiency and regulation. In this method a resistive load is connected to the transformer and it’s
loaded up to the rated current. This is direct loading and can be applied to transformers with a
rating less than 5kVA .

PROCEDURE
1. Connect jumpers J41, J42 to produce the circuit below

2. Connect the voltmeter across first, the primary (points 17-18), and
then the secondary (points 19-21)
3. Measure the voltages and record in the table below.

V17-18 V 19-21 V 20-21 V 19-20

4. Next move the voltmeter across the two secondary windings (points 20-21 and 19-20),
measure the secondary voltages of the transformer and enter the results into the table
5. Calculate the transformation ratio, n, for each winding.
6. Disconnect jumpers J41, J42 and connect jumpers J44 and J45, to produce the circuit of
figure E20.2.

7. Connect jumpers J41, J42, J43, J46, the voltmeter between points 20-21 and the ammeter
between points 22-23 to produce the circuit of figure E20.3.
8.Measure the voltage and current and record the results in the first column of the next table

R 12 +R13 + R 12 + R13 R 12
load
R14
R ( :) 990 660 330

V rms (V)

I rms
(mA)

9. Connect jumper J49, measure voltage and current and record the results in the second column
of the table.
10 connect J50, repeat the measurement and record the results in the third column of the table.

OBSERVATION
The voltage measured between 17-18 is twice that between 20-21 and 19-20.
The voltages between 17-18 and 19-21 are equal.
The voltage in the second set up remains constant, at 13.2 volts in each case
 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

n=Vp/Vs
24
Transformation¿ =2.0
12.0

23.9
Transformation in the second winding¿ =2.0
12

V 17-18 V 19-21 V 20-21 V 19-20

24.0 23.9 11.9 12.0

n 1 2 2

Table 1

R 12 +R13 + R 12 + R13 R 12
load
R14
R ( :) 990 660 330
13.0 13.2 13.2
V rms (V)

I rms 0.56 0.56 0.56

(mA)

Table 2
 CONCLUSION
The transformer used in the experiment is a center tap transformer, since the voltage
transformation between the primary and the total secondary is one .The two sections of
secondary windings have the same voltage and same number of windings.
The primary windings of this transformer is equivalent to the total secondary windings.
Center tap transformers are very essential since they produce a smoother output DC voltage as
the input is coupled through the transformer to the center taped t secondary.
They have high output efficiency because AC supply delivers power during both half cycles.
They allow electric current during both positive and negative half cycles of the input signals
when used as full wave rectifiers.
These types of transformer posses challenges in locating the center on the secondary for center
taping.

APPLICATIONS OF TRANSFORMERS
 It can rise or lower the level of level of Voltage or Current (when voltage
increases, current decreases and vice versa because P =V x I, and Power is same) in an
AC Circuit.
 It can increase or decrease the value of capacitor, an inductor or resistance in an
AC circuit. It can thus act as an impedance transferring device.  
 It can be used to prevent DC from passing from one circuit to the other. 
 It can isolate two circuits electrically.

REFERENCES
Classical Electrodynamics by John David Jackson.
Electromagnetics Volume 2 by Steven Ellingson.
Electricity and Magnetism by Edward Mills Purcel.