Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education

TEACHER-MADE LEARNER’S HOME TASK (Q3-Week 1 – Week 2)

School :Madridejos National High School Date: March 28-April 12, 2021
Grade Level/Section :Grade11/12 Subject Area/s: DRR

I. MELC/Code DR11/12-Ia-b-1 DR11/12-Ia-b-3 DR11/12-Ic-8

Competencies: DR11/12-Ia-b-2 DR11/12-Ia-b-6 DR11/12-Ic-9
II. Objective/s:
Knowledge: Explain the meaning of disaster; Describe the effects of disaster on one’s
life.
Skills: Differentiate the risk factors underlying disaster;
Values/Attitudes: Develop and strengthen resilience to disasters and manifests readiness to
disasters.
III. Subject Matter: Disaster and Disaster Risk
IV. References: DRR modules

V. Procedure:
A. Readings Lesson 1: Definition of Disaster and Disaster Risk & Risk Factors
Underlying Disasters

Disaster is defined as a serious disruption of functioning of society,

causing widespread human, material or environmental losses, which
exceed the ability of the affected people to cope using their own resources.

An event, either man-made or natural, sudden or progressive, causing

widespread human, material or environmental losses.
Examples of Disaster
Typhoon Yolanda
➢ Strength 290 km/hr
➢ The storm surge it brought was sudden
and unexpected.
➢ Its devastating effect to human, material, and
environment.
➢ More than 7,000 people perished
➢ The entire city of Tacloban was flattened

Wowowe Stampede
➢ The became so popular that thousands of fans
flock to ULTRA to watch the noon time show. That
turned out to disastrous tragedy when there was a
human-induced disturbance among the watching
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4628crowd that cause a stampede. Many spectators
were hurt and some even died which led to the
dissolution of the said TV program.

Typhoon Ondoy

➢ Typhoon Ondoy turned into a disaster

because of the amount of precipitation
brought by its torrential rains that lasted
for several days causing flood and flash
floods in Metro Manila.

➢ Thousand of houses were submerge in

flood water. Hundreds of shelters along
river banks and steros were washed out.
Power and water supplies were cut off
for several weeks. Hundreds of lives
perished.

Disaster Risk

➢ The probability that a community’s structure or geographic area is to be

damaged or disrupted by the impact of a particular hazard, on account of
its nature, construction and proximity to a hazardous area.
➢ It signifies the possibility of adverse effects in the future. It is derived
from the interaction of social and environmental process, from the
combination of physical hazards and the vulnerability of exposed elements.

Nature of Disasters
Natural Disaster – these originate from the different ‘forces’ of nature.
Natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, typhoons,
and cyclones affect many countries in Asia particularly the Philippines.
Human-made – these disasters occur due to people’s actions against
human, material, and environment. These include transport and
industrial accidents, such as air and train crashes, chemical spills, and
building collapses. Terrorism is also categorized as human-made
disaster.

Types of Disaster
Natural Disaster
• Agricultural disease and pests • Earthquakes
• Storm Surge • Drought and water shortage
• Hurricanes and Tropical storm • Tornadoes
• Landslide and debris flow • Tsunamis
• Thunder storm and lightning • Wildfires
• Sinkholes • Emergency disease
• Extreme heat • Floods and flash floods
• La Niῆa

Human-Made and Technological Types of Disasters

• Hazardous material • Power service and disruption and blackout

• Cyber Attacks • Nuclear power plant and nuclear blast
• Radiological emergencies • Explosion
• Civil Unrest • Chemical threat and biological weapons

Risk Factors Underlying Disasters

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4628 Disaster is a calamitous event that brings destruction to human life,
environment, and other material elements. Disaster risk is the probability
that a community’s structure or geographic area is to be damaged or
disrupted by the impact of a particular hazard.
Disaster is generally classified natural and human-made. Natural
disasters originate from the “forces” of nature, like earthquakes, typhoons,
volcanic eruptions, floods, flash floods, tornadoes, storm surge etc. Oil
spill, nuclear reactions and leaks, hazardous materials, terrorism and the
like are considered human-made disasters.

Risks Factors Underlying Disasters

➢ Severity of Exposure
The amount of exposure to the disaster is highly related to risk of future
mental problems. At higher risk are those that go through the disaster
themselves. Next are those in close contact with victims. At lower risk of
lasting impact are those who only had indirect exposure, such as news
of the severe damage.
➢ Gender and Family
Disaster recovery is more stressful when children are present in the
home. Women with spouses also experience more distress during the
recovery. Having a family member in the home who is extremely
distressed is related to more stress for everyone. Marital stress has been
found to increase after disasters. Also, conflicts between family members
or lack of support in the home make it harder to recover from disasters.
➢ Age
Adults who are in the age range of 40-60 are likely to be more distressed
after disasters. The thinking is that if one is in that age range, he/she
has more demands from job and family. In general, children show more
severe distress after disasters than do adults. Higher stress in the
parents is related to worse recovery in children.Other factors specific to
the survivor’s background and resources are important for recovery from
disasters. Recovery is worse if survivors:
• We’re not functioning well before the disaster
• Have had no experience dealing with
• Must deal with other stressors after the disaster
• Have poor self-esteem
• Think they are uncared for by others
• Think they have little control over what happens to them
• Lack the capacity to manage stress
Other factors have also been found to predict worse outcomes:
• Bereavement (death of someone else)
• Injury to self or another family member
• Life threat
• Panic, horror, or feelings like that during the disaster
• Being separated from family (especially among youth)
• Great loss of property
• Displacement (being forced to leave home)

➢ Developing Countries
There is a strong body evidence that these risk factors can be made
worse if the disaster occurs in a developing country. Disasters in
developing countries, like the Philippines, have more severe mental health
impact than do disasters in developed countries. This is true even with less
serious disasters.

➢ Low or Negative Social Support

The support of others can be both a risk and a resilience factor. Social
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4628 support can weaken after disasters. This may be due to stress and the need
for members of the support network to get on with their own lives.

Lesson 2: Effects of Natural Disasters on Human Life

These are several risk factors underlying a disaster. These are: 1)
severity of exposure, 2) gender 3) family, 4) age, 5) developing
countries and 6) low or negative social support. These factors are
determinants of the degree of disaster risk.

What do you think are the effects of natural disaster on human life?

Effects of Natural Disasters on Human Life

➢ Displaced Populations
One of the most immediate effects of natural disasters is population
displacement. When countries are ravaged by earthquakes or other
powerful forces of nature like floods and super typhoons, many people have
to abandon their homes and seek shelter in other regions. A large influx of
refugees can disrupt accessibility of health care and education, as well as
food supplies and clean water.
When Mt. Pinatubo erupted in 1991, thousands of families in
Zambales and Pampanga were displaced. Their communities were
ravaged by lahar flow that turned these communities.
➢ Health Risks
Aside from the obvious immediate danger that natural disasters present,
the secondary effects can be just as damaging. Severe flooding can result in
stagnant water that allows breeding of waterborne bacteria and malaria-
carrying mosquitoes. Dengue fever is another serious health problem cause
by mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti). Without emergency relief from international
danger has passed.
➢ Food Scarcity
After natural disasters, food often becomes scarce. Thousands of people
around the world go hungry as a result of destroyed crops and loss of
agricultural supplies, whether it happens suddenly in a storm or gradually
in a drought. As a result, food prices rise, reducing families’ purchasing
power and increasing the risk of severe malnutrition. The impacts of
hunger following an earthquake, typhoon or hurricane can be tremendous,
cause lifelong damage to children’s development.
➢ Emotional Aftershocks
Natural disasters can be particularly traumatic for young children.
Confronted with scenes of destruction and the deaths of friends and loved
ones, many children develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a
serious psychological condition resulting from extreme trauma. Left
untreated, children suffering form PTSD can be prone to lasting
psychological damage and emotional distress.

Lesson 3: Exposure and Vulnerability: Areas and Locations Exposed

to Hazards

Many climate change adaptation efforts aim to address the implications

of potential changes in the frequency, intensity, and duration of weather
and climate events that affect the risk of extreme impacts on human society.
That risk is determined not only by the climate and weather events (the
hazards) but also by exposure and vulnerability to these hazards. Therefore,
effective adaptation and disaster risk management strategies and practices
also depend on a rigorous understanding of the dimensions of exposure and
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4628vulnerability, as well as proper assessment of changes in those dimensions.

Natural disasters affect human life in different dimensions. Disasters

can cause displacement of population, health risks, food scarcity, and
emotional aftershocks.

Disaster from Different Perspectives

A disaster is a result of a vast ecological breakdown in the relation
between human; a serious or sudden event on such a scale that the stricken
community needs extraordinary efforts to cope with it, often with outside
help or international aid.

Disaster is analyzed from different perspective as follows:

PHYSICAL PERSPECTIVE
From this view disasters is defined as a phenomenon that can cause
damage to the physical elements such as buildings, infrastructures,
including people and their properties, e.g. houses and environmental
sources of living. Physical effects are the most visible and quantifiable
effects of a disaster. In considered in data recording.
Assessment of disaster is focused on the following questions:
How many families are affected? (displacement, injury, death)
How many houses are damaged or washed out? (in case of super typhoons)
How many buildings collapsed or are damaged? (in case of an earthquake)
How many roads, bridges, dams and other infrastructures are damaged?
(in case of floods, lahar flows and earthquakes)
What is the extent of damage in agricultural industry? (crop, losses,
damaged fish cages, wash out rice fields, etc.)

PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Psychological research has shown that disasters can cause serious
mental health consequences for victims. These consequences take the form
of PostTraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and a variety of other disorders
and symptoms which have been less investigated. The more stress, defined
in a variety of ways, within the disaster, the more likely there are to be
emotional consequences.
In psychological context a disaster is regarded as an occurrence involving
an unexpected or uncontrollable event rather than a long-term experience.
In other word, a disaster is something that could happen within a hazard
rather than the hazard itself. Hence, one very important component of the
recovery phase, aside from relief services is debriefing of psychological
support system.
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4628Other psychological effects of a disaster are the following:
• Emotional effects: Shock, terror, irritability, blame, anger, guilt, grief or
sadness, numbing, helplessness, loss of pleasure derived from familiar
activities, difficulty feeling happy, difficulty feeling loved.
• Cognitive effects: impaired concentration, impaired decision-making
ability, memory impairment, disbelief, confusion, nightmares, decreased
self-esteem, decreased self-efficacy, self-blame, intrusive thoughts,
memories, dissociation, (e.g.,tunnel vision, dreamlike or ‘spacey’ felling).
• Physical effects: fatigue, exhaustion, insomnia, cardiovascular strain,
startle response, hyper arousal, increased physical pain, reduced immune
response, headaches, gastrointestinal upset, decreased appetite,
decreased libido, vulnerability to illness.
• Interpersonal effects: Increased relational conflict, social withdrawal,
reduced relational intimacy, alienation, impaired work performance,
decreased satisfaction, distract, externalization of blame, externalization of
vulnerability, feeling abandoned.

SOCIO-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
What the people living at risk know and do about natural hazards and
disaster risks is mediated by a range of factors including social conditions
(such as age, gender, wealth, ethnicity) and cultural settings (language,
beliefs, traditions, customs). In most places people are also more or less
exposed by information and ideas coming from the “outside”—the world
outside their own cultural setting. At the same time, the field of natural
hazards and disasters has developed its own debates, framework, and
notions such as vulnerability, resilience, and ‘risk’. But communities may
have different priorities and notions of natural hazards and disaster risk.
People’s socio-cultural background may affect their response to
disasters at the different stages of disaster management. Hence, from the
socio-cultural point of view, a disaster is analyzed based on how people
respond having as parameter their social conditions and cultural settings.
These two factors are important determinants of the degree of risk,
resilience and vulnerability of those affected. That is why some ethnic
groups can easily cope with disasters compared to other groups.
ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE
From an economic perspective, a natural disaster can be defined as a
natural event that causes a perturbation to the functioning of the
economic system, with a significant negative impact on assets, production
factors, output, employment, and consumption. One salient component of
assessing the impact of disaster impact from this view is defining direct
economic cost and indirect losses.
POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE
From this view, natural disasters are commonly thought to be less
politically contentious than armed conflicts. Yet, a closer look reveals that
politics are deeply wedded to both the impact of a natural disaster and the
subsequent delivery of humanitarian assistance. Political considerations
before, during, and after a natural disaster can determine who is most at
risk, who can intervene, what actions will be taken, and who will benefit
from those actions. Some case studies demonstrate that economic, social,
and political factors can significantly amplify the devastating impact of
natural disaster.
Governmentality or deliverance of government services to constituents
can be a plus or minus factor in disaster risk reduction and management.
Government interventions should be present in the following phases of
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management: 1) Prevention, 2) Mitigation, 3)
Preparedness, and 4) Recovery. Failure to do so adversely affects the
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4628 capacity and opportunities of those affected to cope with and recover from
the impacts of disaster.

ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIVE
Disasters are not random an do not occur by accident. They are the
convergence of hazards and vulnerable conditions. Disasters not only
reveal underlying social, economic, political, and environment problems,
but unfortunately contribute to worsening them. Such events pose serious
challenges to development, as they erode hard-earned gains in terms of
political, social and educational progress, as well as infrastructure and
technological development. The Millennium Declaration recognizes the risk
to development stemming from disasters and calls on the global
community to “intensify our collective efforts to reduce the number and
effects of natural hazards and man-made disasters”. Several studies have
recently highlighted the fact that investments in development are in
jeopardy unless precautionary action is taken toward reducing disaster
risk. Yet few development organizations adopt a precautionary approach in
the design and management of projects and fewer still recognize the role of
environmental management in reducing disaster risk.

Lesson 4: What is Vulnerability?

The severity of the impacts of disasters and other extreme weather and
climate events depends strongly on the level of vulnerability and exposure
to these events.
If we are going to shake the table, which object would be affected the most
by shaking? Why do you think it would be affected the most?

Vulnerability is defined as “the characteristics and circumstances of a

community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging
effects of a hazard”. As indicated by United Nations International Strategy
for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), “there are many aspects of vulnerability
arising from various physical, social, economic, and environmental factors.
Examples may include poor design and construction of buildings,
inadequate protection of assets, lack of public information and awareness,
limited official recognition of risks and preparedness measures, and
disregard for wise environmental management”.

Reasons Why Certain Sectors of Society are More Vulnerable to Disaster than
Others
Vulnerability can be seen as the result of a process in which various
different things cause a population to be more vulnerable. This can be
split into demographic and socio-economic. They can also be discussed
through the level of community preparedness and the ability of a
community to manage the after effects of a hazard event.

1. Demographic Factors
Population Density – the more dense the population, the more efficient
a response should be, considering the number of people that might be
affected by a disaster.
Age of Population – very old and very young populations are less mobile
and able to respond to hazard events well. This makes them more
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4628 vulnerable compared to others, and this requires more attention from the
government and other support agencies especially during emergency
evacuation or relocation.
Distribution of population – regardless of density, populations may be
distributed differently within hazard area, e.g. elderly people on lower
floors of apartment buildings, or concentrations of highly vulnerable
people in poorer areas of a city.
2. Socio-economic factors
Wealth – low income populations are less likely to be well prepared. Part
of the preparation is having a Survival Kit that includes tools to be
used, emergency food stock and water that could last for at least 3 to 5
days. Poor families will find a hard time to do such preparation due to
lack of money to spend.
Education– Education programs such as the Metro Manila Development
Authority’s (MMDA) shake drill can instruct populations on how to deal
with hazard events, like the “Big One”- the anticipated 7.8 magnitude
earthquake that may strike Metro Manila anytime.
Nature of Society – In highly centralized government structures,
efficient emergency response may be the result of careful planning and
training of personnel. However, it can also lead to bureaucracy and a
lack of autonomous decision making, which slows down distribution of
relief goods and emergency response efforts in case of extreme
emergency.
Understanding of the area - Recent immigrants are likely to struggle to
cope with hazard effects compared to established population.
Understanding the area is salient factor to be considered in Disaster
Preparedness Planning, and this will give greater advantage to the
established or original settlers in a particular area affected by disaster.
3. Community Preparedness
Building Codes – Rigorous and applied building codes protect most
buildings from collapse during earthquakes. This should be seriously
considered by the government in the issuance of building permits and
licenses for land development.
Scientific monitoring and early warning systems – Established
monitoring system can prepare people for the onslaught of any kind of
disaster.
Communication works – Countries with good quality widespread
communication networks allow messages to be quickly shared.
Communication plays a very important and crucial role in times of
disaster. Communication Plan is a very salient component of Emergency
Planning that should not be left out.
Emergency Planning – Preparation is the key element of prevention.
Preparation for a disaster is embodied in an Emergency Plan. Where
monitoring and communication are in place, the emergency planning is
likely to prepare a person or a group (family) for such events and take
action based on data, rather than prediction.
4. Dealing with the after effects
Insurance cover – Another important aspect of preparation is how to deal
with the after effects of a disaster. Parts of their preparation, individuals
purchase insurance policies to mitigate their losses, thus preparing them
better for similar future events.
Emergency Personnel – These are trained for community preparedness.
The availability of such personnel will vary depending on the time of day
and location of the hazard event.
Aid Request – Outside help in the form of humanitarian aid is necessary
during disaster. However, it should be fast and efficient. Inefficiency and
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4628 mismanagement of aids, especially foreign aids, will possibly result to
further deaths and loss of property. Foreign aids in the form of monetary
and material aid poured in immediately after the onslaught of Typhoon
Yolanda.
B. Exercises for skill subjects / Analysis questions using HOTS for content subjects
Exercise 1
Exercise 1. Direction: Read the newspaper article. Based on the
details of the articles, provide the indicated key
concepts on the blank provided for.
Surprise
Iligan City Mayor Lawrence Cruz said many people were caught by surprise
when water rose one meter (three feet) high in less than an hour, forcing people
onto roofs. “Most of them were already sleeping when floodwaters entered their
homes. This the worst flooding our city has experienced in years. “The national
disaster agency said it could not estimate crop and property damage because
emergency workers, including soldiers and police officers, were evacuating families
and recovering casualties. Benito Ramos, head of the NDRRMC told reporters
Mindanao residents were warned about the dangers posed by the storm days earlier
but elected not to move to safe areas. He said Mindanao was rarely visited by
storms, even as 20 major storms strike the Philippines annually, with the most
hitting Luzon, the largest and most populous island in the Southeast Asian
archipelago. “We expect huge damage, especially on agriculture,” Ramos said. Two
of the three rivers that flow into the port of Iligan had overflowed, he added, and a
popular radio commentator was among those killed. Other affected areas on
Mindanao included 9 Bukidnon province, where 47 people died, while nine other
people were killed elsewhere on the island, Pang of the Red Cross said.

Exercise 2 Identify whether the following item is a hazard or a disaster.

______________ 1. A super typhoon with storm surge affecting
Leyte.
______________ 2. A typhoon passing over remote and unpopulated
island.
______________ 3. A flood in rural area which floods the roads but
does not affect any houses.
______________ 4. A volcano erupting an isolation in the middle of
Pacific Ocean.
______________ 5. An avalanche in ski report.
______________ 6. An avalanche high on the mountain and slopes
remote from ant settlements.
______________ 7. A tsunami wave 5 meters high off the cost of
Japan.
______________ 8. An earthquake in Davao.
______________ 9. A drought and wildfire in Brazil.
______________ 10. A landslide in Tiwi last 2018.
C. Assessment Direction: Encircle the letter of your correct choice that best
completes the statement or answers the question.
/
1. A process, phenomenon or human activity that may cause loss of life, injury or
Application other health impacts, properly damage, social and economic disruption or
environmental degradation is called ______________________.
a. Disaster b. Emergency c. Hazard d. Vulnerability
2. The following are common long-term impacts of natural hazards EXCEPT
a. Destruction of vital infrastructure like roads and bridges. c.
Widespread loss of housing
b. Disconnection of communication lines d. Permanent
disability
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4628 3. A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a widespread
human, material, economic or environmental losses is called
__________________.
a. Disaster b. Vulnerability c. Resiliency d. Hazard
4. The variables that amplify the effects of hazards, affecting the degree or scope
of a disaster is called ______________________.
a. Exposure b. Elements at risk c. Risk drivers d. Vulnerability
5. Which is not an effect of disaster on human life?
a. Food Scarcity c. Displaced Population
b. Illnesses and disease d. Disturbance of Biodiversity
6. Disaster frequently result in all of the following EXCEPT
a. Displacement of populations c. Destruction of a population’s
homeland
b. Damage to the ecological environment d. Adequate supply of goods
and services
7. It is the chance or likelihood of suffering harm and loss as a result of a
hazardous event.
a. vulnerability b. disaster c. disaster risk d. hazard
8. Disaster is frequently described as a result of various condition except
___________________.
a. exposure to hazard
b. having enough physical, social, and attitudinal capabilities
c. conditions of vulnerability at present
d. insufficient capacity or measures to cope with disasters
9. Which can be prevented but can be anticipated generally?
a. human-made hazards c. Socionatural hazards
b. Disasters d. Natural Hazards
10. Which group belongs to the most vulnerable?
a. professional c. indigenous people
b. government officials d. small entrepreneurs

Prepared by:
ROVILISA G. CARREON
Teacher
Verified by:
ELENITA L. ALCAREZ
School Head