Pritzker Prize, in Full Pritzker Architecture Prize, International Award Given

BS ARCHITECTURE 1-A
MARK ANTHONY L. CAET
PRITZKER ARCHITECTURE PRIZE

Pritzker Prize, in full Pritzker Architecture Prize, international award given
annually to recognize the contributions of a living architect. It has often been called
the Nobel Prize of architecture.
The Pritzker Prize was founded in 1979 by Jay and Cindy Pritzker of Chicago, who
funded it as a foundation through their family business, the Hyatt Corporation. The
original stated goal of the prize was to push architecture and architects into the public’s
awareness and to support the notion that buildings have a real influence on people’s
lives. The prize was designed to honour architects for their complete body of built work.
Since 1979, every year an independent jury of about eight people—composed of

critics, practicing architects, and patrons of the arts—has decided upon the winner. Any
licensed architect may nominate a candidate by communicating with the executive
director of the jury. The director additionally actively seeks out nominations from critics,
academics, professionals in related fields, and the jurors. As part of the deliberation
process, which takes place at the beginning of the year, jurors visit many buildings by
architects under consideration for the prize. This fieldwork is an especially positive aspect
of the prize and distinguishes it from other awards that simply rely on photos.
PHILIP C. JOHNSON
YEAR AWARDED: 1979; COUNTRY: UNITED STATES
Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut, USA (1949).

Philip Johnson, in full Philip Cortelyou Johnson, (born July
8, 1906, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.—died January 25, 2005, New Canaan,
Connecticut), American architect and critic known both for his
New York City American Telephone and Telegraph promotion of the International Style and, later, for his role in
Headquarters, NYC, USA (1984). defining postmodernist architecture.
Johnson majored in philosophy at Harvard University,
graduating in 1930. In 1932 he was named director of the
Department of Architecture of the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)
in New York. With Henry-Russell Hitchcock he wrote The
International Style: Architecture Since 1922 (1932), which provided
a description of (and also a label for) post-World War I modern
architecture. In 1940 Johnson returned to Harvard (B.Arch., 1943),
where he studied architecture with Marcel Breuer. His real mentor,
however, was Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, with whom he worked on
the widely praised Seagram Building in New York City (1958).
After World War II Johnson returned to MoMA as director of the
architecture department from 1946 to 1954. His influential
monograph Mies van der Rohe was published in 1947 (rev. ed.,
1953).
Johnson’s reputation was enlarged by the design of his own
residence, known as the Glass House, at New
Canaan, Connecticut (1949). The house, which is notable for its
severely simple rectilinear structure and its use of large glass panels
as walls, owed much to the precise, minimalist aesthetic of Mies but
also alluded to the work of 18th- and 19th-century architects.
Johnson’s style took a final turn with the New York City American
Telephone and Telegraph headquarters (1984; now the Sony
building).Johnson, who continued to design into the early 21st
century, received a number of awards, including the American
Institute of Architects Gold Medal (1978) and the first Pritzker
Architecture Prize (1979).
LUIS BARRAGÁN
YEAR AWARDED: 1980; COUNTRY: MEXICO
Luis Barragán, (born March 9, 1902, Guadalajara, Mex.—

died Nov. 22, 1988, Mexico City), Mexican engineer and architect
San Cristobal Stable in Mexico City, Mexico (1969). whose serene and evocative houses, gardens, plazas, and fountains
won him the Pritzker Prize in 1980.
Barragán, who was born into a wealthy family, grew up on a ranch
near Guadalajara, Mex. He attended the Escuela Libre de Ingenieros
(Free School of Engineers) there, taking a degree in civil
Gilardi House in Mexico City, Mexico (1976). engineering in 1923 and continuing his studies in architecture.
Barragán conceive new methods by which he could create
what he called an “emotional architecture,” one that would
encourage meditation and quietude. In 1935 he moved to Mexico
City, where he began to apply the principles of Le Corbusier and
the International school. With the evolution of his own ideas, his
works began to take on the elements that characterize his mature
period—natural siting, simple surfaces (slabs of concrete, immense
walls of stucco), water features, the use of colour, and so on. From
roughly 1943 to 1952 he developed El Pedregal (“The Lava”) as a
subdivision of Mexico City, taking great care to incorporate intact its
volcanic outcroppings and other natural formations.
Barragán’s output was not large. The majority of the
structures he built are in Guadalajara and Mexico City. Among his
notable works are the house he created around existing buildings at
20–22 Calle Ramírez in the Tacubaya district of Mexico City, where
he lived beginning in the 1940s; numbers 10 and 12 Avenida de las
Fuentes, among the first houses to be built in El Pedregal, and the
Prieto López House there; the San Cristóbal Stables/Egerstrom
House; the Gálvez House; and the Gilardi House. The Barragan
Foundation (1996) is located near Basel, Switz.
SIR JAMES STIRLING
YEAR AWARDED: 1981; COUNTRY: UNITED KINGDOM
Neue Staatsgalerie in Stuttgart, Germany (1984).
Sir James Stirling, in full Sir James Frazer Stirling, (born April
22, 1926, Glasgow, Scotland—died June 25, 1992, London, England),
An interior design of Fogg Art Museum at Harvard
British architect known for his unorthodox, sometimes
University, Massachusetts, USA (1984).
controversial, designs of multiunit housing and public buildings.
Stirling received his architectural training at the University
of Liverpool’s School of Architecture (1945–50). His early work was
mainly low-rise housing projects in the New Brutalist style, which
emphasized exposures of raw steel and brick and the conscious
avoidance of polish and elegance. Stirling’s Engineering Department
building for the University of Leicester (1959–63) is perhaps his most
important work in this idiom.
Stirling evolved a rather playful variant of postmodernism,
making use of unconventional building axes, complex geometric
shapes, and brightly coloured decorative elements. His New State
Gallery, or Neue Staatsgalerie (1977–84), in Stuttgart, Germany, a
combination of classicism and geometric abstraction, is considered
by many to be his finest achievement. Among his other works are a
building for the Fogg Art Museum (1979–84) and the Arthur M.
Sackler Museum (1985), both at Harvard University, and the Clore
Gallery of Tate Britain, London (completed 1987). In 1981 Stirling
was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize, and in 1990 he received
the Japan Art Association’s Praemium Imperiale prize for
architecture. He was knighted shortly before his death.
KEVIN ROCHE
Interior design of Ford Foundation at New York City,

Kevin Roche, in full Eamonn Kevin Roche, (born June 14,
USA (1968).
1922, Dublin, Ireland—died March 1, 2019, Guilford, Connecticut,
U.S.), Irish American architect of governmental, educational, and
corporate structures, especially noted for the work he did in
Bouygues Headquarters in Paris, France (1983). partnership with Eero Saarinen.
Roche graduated in 1945 with a bachelor’s degree in
architecture from the National University of Ireland, Dublin. After
short-term employment with firms in Dublin and London, he did
postgraduate work at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago
under Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. He worked briefly with the United
Nations Planning Office in New York City and in 1950 joined the firm
of Eero Saarinen and Associates, functioning from 1954 to 1961 as
the firm’s principal associate in design.
In 1966 they launched Kevin Roche John Dinkeloo and
Associates. Their design approach retained some similarity to that
of Saarinen in its individual examination of and response to each
new project. Among the projects for which Roche and Dinkeloo are
known are the headquarters of the Ford Foundation in New York
City (1968), of General Foods Corporation in Rye, New York (1977),
of Bouygues outside Paris (1983), and of Merck & Co. in Whitehouse
Station, New Jersey (1993). The firm also worked for a number of
American universities, designing, for example, the Zesiger Sports
and Fitness Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in
Cambridge (2002); the Helen and Martin Kimmel Center for
University Life at New York University in New York City (2003); and
numerous buildings on the campus of the Rochester Institute of
Technology in New York.
I.M. PEI
I.M. Pei, in full Ieoh Ming Pei, (born April 26,

Glass Pyramid in the Louvre Museum in Paris, France 1917, Guangzhou, China—died May 16, 2019, New York, New York,
(1989). U.S.), Chinese-born American architect noted for his large, elegantly
designed urban buildings and complexes.
Pei went to the United States in 1935, enrolling initially at
the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, and then transferring
John Hancock Tower in Boston, USA (1973).
to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, as a
student of architectural engineering.
In addition to designing public buildings, Pei was active
in urban renewal planning. He was chosen to design the New York
City Convention Center, the Gateway office complex in Singapore,
and the Dallas Symphony Hall. Pei’s other works included the John
Hancock Tower (1973) in Boston, Indiana University Museum (1979),
the west wing (1980) of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Nestlé
Corporate Headquarters (1981), El Paso Tower (1981), the Beijing
Fragrant Hill Hotel (1982), and a controversial glass pyramid (1989)
for one of the courtyards in the Louvre Museum in Paris. In his Miho
Museum (1997) in Shiga, Japan, Pei achieved a harmony between
the building, much of it underground, and its
mountain environment. The Suzhou Museum (2006) in China
combines geometric shapes with traditional Chinese motifs.
His numerous honours included the Pritzker Architecture
Prize (1983), the Japan Art Association’s Praemium Imperiale prize
for architecture (1989), the Presidential Medal of Freedom (1993), a
lifetime achievement award from the Cooper-Hewitt museum
(2003), and the Royal Gold Medal (2010) awarded by the Royal
Institute of British Architects. He also was made an officer of
the Legion of Honour in 1993.
RICHARD MEIER
Richard Meier, in full Richard Alan Meier, (born October 12,

1934, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.), American architect noted for his
Jubilee Church in Rome, Italy (2003).
refinements of and variations on classic Modernist principles: pure
geometry, open space, and an emphasis on light. Meier graduated
from Cornell University (B.A., 1957) in Ithaca, New York.
He received more attention for his Douglas House (1973), an
Douglas House at Lake Michigan, USA (1973). archetypal example of his work, located in Harbor Springs, Michigan.
Like much of his work, it features intersecting planes, and, in its crisp
geometric whiteness, it provides a sharp contrast to the natural
setting that surrounds it.
Building upon the success of his series of spectacular private
residences, starting in the mid-1970s Meier began to receive large
public commissions, including the Atheneum (1979) in New
Harmony, Indiana; the Museum of Decorative Arts (1985)
in Frankfurt am Main, Germany; the High Museum of Art (1983)
in Atlanta, Georgia; the City Hall and Library (19895) in The Hague,
Netherlands; and the Museum of Contemporary Art (1995)
in Barcelona, Spain.
From 1985 to 1997 Meier focused much of his attention on
the Getty Center in Los Angeles. The structure has become a popular
tourist destination. Another of Meier’s Los Angeles projects is the Eli
and Edythe Broad Art Center (2008), the home of the visual
arts program on the north campus of the University of California, Los
Angeles. His structures from the 2010s included a number of
commercial buildings; single-family homes; residential towers; the
extension to the Gagosian Gallery (2010), Beverly Hills, California;
the United States Courthouse (2012), San Diego; and several
buildings for Teachers Village (2017), Newark, New Jersey, a mixed-
use complex comprising three charter schools, housing for teachers,
and retail space.
HANS HOLLEIN
YEAR AWARDED: 1985; COUNTRY: AUSTRIA
Haas Haus in Vienna, Austria (1990). Hans Hollein, (born March 30, 1934, Vienna, Austria—died
April 24, 2014, Vienna), Austrian architect and Pritzker Architecture
Prize winner whose designs came to symbolize Modernist Viennese
architecture.
Hollein studied civil engineering (1949–53) in Vienna before
Saturn Tower in Vienna, Austria (2004). earning a degree from the Academy of Fine Arts there in 1956. A
fellowship allowed him to travel to the United States for graduate
studies in architecture and urban planning at the Illinois Institute of
Technology in Chicago and at the University of California, Berkeley,
where he earned a master’s degree in architecture in 1960.
Early in his career, Hollein emerged as a vocal critic of
the Functionalism that dominated much of Modernist architecture
in the 1960s. Although he rejected the idea that a building’s exterior
should serve only practical purposes, much of his architecture was
decidedly Modernist. His first major design was for the Municipal
Museum Abteiberg (1972–82) in Mönchengladbach, Ger. Three
years after the museum’s completion, he was awarded the Pritzker
Prize (1985). Hollein also designed the Museum of Modern Art
(1991) in Frankfurt am Main, Ger., and the Haas Haus commercial
complex (1985–90) in Vienna. The plans for the latter building,
located next to St. Stephen’s Cathedral in the historical area of the
city, met with firm resistance from critics who protested that the
stone and glass structure would not fit well with the much older
architecture surrounding it. The end result, however, incorporated
the new with the old as fluidly as has been done in other European
cities with ancient roots. Among his many projects at the beginning
of the 21st century were the Interbank headquarters in Lima (1996–
2001) and the Saturn Tower in Vienna (2002–04).
GOTTFRIED BÖHM
YEAR AWARDED: 1986; COUNTRY: GERMANY
Gottfried Böhm, (born January 23, 1920, Offenbach-am-

Bernsberg Town Hall in Bernsberg, Germany (1971). Main, Germany), German architect who combined traditional
architectural styles with modern materials and sculptural forms to
create Expressionist sculptures that were gracefully integrated into
their landscapes. He was the recipient of the Pritzker Prize in 1986.
Pilgrimage Church of Mary, Queen of Peace at Naviges, After serving in the German army (1938–42), Böhm
Germany (1972). attended the Technische Hochschule in Munich, graduating with an
engineering degree in 1946. He then studied sculpture for a year at
Munich’s Academy of Fine Arts. In 1947 he began working
in Cologne as an assistant architect alongside his father, Dominikus
Böhm, one of the most prominent architects of Roman Catholic
churches in Europe.
Upon Dominikus Böhm’s death in 1955, Gottfried took over
the Cologne studio. At this time his work began to take on a more
individualistic cast. His design for the Herz-Jesu church (1957–60) in
Schildgen. By the 1960s Böhm’s designs had become increasingly
complex and dynamic, with traditional structuralist principles
abandoned in favour of asymmetric composition and pronounced
plasticity. At the same time, he sought to create structures that
existed in close harmony with their immediate environment. In this
vein, Böhm built the Pilgrimage Church of Mary, Queen of Peace
(1963–72), at Neviges, a striking jewel-like structure of reinforced
concrete that engages with its surroundings as the natural
destination of a sloping path. He also designed the Bensberg town
hall (1962–71), a modern concrete building with an angular
sculptural form that was imaginatively integrated with the stone
ruins of a medieval fortress. These two works are frequently
considered the crowning achievements in Böhm’s career, and the
latter is characteristic of his interest in urban restoration.
TANGE KENZO
YEAR AWARDED: 1987; COUNTRY: JAPAN
Tange Kenzō, (born September 4, 1913, Ōsaka, Japan—died

March 22, 2005, Tokyo), one of the foremost Japanese architects in
Singapore National Library, Singapore (1949). the decades following World War II.
After graduating from Tokyo Imperial University (now the University
of Tokyo) in 1938, Tange worked in the office of Maekawa Kunio, an
architect who had studied with Le Corbusier.
He designed an outstanding series of public buildings,
including the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Office (1957), the
Tokyo Hotel Dome in Tokyo, Japan (2000).
Shizuoka Convention Hall (1957), city halls at Kurayoshi (1957) and
Kurashiki (1960), and the Kagawa prefectural offices (1958).
Tange’s work during the 1960s took more boldly dramatic
forms with the use of reinforced concrete and innovative
engineering. For the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo, he designed
the National Gymnasiums; the two structures featured sweeping
curved roofs and an asymmetrical but balanced design that
masterfully assimilated traditional techniques. During the same
period, Tange also designed St. Mary’s Cathedral in Tokyo, a bold
cruciform design with stark, soaring roofs made of stainless steel.
Tange fulfilled many important overseas commissions during
the 1960s and ’70s, including embassies and university buildings
in Taiwan, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, and Iran. During 1966–70 he
designed the master plan for the Japan World Exposition (Expo 70),
which was held in Ōsaka. In his later structures he built up
combinations of smaller geometric forms into an irregular but
functionally attentive whole. Tange continued to design buildings
into the early 21st century, and notable later works included the
Overseas Union Bank (1986) in Singapore, the Singapore National
Library (1998), and the Tokyo Dome Hotel (2000). In 1987 he was
awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize, and in 1993 he received the
Japan Art Association’s Praemium Imperiale prize for architecture.
GORDON BUNSHAFT
Gordon Bunshaft, (born May 9, 1909, Buffalo, N.Y., U.S.—

died Aug. 6, 1990, New York, N.Y.), American architect and
corecipient (with Oscar Niemeyer) of the prestigious Pritzker
Hirshorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in Washington
Prize in 1988. His design of the Lever House skyscraper in New York
D.C., USA (1974).
City (1952) exerted a strong influence in American architecture.
Educated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Bunshaft later traveled and studied in Europe and North Africa on a
Banque Lambert of Brussels at Brussels Belgium (1965).
fellowship. He joined the firm of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill in 1937
and spent 42 years there (retiring in 1979). His Lever House, showing
the influence of Mies van der Rohe, applied the concept of curtain-
wall construction and open-site planning to the tall office building.
Lever House was the first commercial building in New York City
designed with a glass curtain wall (a nonload-bearing “skin”
attached to the exterior structural components of the building). The
skyscraper’s sleek International Style design helped usher in the
modernist era in corporate architecture in the United States.
Bunshaft’s Connecticut General Life Insurance
Company headquarters (Bloomfield, 1957) is in the same style. His
later buildings show a departure from the Miesian ideal, beginning
with the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Yale
University (1963), and reaching a climax with the low, horizontal
travertine Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Research
Building, University of Texas (Austin, 1971). He also designed
the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (Washington, D.C.,
1974). Bunshaft’s buildings outside the United States include the
Banque Lambert of Brussels (1965) and the remarkable Haj Terminal
and Support Complex at the Jidda International Airport (Jidda, Saudi
Arabia, 1981), which relied on the long-span structural designs of
fellow Skidmore architect Fazlur R. Khan.
OSCAR NIEMEYER
YEAR AWARDED: 1988; COUNTRY: BRAZIL
Oscar Niemeyer, in full Oscar Niemeyer Soares Filho, (born

December 15, 1907, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil—died December 5, 2012,
President’s Palace, Brasília, Brazil (1961). Rio de Janeiro), Brazilian architect, an early exponent of modern
architecture in Latin America, particularly noted for his work
on Brasília, the new capital of Brazil.
Niemeyer studied architecture at the National School of Fine
Niterói Museum of Contemporary Arts in Niterói, Brazil Arts, Rio de Janeiro. Shortly before he graduated in 1934, he entered
(1996). the office of Lúcio Costa, a leader of the Modernist movement in
Brazilian architecture. Niemeyer’s first solo project was the plan for
a complex within Pampulha, a new suburb of Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Commissioned in 1941 by Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, then
mayor of Belo Horizonte. Niemeyer served as chief architect for
NOVA-CAP, the government building authority in Brasília, from 1956
to 1961. Among the Brasília buildings designed by Niemeyer are
the President’s Palace, the Brasília Palace Hotel, the Ministry
of Justice building, the presidential chapel, and the cathedral.
Niemeyer’s other architectural projects include the Ministry
of Defense building in Brasília in 1968 and Constantine University
(now Mentouri University) in Constantine, Algeria, in 1969. In the
mid-1980s he began rethinking and renovating some of his former
designs in Brasília. He changed the shape of the exterior arches on
the Ministry of Justice building and replaced the windows of the
cathedral with stained-glass panels. He continued to design new
buildings, including the Museum of Contemporary Art in Niterói,
Brazil, which opened in 1996. Even after celebrating his 100th
birthday and despite criticism that his newer work lacked the
elegance of his earlier projects, in 2007 he began designing a cultural
centre for Avilés, Spain, where in 1989 he had received the Prince
of Asturias Award for the Arts. The building was inaugurated in 2011
FRANK O. GEHRY
Frank Gehry, in full Frank Owen Gehry, original

name Ephraim Owen Goldberg, also called Frank O. Gehry, (born
February 28, 1929, Toronto, Ontario, Canada), Canadian American
architect and designer whose original, sculptural,
Guggenheim Museum Bilbao in Bilbao, Spain (1997). often audacious work won him worldwide renown. He then studied
architecture at the University of Southern California (1949–51;
1954) and city planning at Harvard University (1956–57). His ability
to undermine the viewer’s expectations of traditional materials and
forms led him to be grouped with the deconstructivist movement in
architecture, although his play upon architectural tradition also
Eight Spruce Street, NYC, USA (1984). caused him to be linked to postmodernism.
Gehry’s reputation soared in the late 1990s. By that time his
trademark style had become buildings that resemble undulating
free-form sculpture. This form reached its zenith in his Guggenheim
Museum Bilbao (1997) in Spain, a structure that arguably caused a
museum building boom in the early 21st century. He further
explored those concerns in the Experience Music Project (1995–
2000; renamed the Museum of Pop Culture in 2016) in Seattle. Walt
Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles was designed before the Bilbao
museum but was completed in 2003 to great acclaim. Gehry was in
high demand in the 21st century. He designed a number of cultural
institutions, including a performing arts centre (2003) for Bard
College in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York; the Jay Pritzker Pavilion
(2004) in Chicago’s Millennium Park; and the New World Center
(2011) for the New World Symphony orchestral academy in Miami
Beach, Florida. In 2012 he completed his first skyscraper, 8 Spruce
Street, a 76-story residential tower in New York City. He notably
experimented with different forms and materials to create the
jewel-like building for the Fondation Louis Vuitton (2014) in the Bois
de Boulogne, Paris. His other projects from the decade include the
brightly coloured Biomuseo (2014), a biodiversity museum
in Panama City, Panama, and a number of buildings
for Facebook (2015 and 2018) in Palo Alto, California.
ALDO ROSSI
YEAR AWARDED: 1990; COUNTRY: ITALY
Aldo Rossi, (born May 3, 1931, Milan, Italy—died

Cemetery of San Cataldo in Modena, Italy (1984).
September 4, 1997, Milan), Italian architect and theoretician who
advocated the use of a limited range of building types and concern
for the context in which a building is constructed. This postmodern
approach, known as neorationalism, represents a reinvigoration
of austere classicism. In addition to his built work, he is known for
Hotel il Palazzo in Fukuoka, Japan (1994). his writings, numerous drawings and paintings, and designs for
furniture and other objects.
Rossi received a degree in architecture from the Milan Polytechnic
in 1959.
Among Rossi’s first works to be built was his winning
competition design (with Gianni Braghieri) for the Cemetery of San
Cataldo (1971–84) in Modena, Italy. Rossi gained international
attention at the Venice Biennale in 1979 when he designed
the Teatro del Mondo, a floating theatre. Rossi’s
A Scientific Autobiography was published in 1981
(reissued 2010). In the 1980s and ’90s Rossi continued his search for
a timeless architectural language in commissions such as the Hotel il
Palazzo (1987–94) in Fukuoka, Japan, and the Bonnefanten Museum
(1995) in Maastricht, Netherlands. Over time, his architectural
sketches and drawings became recognized as works in themselves
and were shown in major museums throughout the world. In
addition to being an architect and writer, he worked as an industrial
designer, notably for Alessi. In 1990 Rossi received the Pritzker Prize.
ROBERT VENTURI
Museum of Contemporary Art in San Diego, California, Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown, Venturi in
USA (1996). full Robert Charles Venturi and Scott Brown née Lakofski
(respectively, born June 25, 1925, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.—
died September 18, 2018, Philadelphia; born October 3, 1931,
Nkana, Northern Rhodesia [now Zambia]), American architects who
Provincial Capitol Building in Toulouse, France (1999). proposed alternatives to the functionalist mainstream of 20th-
century American architectural design. Their design partnership was
at the vanguard of the eclectic movement known
as postmodernism. Venturi studied at the Princeton
University School of Architecture in New Jersey, where he received
a B.A. in 1947 and an M.F.A. in 1950.
Among Venturi and Scott Brown’s more important
commissions were various buildings for Yale University, Princeton
University, and Ohio State University. They designed several
museums, notably the Seattle Art Museum (1985) and the Sainsbury
Wing (1986) of the National Gallery in London. Later projects from
the firm included the Museum of Contemporary Art in San
Diego (1996), the Provincial Capitol Building in Toulouse, France
(1999), and buildings and campus plans for a number of universities
in the U.S. and abroad, including Brown University (2004).
The Pritzker controversy was reignited in 2013 when a
petition to retroactively award the prize to Scott Brown garnered
several thousand signatures and endorsements from a score of
influential architects and critics but was not acted on. In 2015 the
team went on to receive the American Institute of Architects’ 2016
Gold Medal, that organization’s highest honour and the first time a
woman has been awarded it in her lifetime.
ÁLVARO SIZA
YEAR AWARDED: 1992; COUNTRY: PORTUGAL
Álvaro Siza, in full Álvaro Joaquim de Melo Siza Vieira, (born

June 25, 1933, Matosinhos, Portugal), Portuguese architect and
designer whose structures, ranging from swimming pools to public
Huamao Museum of Arts and Education in Ningbo, housing developments, were characterized by a quiet clarity of form
China (2020). and function, a sensitive integration into their environment, and a
purposeful engagement with both cultural and architectural
traditions. He was awarded the Pritzker Prize in 1992.
Church of Saint Jacques de la Lande in Rennes, France His works include the Borges and Irmão Bank (1986) in Vila
(2018). do Conde, Portugal, and a cylindrical meteorological centre (1992)
in Barcelona, created for the 1992 Olympic Games. Some of Siza’s
most notable later designs were for art museums, namely the
Galician Centre of Contemporary Art (1993) in Santiago de
Compostela, Spain; the Museu Serralves (1997) in Porto; and the
Iberê Camargo Museum (2008) in Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Siza continued to consider materials and form as the 21st
century progressed. Siza also created a serene office for the Shihlien
Chemical Industrial Jiangsu Company (2014), using white concrete to
form a hairpin-shaped building that seemingly floats on an artificial
lake in Huai’an City, China. He later utilized red brick and horizontal
forms to integrate a performing arts centre (2015) into the rolling
landscape of Llinars del Vallès, a village outside Barcelona. White
concrete again was his choice for such buildings as the Nadir Afonso
Foundation (2016), a contemporary art museum in Chaves, Portugal;
the church of Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande (2018), near Rennes,
France; and the Capela do Monte (2018; “Hillside Chapel”), Barão de
São João, Portugal. Siza also clad buildings in red sandstone (the
International Design Museum of China [2018; with Castanheira],
Hangzhou), in travertine (two housing blocks [2020] in Gallarate,
Italy), and in black corrugated metal (the Huamao Museum of Art
and Education [2020; with Castanheira], Ningbo, China).
MAKI FUMIHIKO
Fumihiko Maki, (born September 16, 1928, Tokyo, Japan),

postwar Japanese architect who fused the lessons
of Modernism with Japanese architectural traditions.
Aga Khan Museum for Islamic Arts and Culture in
Maki studied architecture with Tange Kenzō at the University of
Tokyo (B.A., 1952). He then attended the Cranbrook Academy of
Toronto, Canada (2013).
Art in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan (1952–53), and the Harvard
Graduate School of Design in Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.A.,
1954).
4 World Trade Center in NYC, USA (2013). In the 1980s and ’90s, Maki further explored his blend
of Modernism and Japanese tradition. In his Fujisawa Gymnasium
(1984), he investigated the expressive potential of metal, creating a
large stadium with a light, airy stainless steel roof that seems to float
above the space. In his design for the Wacoal Art Centre (1982–85)
in Tokyo, he further explored the possibilities of metal, creating
an aluminum facade that contains a series of geometric shapes and
textures. He remained committed to the human scale, as seen in his
Nippon Convention Centre (1990) in Tokyo, an enormous convention
centre made to feel personal in its ground-level plan.
Maki’s firm continued to be successful and prolific in the 21st
century. Among Maki’s many Japanese projects were two performing
arts centres, in Hiroshima (2007) and in Shizuoka (2012). At
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Maki designed the new
Media Lab, which included laboratory, office, and meeting spaces
(completed 2009). In 2013 Maki’s 72-story building at 4 World Trade
Center in New York City became the first to open as part of the new
design for that area by architect Daniel Libeskind. Also in 2013 Maki
completed the Aga Khan Museum for Islamic
arts and culture in Toronto.
CHRISTIAN DE
PORTZAMPARC
YEAR AWARDED: 1994; COUNTRY: FRANCE
Suzhou Bay Cultural Center, Shanghai, China (2020). Christian de Portzamparc, (born May 5, 1944, Casablanca,
Morocco), French architect and urban planner whose distinctly
modern and elegant designs reflected his sensitivity to and
understanding of the greater urban environment. He was the first
French architect to win the Pritzker Prize (1994).
In 1980 Portzamparc established his own firm, Atelier
Prism Tower, NYC, USA (2016).
Christian de Portzamparc. Portzamparc’s passion for music led him
to design many performing arts venues, including the Paris Opéra
Ballet School in Nanterre, France (completed 1987), and what was
called the Cité de la musique (opened 1995; later part of what is
called Philharmonie 2) in Paris, which redefined an industrial and
underused part of the city by means of concert halls, an
amphitheatre, practice spaces, a music museum, and a library.
In addition, he constructed the
Philharmonie Luxembourg (completed 2005), praised by leading
musicians and conductors for its acoustic capacities; the Cidade das
Artes in Rio de Janeiro (completed 2013); and the Shangyin Opera
House, Shanghai (2019). Portzamparc also designed the Christian
Dior flagship store (2015) in Seoul, whose undulating shell recalls
flowing fabric. Other noteworthy projects included the LVMH Tower
(1999), the Hearst Tower (2000), One57 (2014), and Prism Tower
(2016), all in New York City. Portzamparc’s later
projects comprise the Paris La Defense Arena (2017), built for
sporting events and concerts—the Rolling Stones performed during
its opening celebrations—and the Suzhou Bay Cultural Center
(2020), Shanghai.
ANDO TADAO
Tadao Andō, Japanese style Andō Tadao, (born September

13, 1941, Ōsaka, Japan), one of Japan’s leading contemporary
architects. He is best known for his minimalist concrete buildings.
Andō’s structures were often in harmony with their
Interior of the Church of Light in Osaka, Japan (1990). natural environments, taking advantage of natural light in a
dramatically expressive way. In his Church of Light (1990) in the
Ōsaka suburb of Ibaraki, for example, a cruciform shape is cut out of
the concrete wall behind the altar; when daylight hits the outside of
this wall, a cross of light is generated within the interior.
Chichu Art Museum in Naoshima, Japan (2004). As his reputation spread, Andō received a number of
commissions outside Japan that allowed him to continue his
aesthetic in more-public spaces. Important works from the 1990s
include the Ando Gallery at the Art Institute of Chicago (1992); the
Japanese Pavilion (1992) at Expo ’92 in Sevilla, Spain; and the
UNESCO Meditation Space (1996) in Paris. He continued to design
large-scale projects in the 21st century. Notable examples are
the Giorgio Armani Theatre (2001) in Milan; the Pulitzer Arts
Foundation (2001) in St. Louis, Missouri; the Modern Art Museum
(2003) in Fort Worth, Texas; and the Chichu Art Museum (2004) in
Naoshima, Japan. In 2006 Andō’s renovation of the Palazzo
Grassi, Venice, opened, showcasing a selection of art from the
collection of luxury-goods mogul François Pinault. Andō later added
a theatre (2013) to the building and renovated the Punta della
Dogana (2009), also in Venice, to showcase additional pieces
belonging to Pinault. The partnership continued with the renovation
of the Bourse de Commerce (2021), Paris, another home for
Pinault’s vast collection. Andō’s other projects from this period
include 21_21 Design Sight (2007), a museum in Tokyo; the school
of art, design, and architecture (2013) at the University of
Monterrey, Mexico; the Poly Grand Theater (2014), Shanghai; an
extension to the Clark Art Institute (2014), Williamstown,
Massachusetts (2014); and the He Art Museum (2020), Shunde,
China.
RAFAEL MONEO
YEAR AWARDED: 1996; COUNTRY: SPAIN
Rafael Moneo, in full José Rafael Moneo Vallés, (born May

9, 1937, Tudela, Spain), Spanish architect and educator who won
Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, Los Angeles, the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 1996. He is known for designs that
California (2002). seamlessly incorporate both contemporary and historically
referential elements.
Throughout the late 1990s and into the 21st century, Moneo
Northwest Corner Building at Columbia University, NYC, designed many museums and cultural spaces. In Spain he converted
USA (2010). the Villahermosa Palace in Madrid into the museum that houses the
Thyssen-Bornemisza collection (1992) and designed the Pilar
and Joan Miró Foundation in Palma de Mallorca (1992), the Kursaal
Centre in San Sebastián (completed 1999 and winner of the
European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture—Mies van der
Rohe Award, 2001), the Barcelona Auditorium (1999) in Barcelona,
and the expansion of the Prado Museum (2007) in Madrid.
In Stockholm he designed the Museums of Modern Art and
Architecture (1991–98), and in the United States he designed the
Davis Museum and Cultural Center at Wellesley College in
Massachusetts (1993) and the Audrey Jones Beck Building of the
Museum of Fine Arts in Houston (2000). Other notable designs
include the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels in Los
Angeles (2002), the Northwest Corner Building (for the sciences)
at Columbia University in New York City (2010), and the Laboratory
for Integrated Science and Engineering (LISE) at Harvard (2007). His
later buildings comprise the Princeton Neuroscience Institute and
Peretsman-Scully Hall at Princeton University, New Jersey (2014);
the Museo Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain (2014); and
Descendientes de J. Palacios Wineries, El Bierzo, Spain (2017).
SVERRE FEHN
YEAR AWARDED: 1997; COUNTRY: NORWAY
Sverre Fehn, (born Aug. 14, 1924, Kongsberg, Nor.—died

Aukrust Center in Alvdal, Norway (1996). Feb. 23, 2009, Oslo), Norwegian architect known for his designs of
private houses and museums that integrated modernism with
traditional vernacular architecture. He considered the process
of building “an attack by our culture on nature” and stated that it
Norwegian Glacier Museum in Fjærland, Norway was his goal “to make a building that will make people more aware
(1991). of the beauty of the setting, and when looking at the building in the
setting, a hope for a new consciousness to see the beauty there as
well.” He won the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 1997.
He first gained international acclaim in 1958 at the World
Exhibition in Brussels, where his Norwegian Pavilion captured first
prize in the design competition. Built in the International style, the
low wooden building embodied horizontality with its wide,
overhanging, segmented eaves. Fehn again received widespread
notice with his Nordic Pavilion at the Venice Biennale in 1962; it
won the Biennale’s Golden Lion Award for national pavilions.
Fehn’s corpus of completed works reflects the influence of
such modernists as Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, Louis I. Kahn,
and Frank Lloyd Wright but also particularizes the Scandinavian
setting. Fehn’s Norwegian Glacier Museum (completed 1991) in
Fjærland, Nor.—a long, low-lying, white-and-gray concrete
structure with sloping ends—echoed the steep glaciers that
surrounded it. His Hedmark Cathedral Museum (1979) in Hamar,
Nor., was built astride the historic ruins of a 14th-century cathedral
and manor house. Some of Fehn’s other notable museum designs
include the Aukrust Center (completed 1996) in Alvdal, Nor., and the
Norwegian Museum of Photography (completed 2001) in Horten,
Nor. He also designed an exhibition pavilion and adapted a 19th-
century Neoclassical bank building in Oslo for the Norwegian
Museum of Architecture (completed 2007).
RENZO PIANO
YEAR AWARDED: 1998; COUNTRY: ITALY
Renzo Piano, (born September 14, 1937, Genoa, Italy),

Italian architect best known for his high-tech public spaces,
particularly his design (with Richard Rogers) for the Centre Georges
Centre Pompidou in Paris, France (1977).
Pompidou in Paris.
Piano’s interest in technology and modern solutions to
architectural problems was evident in all his designs, although he
increasingly took greater account of the structure’s context. His
design for the Menil Collection Museum (1982–86; with Richard
The Shard in London, United Kingdom (1984). Fitzgerald) in Houston, Texas, utilized ferroconcrete leaves in the
roof, which served as both a heat source and a form of protection
against ultraviolet light. His other important commissions include
San Nicola Soccer Stadium (1987–90) in Bari, Italy; the Kansai
International Airport Terminal (1988–94) in Ōsaka, Japan; the
Auditorium Parco della Musica (1994–2002) in Rome; and the
Beyeler Foundation Museum (1992–97) in Basel, Switzerland. One
of his most-celebrated 21st-century projects, notable for its green
architecture, was a new building for the California Academy of
Sciences (completed 2008) in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park.
His later projects included the Harvard Art Museum
renovation and expansion (2006–14), Cambridge, Massachusetts;
the addition to the Kimbell Art Museum (2007–13), Fort Worth,
Texas; and the new building for the Whitney Museum of American
Art (2007–15), New York. His portfolio remained diverse, however,
and he designed a new building for the Paris Courthouse (2010–17);
a school building (2016–19) in Shenzhen, China; a residential tower
(565 Broome Soho; 2014–19) in New York; and the Children’s
Surgical Hospital (2013–20), Entebbe, Uganda. Piano also rapidly
constructed the Genova–San Giorgio Bridge (2018–20) in his
hometown to replace the Morandi Bridge, which had collapsed in
2018 and killed 43 people.
NORMAN FOSTER
Norman Foster, in full Lord Norman Foster of Thames Bank,

Marina Sands Bay in Singapore (2020). original name in full Norman Robert Foster, (born June 1,
1935, Manchester, England), British architect known for his sleek
modern buildings made of steel and glass.
Foster’s first buildings to receive international acclaim were
the Sainsbury Centre for the Visual Arts (1974–78) in Norwich,
England, a vast, airy glass-and-metal-paneled shed, and the Hong
The Gherkin in Washington, D.C., USA (2004).
Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation headquarters (1979–86) in
c Hong Kong, a futuristic steel-and-glass office building with a stepped
profile.
Foster’s noteworthy buildings of the 21st century included
the headquarters for Swiss Re (later 30 St Mary Axe and nicknamed
“the Gherkin”; 1997–2004), the courtyard enclosure for the
Smithsonian Institution’s Patent Office Building (2004–07) in
Washington, D.C., Terminal 3 of the Beijing Capital International
Airport (2003–08), and London’s City Hall (1999–2002). His later
work included the Art of the Americas Wing at the Museum of Fine
Arts (1999–2010), Boston; the Queen Alia International Airport
(2005–12), Amman, Jordan; Ciudad Casa de Gobierno (2010–15), the
new city hall for Buenos Aires; and the master plan for the Norton
Museum of Art (2011–19), West Palm Beach, Florida. He also
designed Apple Park (2009–18), the headquarters of Apple, Inc., in
Cupertino, California, as well as a number of the company’s high-
profile retail locations, including Michigan Avenue (2015–17),
Chicago; the Champs-Élysées (2015–18), Paris; and Marina Bay Sands
(2016–20), Singapore.
REM KOOLHAS
YEAR AWARDED: 2000; COUNTRY: NETHERLANDS
Rem Koolhaas, (born November 17, 1944, Rotterdam,

Netherlands), Dutch architect known for buildings and writings that
embrace the energy of modernity.
Seattle Central Library in Seattle, USA (2004).
The combination of Koolhaas’s theoretical writings with his fondness
for asymmetry, challenging spatial explorations, and unexpected
uses of colour led many to classify him as a deconstructivist.
However, his work, unlike that of other deconstructivists, does not
rely heavily on theory, and it is imbued with a strong sense of
China Central Television in Beijing, China (2008). humanity and a concern for the role that architecture plays in
everyday life, particularly in an urban context. This grounding in
reality was reflected in Koolhaas’s keen interest in urban planning,
most notably in a master plan for a new city centre in Lille, France
(1985–95), through which he transformed Lille into a business,
entertainment, and residential centre. His celebrated Grand Palais,
an elliptical structure utilizing plastic and aluminum, was at the
centre of this plan.
Among the most noteworthy were a series of international
stores for the Prada fashion house; the Netherlands embassy (1997–
2003) in Berlin; a student centre at the Illinois Institute of
Technology (1997–2003) in Chicago; the Seattle (Washington) Public
Library (1999–2004); Casa da Música (House of Music; 1999–
2005), Porto, Portugal; and the headquarters for Beijing’s state-
owned China Central Television (CCTV; 2004–08).
By the 2010s Koolhaas’s reputation as a “starchitect” was
well established, and he was in high demand for projects around the
globe. His later designs included the Garage Museum of
Contemporary Art (2011–15), Moscow; the Qatar National Library
(2017), Doha; the Tencent Beijing Headquarters (2019); and the Axel
Springer Campus (2013–20), Berlin. In addition to architecture,
Koolhaas also directed the 2014 Venice Architecture
Biennale and curated “Countryside: The Future” (2020), an
exhibition at the Guggenheim Museum, New York.
JACQUES HERZOG AND
PIERRE DE MEURON
YEAR AWARDED: 2001; COUNTRY: SWITZERLAND
Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron, (respectively, born

Beijing National Stadium in Beijing, China (2008). April 19, 1950, Basel, Switzerland ; born May 8, 1950, Basel ), Swiss
architects who, as founders (1978) of the firm Herzog & de Meuron,
were known for their reappropriation of traditional architectural
elements and their inventive use of both natural and artificial
materials. The pair was jointly awarded the Pritzker Architecture
56 Leonard Street in NYC, USA (2017). Prize in 2001.
Their most prominent project was Tate Modern (one of
the Tate galleries) in London. To create the museum, Herzog and de
Meuron converted a former power plant on the South Bank of
the River Thames. Incorporating traditional elements with Art
Deco and modernism, the architects created what they described as
a “building of the 21st century.” Upon opening to the public in May
2000, Tate Modern received critical acclaim and served as
a catalyst for the revitalization of its South Bank neighbourhood.
They later designed an extension, called the Switch House, which
opened in 2016.
Other noteworthy projects by Herzog and de Meuron
include the gabion-walled Dominus Winery in Napa Valley,
California (completed 1997); the nearly transparent marketing
building for Ricola, a cough drop manufacturer, in Laufen,
Switzerland (completed 1999); a railroad utility building in Basel that
was sheathed in copper strips (completed 1994); Allianz Arena, a
massive doughnut-shaped football (soccer) stadium in Munich
(completed 2005); and the National Stadium (completed 2008), a
dramatic steel latticework structure known as the “Bird’s Nest” that
was the main arena for the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing. In 2007
the pair won the Gold Medal of the Royal Institute of British
Architects as well as the Japan Art Association’s Praemium
Imperiale prize for architecture.
GLEN MURCUTT
YEAR AWARDED: 2002; COUNTRY: AUSTRALIA
Glenn Murcutt, in full Glenn Marcus Murcutt, (born July 25,

The Walsh House in Kangaroo Valley, Australia (2005). 1936, London, England), Australian architect who was noted for
designing innovative climate-sensitive private houses. He was
awarded the Pritzker Prize in 2002.
After earning a degree in architecture from the University of New
Arthur and Yvonne Boyd Education Centre in New South South Wales Technical College in 1961, Murcutt spent eight years
Wales, Australia (1999). with a Sydney architectural firm before founding his own practice.
Murcutt’s buildings reflect his desire to maintain harmony
with the environment. His houses often feature corrugated iron with
the ribs laid horizontally, creating a linearity that he felt responded
to the landscape instead of competing with it. As a result of his sense
of a building’s functionality, few of his designs called for air-
conditioning. In projects such as the Magney House (1984),
Moruya, New South Wales, the flow of air is controlled through the
implementation of slatted roofs, screens, and blinds, while wide
eaves provide shelter from the sun. Other eco-conscious features
include the V-shaped roof, which collects rainwater for reuse.
Murcutt spent most of his career designing homes in
Australia—including, in New South Wales, the Simpson-Lee House
(1993), Mount Wilson; the Walsh House (2005), Kangaroo Valley;
and the Donaldson House (2017; later the Palm Beach House),
Sydney. However, he also built a number of public spaces. These
include the Kempsey Museum and Visitor Information Centre
(1982), South Kempsey, and the Arthur and Yvonne Boyd Education
Centre (1999), an artist and student retreat near Nowra (both in
New South Wales), as well as the Australian Islamic Centre (2016),
Melbourne.
JØRN UTZON
YEAR AWARDED: 2003; COUNTRY: DENMARK
Jørn Utzon, (born April 9, 1918, Copenhagen, Denmark—

died November 29, 2008, Copenhagen), Danish architect best known
for his dynamic, imaginative, but problematic design for the Sydney
Opera House in Australia.
Utzon studied at the Copenhagen School of Architecture
Sydney Opera House in Sydney, Australia (1973).
(1937–42) and then spent three years in Stockholm, where he came
under the influence of the Swedish architect Gunnar Asplund. He
also studied in the United States, and, for a six-month period in 1946,
Fredensborg Houses in Frendensborg, Zealand, he worked in the office of the Finnish architect and designer Alvar
Denmark (1960).
Aalto. Among his important early works were two houses
in Denmark, his own at Hellebæk (1952) and another at Holte (1952–
53).
In 1957 Utzon won the design competition for a new opera
house at Sydney with a dramatic design that brought him
international fame. Construction, however, posed a variety of
problems, many resulting from the innovative nature of the design,
a series of sail-like shells. He resigned from the project in 1966, but
construction continued until September 1973. The completed Opera
House is now Sydney’s best-known landmark. In 1999 Utzon agreed
to return as the building’s architect, overseeing an improvement
project. He redesigned the reception hall—the only interior space
that had been true to his plans—and it opened in 2004 as the Utzon
Room. Two years later a new colonnade was completed, marking the
first alteration to the Opera House’s exterior since 1973. In 2007 the
Opera House was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site.
Utzon is also noted for two housing estates, one
near Helsingør (1956) and another in Fredensborg in northern
Sjælland (1957–60). Both made effective use of the surrounding
terrain. His Bagsůaerd Church (1976) in suburban Copenhagen has
the appearance of clustered farm buildings. He was given numerous
awards for his works, including a gold medal by the Royal Institute of
British Architects in 1978. In 2003 Utzon received the prestigious
Pritzker Architectural Prize.
ZAHA HADID
Zaha Hadid, in full Dame Zaha Hadid, (born October 31,

1950, Baghdad, Iraq—died March 31, 2016, Miami, Florida, U.S.),
Iraqi-born British architect known for her radical deconstructivist
designs. In 2004 she became the first woman to be awarded
Heydar Aliyev Center in Baku, Azerbaijan (2012).
the Pritzker Architecture Prize.
Hadid’s first major built project was the Vitra Fire
Station (1989–93) in Weil am Rhein, Germany. Composed of a series
of sharply angled planes, the structure resembles a bird in flight. Her
other built works from this period included a housing project for IBA
Jockey Club Innovation Tower in Hongkong (2014). Housing (1989–93) in Berlin, the Mind Zone exhibition space (1999)
at the Millennium Dome in Greenwich, London, and the Land
Formation One exhibition space (1997–99) in Weil am Rhein. Hadid
solidified her reputation as an architect of built works in 2000, when
work began on her design for a new Lois & Richard Rosenthal Center
for Contemporary Art in Cincinnati, Ohio.
In 2010 Hadid’s boldly imaginative design for the MAXXI
museum of contemporary art and architecture in Rome earned her
the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) Stirling Prize for the
best building by a British architect completed in the past year. She
won a second Stirling Prize the following year for a sleek structure
she conceived for Evelyn Grace Academy, a secondary school in
London. Hadid’s fluid undulating design for the Heydar Aliyev
Center, a cultural centre that opened in 2012 in Baku, Azerbaijan,
won the London Design Museum’s Design of the Year in 2014. She
was the first woman to earn that award—which judges designs in
architecture, furniture, fashion, graphics, product, and
transportation—and the design was the first from the architecture
category. Her other notable works included the London Aquatics
Centre built for the 2012 Olympics; the Eli and Edythe Broad Art
Museum, which opened in 2012 at Michigan State University in East
Lansing, Michigan; and the Jockey Club Innovation Tower (2014) for
the Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
THOM MAYNE
Thom Mayne, (born January 19,

1944, Waterbury, Connecticut, U.S.), American architect, whose
bold and unconventional works were noted for their offset angular
San Francisco Federal Building in San Francisco, forms, layered exterior walls, incorporation of giant letter and
California, USA (2007). number graphics, and emphasis on natural light. He was awarded
the Pritzker Prize in 2005.
After earning a bachelor’s degree in architecture from
An aerial view of Diamond Ranch High School near the University of Southern California in 1968, Mayne had a brief
Pomona, California, USA (2000). career in urban planning, working under noted civic planner Victor
Gruen. In 1972 Mayne and fellow architect Michael Rotondi
launched the Santa Monica, California-based design firm Morphosis,
taking the firm’s name from the Greek word meaning “to be in
formation” or “taking shape.” That same year Mayne helped found
the Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI-ARC), which
became a leading school in experimental design. In 1978 he
completed a one-year master’s degree program in architectural
studies at Harvard University.
Mayne achieved what was considered his breakthrough
design—the Diamond Ranch High School (1999–2000),
near Pomona, California. Built on a hillside, the school features two
rows of unusually angled buildings sheltering a canyonlike interior
walkway. In 2004 Mayne completed his design for the Caltrans
District 7 Headquarters building in Los Angeles, which served as a
regional headquarters for the California Department of
Transportation. Though massive, the Caltrans building is sensitive to
the streetscape. His later works include a student centre (2006) at
the University of Cincinnati, Ohio, and several government-
commissioned projects, including the San Francisco Federal Building
(2007). In 2007 Mayne unveiled plans for a tower in Paris that would
feature moveable structures to capture sunlight.
PAULO MENDES DA
ROCHA
YEAR AWARDED: 2006; COUNTRY: BRAZIL
Brazilian Museum of Sculpture in São Paulo, Brazil

Paulo Mendes da Rocha, in full Paulo Archias Mendes da
(1995).
Rocha, (born October 25, 1928, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil—died
May 23, 2021, São Paulo), Brazilian architect known for bringing
a Modernist sensibility to the architecture of his native country. He
Club Athletico Paulistino Gymnasium, São Paulo, Brazil was awarded the Pritzker Prize in 2006, becoming the second
(1958). Brazilian (after Oscar Niemeyer) to receive the honour.
Mendes da Rocha moved to São Paulo as a child with his
mother, the daughter of Italian immigrants, and his father, a Brazilian
engineer. After completing a degree in architecture (1954) at
Mackenzie University in São Paulo, Mendes da Rocha began a career
in that city. From the start he was associated with the architectural
cutting edge, and in 1958 his designs for the Club Athletico
Paulistano, the first of his many prizewinning structures, gave
evidence of his daring and original vision. He won the competition
for the Jockey Club in Goiâna in 1963 and in 1969 was selected (with
Flavio Motta, Julio Katinsky, and Ruy Ohtake) to build the Brazilian
Pavilion for Expo 1970 in Ōsaka. It was his first international building,
and many others followed, including in 2004 a project in Spain to
enlarge and reorganize the campus of the University of Vigo.
Nevertheless, Mendes da Rocha continued to construct
most of his work in São Paulo. One of his most significant designs in
the city was the Brazilian Museum of Sculpture (1995), and he
counted houses, high-rise apartment buildings, stadiums, schools,
social clubs, offices, clinics, bus terminals, libraries, and a reservoir
among his structures. He also designed furniture, such as the
Paulistano chair (1957); opera sets for Suor Angelica (1990)
and The 500-Year Opera (1992); and architectural exhibitions
(1997 and 1998). As he expanded his portfolio, Mendes da Rocha
developed his own distinctive vocabulary. Employing a style that
became known as Paulist Brutalism, he used great expanses of
concrete in his buildings, managing to create a sense of
monumentality without massiveness, Modernism without
alienation.
RICHARD ROGERS
Richard Rogers, original name in full Richard George Rogers,

from 1996 Lord Rogers of Riverside, (born July 23, 1933, Florence,
Millennium Dome in London, England (1999). Italy), Italian-born British architect noted for what he described as
“celebrating the components of the structure.”
His high-tech approach is most evident in the Pompidou
Centre (1971–77) in Paris, which he designed with the Italian
architect Renzo Piano. The Pompidou and Lloyds commissions
Lloyd’s Building in London, England (1978). gained Rogers worldwide attention and led to other commissions,
including the European Court of Human Rights (1989–95) in
Strasbourg, France; the Channel 4 Television Headquarters (1991–
94) in London; 88 Wood Street (1994–99), an office development in
London; and the Daimler Chrysler building (1993–99) in the
revitalized Potsdamer Platz, Berlin.
Rogers’s work reached its greatest audience when he
designed the Millennium Dome (1996–99; later the O2 Arena) in
Greenwich, England. In 2007 the name of Rogers’s firm was changed
to Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners. Subsequent projects included
Maggie’s West London Centre (2008); Terminal 5 at Heathrow
Airport (2008), London; One Hyde Park (2011), London; the
Leadenhall Building (2014; called the “Cheese Grater”), London;
International Towers Sydney (2016); and 3 World Trade Center
(2018), New York. Rogers retired from his firm in 2020.
JEAN NOUVEL
Jean Nouvel, (born August 12, 1945, Fumel, Lot-et-Garonne,

Louvre Abu Dhabi in Abu Dhabi, UAE (2017). France), French architect who designed his buildings to “create a
visual landscape” that fit their context—sometimes by making them
contrast with the surrounding area. For his boldly experimental
designs, which defy a general characterization, he was awarded the
2008 Pritzker Architecture Prize, and by the early 21st century
La Marseillaise in Marseille, France (2018).
Nouvel had earned a place in the pantheon of architectural
superstars.
Nouvel’s list of completed structures includes one of the
three buildings that constitute Seoul’s Leeum Museum (2004),
Barcelona’s bullet-shaped Agbar Tower (2005), the Guthrie Theater
(2006) in Minneapolis, the quirky Quai Branly Museum (2006) in
Paris, and Copenhagen’s Concert Hall (2009), with its bright blue
exterior that functions at night as a video screen.
In 2007 he won commissions to design a 75-story mixed-use
tower (later known as 53 West 53, or 53W53) next to the Museum
of Modern Art in New York City (construction began in 2014) and a
museum for the cultural district of Abu Dhabi, lying just
offshore.Nouvel also designed the new National Museum of Qatar
(2019) in Doha, which comprised a series of interlocking discs.
PETER ZUMTHOR
YEAR AWARDED: 2009; COUNTRY: SWITZERLAND
Peter Zumthor, (born April 26, 1943, Basel, Switzerland),

Swiss architect known for his pure, austere structures, which have
been described as timeless and poetic. These qualities were noted
when he was awarded the 2009 Pritzker Architecture Prize.
7137 Thermal Baths in Vals, Switzerland (1996).
In his early Swiss commissions, such as the St. Benedict
Chapel (1988) in Sumvitg, Zumthor established his respect for site
and materials. A commission to design the Therme Vals (1996) in
Bruder Klaus Field Chapel in Wachendorf, Germany
Vals, Switzerland, presented Zumthor with a prime opportunity to
create a series of varied spatial experiences. The structure,
(2007).
appearing like an enormous geometric rock carved within the
hillside, is made from local quartz and concrete. Among his other
notable projects are the Spittelhof housing plan (1996) in Biel-
Benken, Switzerland; a residential home for the elderly (1993) in
Chur, Switzerland; the Swiss pavilion for Expo 2000 in Hannover,
Germany; the Brother Klaus Field Chapel (2007) in Wachendorf,
Germany; and the Kolumba art museum (2007) in Cologne,
Germany.He designed the 2011 Serpentine Pavilion, London, which
included a central garden by the Dutch landscape designer Piet
Oudolf.
Zumthor then built the Werkraum House (2013),
Andelsbuch, Austria, an office and gallery for the Bregenzerwald
Werkraum, a crafts and trade association. His buildings for the
historic Allmannajuvet zinc mines in Sauda, Norway, included a café,
a service building, and a museum (2016). Zumthor’s last project from
the decade was Secular Retreat (2019), a “villa for the 21st century”
on the Devon Moors in England. It was among a series of vacation
homes commissioned by author Alain de Botton’s Living
Architecture organization.
KAZUYO SEJIMA AND
RYUE NISHIZAWA
Rolex Learning Center in Lausanne, Switzerland (2009).

Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa, (respectively, born
October 29, 1956, Mito, Ibaraki prefecture, Japan; born February 7,
1966, Kanagawa prefecture, Japan), Japanese architects who, as
founding partners of the firm SANAA (Sejima and Nishizawa and
Associates), designed structures that were admired for their refined
New Museum of Contemporary Art in NYC, USA (2007).
simplicity, spatial fluidity, and thoughtful integration into their
surroundings. In 2010 they were awarded the Pritzker Prize,
becoming only the second partnership to be so honoured.
Most of SANAA’s early projects were in Japan, notably the
O-Museum (1995–99), on a mountainside in Nagano. Another major
commission was the 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art in
Kanazawa (1999–2004), a circular building with a glass facade.
SANAA’s first completed large-scale project outside Japan was the
cubelike Zollverein School of Management and Design (2003–06) in
Essen, Germany. It was quickly followed by the Glass Pavilion at the
Toledo (Ohio) Museum of Art (2001–06), a minimalist structure that,
in its use of curved glass, quietly paid tribute to that city’s industrial
history.
Other notable international designs include those for the
New Museum of Contemporary Art in New York City (2003–07), the
De Kunstlinie Theatre and Cultural Centre in Almere, Netherlands
(1998–07), and the Rolex Learning Center at the École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland (2005–09). In
2005 the pair was selected to design a new branch of the Louvre
Museum in Lens, France; the institution opened in 2012.
EDUARDO SOUTO DE
MOURA
YEAR AWARDED: 2011; COUNTRY: PORTUGAL
Building in Senhora da Luz in Porto, Portugal (2016).

Eduardo Souto de Moura, in full Eduardo Elísio Machado Souto
de Moura, (born July 25, 1952, Porto, Portugal), Portuguese architect
known for integrating the clean lines of minimalism with such non-minimal
elements as colour and the use of local materials. In 2011 he won the
Casa das Historias Paula Rego in Portugal (2000). Pritzker Architecture Prize, whose jury cited the “intelligence and
seriousness” of his work and noted that his architecture “appears effortless,
serene, and simple.”Souto de Moura’s first major commission was the
Municipal Market in Braga, Portugal (1984; remodeled as a cultural centre
by the architect in 2001). He then won a competition to design the cultural
centre Casa das Artes in Porto (1991).
He designed a home and exhibition space for the Portuguese film
director Manoel de Oliveira called Cinema House (2003). He also designed
the Braga Municipal Stadium (2003), using crushed granite from the site for
the concrete of the building; the Metro do Porto, the subway system in
Porto (2005); and the Burgo Tower, an office complex also in Porto (2007).
He also designed many other structures, including the Cultural Centre of
Viana do Castelo (2013); the restoration of the São Lourenço do Barrocal
estate (2017), Monsaraz, Portugal, into a remote retreat; and the Comédie
Clermont-Ferrand (2020), a theatre in France.
Among Souto de Moura’s many other projects are a bridge, a wine
cellar, golf resorts, exposition pavilions, and several more office buildings.
Before receiving the Pritzker Prize, Souto de Moura worked chiefly in
Portugal, with the occasional excursion into such countries as Italy, Spain,
Switzerland, and Belgium.
WANG SHU
YEAR AWARDED: 2012; COUNTRY: CHINA
Ningbo Museum in Ningbo, China (2008). Wang Shu, (born November 4, 1963, Ürümqi, Xinjiang,
China), Chinese architect whose reuse of materials salvaged from
demolition sites and thoughtful approach to setting and Chinese
tradition revealed his opposition to modern China’s relentless
urbanization. He was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2012
Ceramic House in Jinhua, China (2006). for “producing an architecture that is timeless, deeply rooted in its
context, and yet universal.”.
In addition to designing the Library of Wenzheng College,
Suzhou University (completed 2000), several houses (Sanhe House,
Nanjing, 2003; Ceramic House, Jinhua Architecture Park, 2003–06;
Five Scattered Houses, 2003–06), an apartment building (Vertical
Courtyard Apartments, 2002–07), and more than 20 campus
buildings for Xiangshan University (2002–07) in Hangzhou, Wang Shu
designed several exhibition halls and pavilions as well as the Ningbo
Contemporary Art Museum (completed 2005).
TOYO ITO
Toyo Ito, Japanese Itō Toyo-o, (born June 1, 1941, Seoul,

Korea [now in South Korea]), Japanese architect known for his
Museo Internacional de Barroco in Puebla, Mexico innovative designs and for taking a fresh approach to each of his
(2016). projects. Ito held that architecture should consider the senses as well
as physical needs, and his philosophy doubtless contributed to the
considerable critical and popular response his works received. In
2013 he was awarded a Pritzker Architecture Prize. In its citation, the
The Tower Winds in Yokohama-shi, Japan (1986). Pritzker jury stated that “his architecture projects an air of optimism,
lightness, and joy and is infused with both a sense of uniqueness and
universality.”
By most accounts, Ito’s masterpiece was the Sendai (Japan)
Mediatheque (completed 2001), a multipurpose cultural centre
whose design was inspired by floating seaweed.Similarly, the Kao-
hsiung (Taiwan) National Stadium (2009) possessed a monumental
spiral-shaped roof resembling a coiled snake. One of Ito’s most
ambitious projects, the National Taichung Theater, Taiwan, which
was under construction when he received the Pritzker in 2013, was
likened by some to an enormous sponge, featuring a labyrinthine
network of tunnels, curved walls, and cavernous spaces. It was
completed in 2016.Ito’s other projects included the spotted concrete
facade of the Mikimoto Ginza 2 flagship store (2005), Tokyo; Tama
Art University Library (2007), Tokyo; Toyo Ito Museum of
Architecture (2011), Imabari, Japan; and Museo Internacional del
Barroco (2016), Puebla, Mexico.
BAN SHIGERU
Ban Shigeru, (born August 5, 1957, Tokyo, Japan), Japanese

Christchurch Transitional Cathedral in Christchurch, architect who employed elements of both Japanese and American
New Zealand (2013). design in his projects and who was known for his pioneering use of
cardboard tubes in building construction. In 2014 he was awarded
the Pritzker Prize. In its citation the Pritzker jury noted his creatively
designed structures, such as temporary shelters, for areas
Pompidou Centre-Metz in Metz, France (2010). devastated by natural disasters. “When tragedy strikes, he is often
there from the beginning.”
He was most recognized for his innovative use of cardboard
tubes as construction materials. He first used paper tubes in 1985–
86, notably in a gallery for fashion designer Issey Miyake. Ban
suggested to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) in 1994 that shelters made of paper be constructed for
Rwandan refugees; he was made a consultant to the agency in 1995,
and 50 such structures were built in 1998.
Ban continued to use the tubes to create structures such as
the Paper Arch, a decorative lattice built in 2000 and displayed in the
gardens of New York City’s Museum of Modern Art. He later
designed (with Jean de Gastines of France) the Pompidou Centre—
Metz, a regional branch of the famed arts centre. The avant-garde
building, which opened in 2010, featured an undulating roof that
was inspired by a Chinese bamboo hat.
FREI OTTO
YEAR AWARDED: 2015; COUNTRY: GERMANY
An aerial view of the Olympiapark in Munich, Germany Frei Otto, in full Frei Paul Otto, (born May 31, 1925, Siegmar,
(1972). Germany—died March 9, 2015, Warmbronn, Germany), German
architect and design engineer and winner of the 2015 Pritzker Prize,
who is known for his tensile architectural designs—lightweight
tentlike structures such as the central sports stadium of the Munich
Heart Tent inside Tuwaiq Palace in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 1972 Olympic Games.
(1984). Otto’s first major international project was his design for the
West German pavilion at the 1967 world’s fair in Montreal (Expo 67),
created in collaboration with Rolf Gutbrod and Fritz Leonhardt. The
success of the Montreal design led to a commission for the main
stadium of the 1972 Munich Olympics (with Gunther Behnisch). In
the meantime, Otto opened the Atelier Frei Otto Warmbronn
architectural studio near Stuttgart in 1969 and in 1971 was
honoured with a retrospective exhibition at New York’s Museum of
Modern Art.
Otto’s first major international project was his design for the
West German pavilion at the 1967 world’s fair in Montreal (Expo 67),
created in collaboration with Rolf Gutbrod and Fritz LeonhardtIn the
meantime, Otto opened the Atelier Frei Otto Warmbronn
architectural studio near Stuttgart in 1969 and in 1971 was
honoured with a retrospective exhibition at New York’s Museum of
Modern The Olympics stadium structure, for which Otto is best
known, was a transparent version of his large trademark membranes
that covered the sports arena and spectator stands. Following his
Olympics work, Otto made a number of tensile tentlike structures in
places around the world, including the Intercontinental Hotel &
Conference Centre in Mecca, Saudi Arabia (with Rolf Gutbrod;
completed 1974), Tuwaiq Palace in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (with Buro
Happold and Omrania & Associates; completed 1985), the aviary at
the Munich Zoo (completed 1980), and, with architect Shigeru Ban,
the Japanese pavilion at the 2000 Expo in Hanover, Germany. He and
Gutbrod won the 1980 Aga Khan Award for Architecture for the
Conference Centre, and he, Happold, and Omrania won that in 1998
for Tuwaiq Palace.
ALEJANDRO ARAVENA
YEAR AWARDED: 2016; COUNTRY: CHILE
Alejandro Aravena, (born June 22, 1967, Santiago, Chile),

Chilean architect known for his socially conscious building projects
UC Innovation Center in Santiago, Chile (2015). that attempt to break down economic inequality in urban areas. In
2016 he became the first Chilean to win the Pritzker Prize.
Other notable projects by Aravena include a dormitory at St.
Edward’s University in Austin, Texas (2008); the Las Cruces Pilgrim
Lookout Point on La Ruta del Peregrino in the mountains of the Sierra
Madre Occidental in Jalisco, Mexico (2010); an incremental housing
Siamese Tower in Santiago, Chile (2005).
development in Monterrey, Mexico (2010); the Bicentennial
Children’s Park in Santiago (2012); the UC Innovation Centre at the
Pontifical Catholic University (2014); and the Writer’s Cabin of Jan
Michalski Foundation in Montricher, Switzerland (2015).
Aravena and the Elemental group are known for building
“incremental housing,” a form of basic affordable housing in
economically vibrant urban locations and realized in part with
government subsidies. Called “half a good house” by Aravena, that
type of housing gave the most-disenfranchised citizens the
opportunity to play a role in improving their economic standing. To
build those housing projects, Aravena worked directly with the
people for whom the space was designed in order to ensure the
success of the end product.
Aravena worked on the first such project in 2003–04 in the
city of Iquique, in northern Chile. Elemental was tasked with
designing housing for 100 families with nominal funds provided by
the government. In the end, they developed “half a good house” for
each family that provided a concrete frame and foundation, a
kitchen, and a bathroom, with gaps between the houses for families
to add on rooms as needed and when financially feasible. The result
is an ever-changing neighbourhood with ongoing investment—one
in which the housing values increase instead of decrease, the
opposite situation of most low-income housing projects. Following
the Chile earthquake and tsunami in 2010, Aravena was involved in
rebuilding the hard-hit town of Constitución, where he built the Villa
Verde Housing (2013), also based on the incremental housing design,
a seaside promenade (2014), and the Constitución Cultural Centre
(2013–15).
RAFAEL ARANDA,
CARME PIGEM, AND
RAMON VILALTA
YEAR AWARDED: 2017; COUNTRY: SPAIN
A hallway inside Bell-Lloc Winery in Girona, Spain

(2007).
Bibleotica San Antoni-Juan Oliver in Barcelona, Spain

(2007). Rafael Aranda, Carme Pigem, and Ramon Vilalta,
(respectively, born 1961, Olot, Spain; born 1962, Olot, Spain; born
1960, Olot, Spain), Spanish architects who, as founders (1988) of the
firm RCR Arquitectes, were known for their collaborative approach
in designing a range of public and private projects. In 2017 the trio
was awarded the Pritzker Prize, marking the first time the honour
was bestowed on three individuals at one time.
Among their notable projects is the Tossols-Basil Athletics
Track (2000), located within a natural park outside Olot. The Sant
Antoni–Joan Oliver Library and Senior Citizens Centre and Cándida
Pérez Gardens (2007), on the other hand, is situated amid dense
buildings on a bustling city street in Barcelona. The firm began
accepting larger commissions outside of Spain in the early 2010s,
notably the Soulages Museum (with G. Trégouët) in Rodez, France,
and La Cuisine Art Center in Nègrepelisse, France (both 2014). The
former, a museum dedicated to the works of the French painter
Pierre Soulages, thoughtfully complements the artist’s abstract
works with its simple geometric shapes and the artist’s russet palette
with its use of Corten steel.
BALKRISHNA DOSHI
YEAR AWARDED: 2018; COUNTRY: INDIA
Balkrishna Doshi, in full Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi, also

Vitra Design Museum in Rhein, Germany (2021). called B.V. Doshi, (born August 26, 1927, Pune, India), Indian
architect, the first from that country to be awarded the prestigious
Pritzker Prize (2018).
In a career spanning about seven decades, Doshi completed
more than 100 projects, many of which were public institutions
based in India: schools, libraries, art centres, and low-cost housing.
Aranya Low-Cost Housing in Indore, India (1989).
His understated buildings adapted the principles he learned from
working with Le Corbusier and Louis Kahn to the needs of his
homeland. In considering India’s traditions, lifestyles, and
environment, Doshi designed structures that offered refuge from
the weather and provided spaces in which to gather.Doshi’s other
notable projects included the Institute of Indology, Ahmedabad
(1962), Premabhai Hall, Ahmedabad (1976), and the Indian Institute
of Management Bangalore (1977–92).
ISOZAKI ARATA
Qatar National Convention Center in Doha, Qatar Isozaki Arata, (born July 23, 1931, Ōita, Kyushu, Japan),
(2011). Japanese architect who, during a six-decade career, designed more
than 100 buildings, each defying a particular category or style. For
his work, he was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2019.
The first building for which Isozaki was noted is the Ōita
The Art Tower Mito in Mito, Japan (1990). Prefectural Library (1966), a Metabolist-influenced structure.
Among his innovative structures of this period were the Kita-Kyūshū
City Museum of Art (1974), the Fujimi Country Clubhouse in Ōita
(1974), the Okanoyama Graphic Art Museum (1982–84), and the
Civic Centre for Tsukuba (1983).
His first international commission was for the Los Angeles
Museum of Contemporary Art in 1986. Others followed, and he soon
worked throughout Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. His notable
works included the Team Disney Building (1991) in Lake Buena Vista,
Florida, U.S.; Domus (1995; formerly La Casa del Hombre) in A
Coruña, Spain; and Qatar National Convention Centre (2011) in
Doha.
YVONNE FARRELL AND
SHELLY MCNAMARA
YEAR AWARDED: 2020; COUNTRY: IRELAND
Solstice Art Centre in Co. Meath, Ireland (2007).
Yvonne Farrell and Shelley McNamara, (respectively, born

1951, Tullamore, Ireland; born 1952, Lisdoonvarna, Ireland), Irish
University of Engineering and Technology (UTECH) in
architects who, as founders (1978) of the firm Grafton Architects,
were known for structures that are at once understated and
Lima, Peru (2015).
complex; historical and modern; generous toward their users; and
considerate of the environment. The pair had been collaborating for
more than 40 years when they received the Pritzker Prize in 2020,
the first time the honour was given to two women.
By the mid-2000s, Grafton Architects had designed several
schools, office buildings, and public and private housing throughout
the country, including North King Street Housing (2000), Dublin, and
the Urban Institute of Ireland (2002), Dublin. The latter was a new
addition to University College Dublin campus, which mostly
comprises 19th-century school buildings.
In 2003 Grafton Architects won an international competition
to design the School of Economics building at the Università
Commerciale Luigi Bocconi in Milan, their first commission outside of
Ireland. When the building was completed in 2008, it was named the
World Building of the Year at the inaugural World Architectural
Festival.More international commissions followed, including the
campus of Universidad de Ingeniería y Tecnología (UTEC) Lima
(2015); the Toulouse School of Economics at the Université Toulouse
1 Capitole (2019), France; and the Institut Mines-Télécom (2019),
Paris.
ANNE LACATON AND
JEAN-PHILIPPE VASSAL
FRAC Nord-Pas de Calais in Dunkirk, France (2013).
Anne Lacaton and Jean-Philippe Vassal (born on August

1955 and February 1954, respectively) The work of Lacaton & Vassel
focuses on reduced-cost construction. Lacaton & Vassel has carried
La Tour Bois le Prêtre in Paris, France (2011). out numerous international projects of note in the field of housing,
as well as the high profile renovation of the Palais de Tokyo in Paris.
In 2019 the Grand Parc Bordeaux (with Frédéric Druot and
Christophe Hutin) was selected winner of the European Union's 2019
Mies van der Rohe Award, for the best contemporary architecture in
Europe. Lacaton and Vassal, who formed their practice in 1987, have
worked on private and social housing, cultural and academic
institutions, public spaces, and urban developments in Europe and
West Africa.
The Pritzker Prize jury commended their use of outside
space, apparent in their refurbishment of La Tour Bois le Prêtre
(Paris, 2011), a 17-storey, 96-unit city housing project originally built
in the early 1960s, and Latapie House (Floirac, 1993), which created
a garden and enhanced natural light in the building’s interior.

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BS ARCHITECTURE 1-A

MARK ANTHONY L. CAET

PRITZKER ARCHITECTURE PRIZE

Since 1979, every year an independent jury of about eight people—composed of

Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut, USA (1949).

Luis Barragán, (born March 9, 1902, Guadalajara, Mex.—

Neue Staatsgalerie in Stuttgart, Germany (1984).

Interior design of Ford Foundation at New York City,

I.M. Pei, in full Ieoh Ming Pei, (born April 26,

Richard Meier, in full Richard Alan Meier, (born October 12,

Gottfried Böhm, (born January 23, 1920, Offenbach-am-

Tange Kenzō, (born September 4, 1913, Ōsaka, Japan—died

Gordon Bunshaft, (born May 9, 1909, Buffalo, N.Y., U.S.—

Oscar Niemeyer, in full Oscar Niemeyer Soares Filho, (born

Frank Gehry, in full Frank Owen Gehry, original

Aldo Rossi, (born May 3, 1931, Milan, Italy—died

Álvaro Siza, in full Álvaro Joaquim de Melo Siza Vieira, (born

Fumihiko Maki, (born September 16, 1928, Tokyo, Japan),

Tadao Andō, Japanese style Andō Tadao, (born September

Rafael Moneo, in full José Rafael Moneo Vallés, (born May

Sverre Fehn, (born Aug. 14, 1924, Kongsberg, Nor.—died

Renzo Piano, (born September 14, 1937, Genoa, Italy),

Norman Foster, in full Lord Norman Foster of Thames Bank,

Rem Koolhaas, (born November 17, 1944, Rotterdam,

Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron, (respectively, born

Glenn Murcutt, in full Glenn Marcus Murcutt, (born July 25,

Jørn Utzon, (born April 9, 1918, Copenhagen, Denmark—

Zaha Hadid, in full Dame Zaha Hadid, (born October 31,

Thom Mayne, (born January 19,

Brazilian Museum of Sculpture in São Paulo, Brazil

Richard Rogers, original name in full Richard George Rogers,

Jean Nouvel, (born August 12, 1945, Fumel, Lot-et-Garonne,

Peter Zumthor, (born April 26, 1943, Basel, Switzerland),

Rolex Learning Center in Lausanne, Switzerland (2009).

Building in Senhora da Luz in Porto, Portugal (2016).

Toyo Ito, Japanese Itō Toyo-o, (born June 1, 1941, Seoul,

Ban Shigeru, (born August 5, 1957, Tokyo, Japan), Japanese

Alejandro Aravena, (born June 22, 1967, Santiago, Chile),

A hallway inside Bell-Lloc Winery in Girona, Spain

Bibleotica San Antoni-Juan Oliver in Barcelona, Spain

Balkrishna Doshi, in full Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi, also

Solstice Art Centre in Co. Meath, Ireland (2007).

Yvonne Farrell and Shelley McNamara, (respectively, born

FRAC Nord-Pas de Calais in Dunkirk, France (2013).

Anne Lacaton and Jean-Philippe Vassal (born on August

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