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Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University

Statics & Dynamics (I)

Chapter 7: Internal Forces

18-Nov-18
Chapter Objectives
Method of sections for determining the internal
loadings in a member
Develop procedure by formulating equations
that describe the internal shear and moment
throughout a member
Analyze the forces and study the geometry of
cables supporting a load
Chapter Outline
1. Internal Forces Developed in Structural Members
2. Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams
3. Relations between Distributed Load, Shear and
Moment
4. Cables
7.1 Internal Forces Developed in Structural Members

 The design of any structural or mechanical member requires the

material to be used to be able to resist the loading acting on the
member
 These internal loadings can be determined by the method of
sections
7.1 Internal Forces Developed in Structural Members

 Force component N, acting normal to the beam at the cut session

 V, acting tangent to the session are normal or axial force and the
shear force
 Couple moment M is referred as the bending moment
7.1 Internal Forces Developed in Structural Members

 For 3D, a general internal force and couple moment resultant will
act at the section
 Ny is the normal force, and Vx and Vz are the shear components
 My is the torisonal or twisting moment, and Mx and Mz are the
bending moment components
7.1 Internal Forces Developed in Structural Members

Procedure for Analysis

Support Reactions
 Before cut, determine the member’s support reactions
 Equilibrium equations used to solve internal loadings during
sectioning

Free-Body Diagrams
 Keep all distributed loadings, couple moments and forces acting
on the member in their exact locations
 After session draw FBD of the segment having the least loads
7.1 Internal Forces Developed in Structural Members

Procedure for Analysis

Free-Body Diagrams (Continue)
 Indicate the x, y, z components of the force, couple moments and
resultant couple moments on FBD
 Only N, V and M act at the section
 Determine the sense by inspection

Equations of Equilibrium
 Moments should be summed at the section
 If negative result, the sense is opposite
Example 7.3
Determine the internal force, shear force and the bending moment
acting at point B of the two-member frame.
 Solution
Support Reactions
FBD of each member
Member AC
∑ MA = 0;
-400kN(4m) + (3/5)FDC(8m)= 0
FDC = 333.3kN
+→∑ Fx = 0;
-Ax + (4/5)(333.3kN) = 0
Ax = 266.7kN
+↑∑ Fy = 0;
Ay – 400kN + 3/5(333.3kN) = 0
Ay = 200kN
Solution
Support Reactions
Member AB
+→∑ Fx = 0; NB – 266.7kN = 0
NB = 266.7kN
+↑∑ Fy = 0; 200kN – 200kN - VB = 0
VB = 0
∑ MB = 0; MB – 200kN(4m) – 200kN(2m) = 0
MB = 400kN.m
7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams

 Beams – structural members

designed to support loadings
perpendicular to their axes

 A simply supported beam is

pinned at one end and roller
supported at the other

 A cantilevered beam is fixed

at one end and free at the
other
7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams

Procedure for Analysis

Support Reactions
 Find all reactive forces and couple moments acting on the beam
 Resolve them into components

Shear and Moment Reactions

 Specify separate coordinates x
 Section the beam perpendicular to its axis
 V obtained by summing the forces perpendicular to the beam
 M obtained by summing moments about the sectioned end
7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams

Procedure for Analysis

Shear and Moment Reactions (Continue)
 Plot (V versus x) and (M versus x)
 Convenient to plot the shear and the bending moment diagrams
below the FBD of the beam
 Example 7.7
Draw the shear and bending moments diagrams for the shaft. The support
at A is a thrust bearing and the support at C is a journal bearing.
 Solution

Support Reactions
FBD of the shaft

   Fy  0;V  2.5kN
 M  0; M  2.5 xkN.m
   Fy  0; 2.5kN  5kN  V  0
V  2.5kN
 M  0; M  5kN ( x  2m)  2.5kN ( x)  0
M  (10  2.5 x)kN .m
Solution

Shear diagram
Internal shear force is always positive within the shaft AB.

Just to the right of B, the shear force

changes sign and remains at
constant value for segment BC.

Moment diagram
Starts at zero, increases linearly to
B and therefore decreases to zero.
 Problem
Draw the shear and moment
diagrams for the beam shown in
Figure . The load is w/unit length

Solutions
The support reactions are shown in
Figure

Shear and Moment Functions

• FBD of the left section of the beam is shown in
figure
• The distributed loading on the segment is wx
• Applying the two equations of equilibrium
yields
 wL
   Fy  0;  wx  V  0
2
L 
V  w  x  ------------ 1
2 
 wL   x
  M  0;   x      M  0
wx
 2  2
 w
M     Lx  x 2  -----------  2
2