Smart Generation and Transmission with

Coherent, Real-Time Data

Dr. Tariq Javid

Hamdard.EDU.PK

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Topics in This Lecture

Introduction
Review of Applications
Requirements Mapping
Enabling Applications

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Introduction

Ability to measure coherent, real-time data has emerged

as enabling technology for power system improvement
Power grids have evolved during middle of 20th century as
utilities integrate into larger power systems
Entire grid operates at same frequency with supply and
demand must be balanced in real-time across entire power
system

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Introduction

Implementation of supervisory control and data

acquisition (SCADA) was due large blackout in USA and
Canada in 1965
Large grids have many parts with only basic
communications – insufficient to provide real-time data
At beginning of 21st century new measurement and
communications technologies are creating possibilities for
better monitoring and control of power grid

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Introduction

A single event such as transmission line fault can start a

chain reaction an hour or two prior to an actual blackout
Electric power system depends on control and protection
schemes that prevent system from reaching instability or
collapse
In a typical scenario, only solution to avoid cascading is to
use fast control or system protection schemes to isolate
impacted areas and/or adjust some controllable values

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Introduction

Communications infrastructure improvements will increase

situational awareness of operators
Improve wide-area power system control is driven in part
by fundamental challenges facing electric power systems:
Demand for high reliability
Efficient and economically viable operation
Evolution towards noncarbon-based energy sources

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Introduction

Reliability of power system is dependent on its ability to

deliver electric power from generation to load without
disruption
To achieve this, grid must be able to withstand minor and
major disturbances with minimal customer impact
Interruption of electric supply is not only inconvenient to
user but it affects overall economy (productivity) of region

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Introduction

Reliability is enhanced by adding redundancy and

providing enough margin for power system load
On the other hand, operating grid at lower levels than its
limits introduces inefficiency because transmission system
is not fully utilized
There is always tradeoff between reliability and efficiency
– need of optimization techniques

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Introduction

Efficiency of power system is dependent on its ability to

minimize cost of generation and delivery
This is accomplished by delivering large amount of power
with least losses in transmission system
Transmission lines have limits therefore maximizing
efficiency requires a constrained and nonlinear
optimization calculation

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Introduction

Evolving to noncarbon-based electrical infrastructure will

require integrating large amounts of nontraditional
generation sources such as wind and solar that behave
differently from existing generation such as nuclear, coal,
and natural gas
Output of wind and solar generation is difficult to control
because it depends on local weather conditions
Power system will have to use these intermittent sources
of generation without compromising reliability and
efficiency

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Introduction

To overcome these challenges involve modernize power

systems and data delivery infrastructure
Best approach is to holistically and simultaneously
consider dynamics of power systems and their data
delivery infrastructure
Key recent technology involves sensor data that are given
microsecond accurate timestamps and delivered real-time
to give coherent picture of a system for operators - and
also for closed-loop control and broader protection

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Review of Applications

Time-synchronized measurement and control is an

enabling technology to help solve power system challenges
Devices using this technology are becoming a standard
part of power system and provide microsecond time
accuracy using global positioning system (GPS) clock
These measurements exist within devices such as
protective relays and intelligent electronic devices

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Review of Applications

Synchrophasors are a common name for these

measurements
They represent both magnitude and phase angle of
voltage or current waveform at a particular time,
synchronized to a common reference such as a GPS clock
Application of time-synchronized data applies beyond
voltage and current signals
Accurate time-stamping of any electrical power system
measurement such as breaker status, active power,
reactive power, and weather effects on renewable
generation provides benefits for reliability and efficiency

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Review of Applications

In past, time-synchronized measurements were found only

in stand-alone instruments called phasor measurement
units (PMUs)
Recently, such measurements are also collected from
meters, protective relays, and fault records
This reduces cost of implementation of
synchrophasor-based control and protection strategy

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Review of Applications

Station phasor data concentrators (PDCs) gather

time-synchronized measurements from several sources
within a substation
Distributed synchrophasor control devices provide
distributed aggregation, archiving, control, and protection
functions
New communications architectures include in-network
data concentration, real-time distribution, and fast fault
recovery

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Review of Applications

List of Solutions (Applications)

1 State Estimation and Direct State Calculation
2 Distributed Wide-Area Control
3 Protection
4 Wide-Area Situational Awareness
5 Postevent Analysis

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Review of Applications

Knowledge of system state in real-time is an important

first step for reliable control of power system
In electric grid, network state of system is defined as
voltage magnitude and angle at every bus in system
1970: Schweppe and Wildes introduced first system for
state estimation

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Review of Applications

In this approach, state is estimated from voltage

magnitudes (no angles) and power flow measurements
using iterative, nonlinear algorithms
Model nonlinearities and nonsynchronized measurements
in traditional state estimator cause limitations in
computation time, solution errors, and convergence
Direct state calculation is possible with time-synchronized
measurements of both voltage and angle

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Review of Applications

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Review of Applications

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Review of Applications

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Review of Applications

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Review of Applications

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Review of Applications

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Review of Applications

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Review of Applications

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Review of Applications

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Review of Applications

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Review of Applications

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Review of Applications

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Review of Applications

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Review of Applications

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Review of Applications

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Requirements Mapping

Power applications have a wide range of data delivery

requirements in many dimensions
Wide-Area Measurement System for Data Delivery
(WAMS-DD)

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Requirements Mapping

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Enabling Applications

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Enabling Applications

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Enabling Applications

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Enabling Applications

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Enabling Applications

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Enabling Applications

Broker-based pub-sub systems rely on an infrastructure of

broker nodes to forward messages toward subscribers
Peer-to-peer systems typically rely on a combination of IP
multicast and Ethernet broadcast to be as efficient as
possible

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Enabling Applications

Delivery Requirements for WAMS-DD

1 Hard end-to-end guarantees
2 Future-proof design
3 Multicast
4 Covers wide range of QoS+
5 Ultralow latencies
6 High throughput

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Enabling Applications

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Conclusion

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References

Read “Delivery Requirements for a WAMS-DD” pp. 940-941

Compare Broker-based and Peer-to-Peer WAMS-DD

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References

Read chapter 8 sections 1, 5, 8 figures 1 – to – 6

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