LEARNERS SCIENCE ACADEMY
POOKOLATHUR – MANJERI – KONDOTTY
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
1. Laws of chemical combinations
1. Name the different laws of chemical
combination
Ans:
i) Law of conservation of mass proposed by
Lavoisier
ii) Law of constant proportion proposed by
Proust
iii) Law of multiple proportions proposed by
John Dalton
iv) Law of reciprocal proportions proposed
by Richter
v) Law of gaseous volumes proposed by
Guy Lussac
vi ) Avogadro’s law
2 Law of conservation of mass.
2. State the law of conservation of mass ?
Ans: In a chemical reaction the mass of the
product is equal to the total mass of the
reactants. It can also be stated as matter can
neither be created nor destroyed.
3. Law of Definite proportion
3. State the law of definite or constant
proportions
Ans: The same compound always contains
the same elements combined in the same
fixed proportions by mass.
4 . Law of Multiple proportions.
4. State the law of multiple proportions .
Ans: When two elements combine to form
more than one compound, different masses
of one of the elements which combine with a
fixed mass of the other element will be in a
simple ratio.
5. Gay Lussac’s law of Gaseous volume.
5. State Gay Lussac’s law of gaseous
volumes.
Ans: Statement: When gases combine to
form gaseous products, there exists a simple
ratio between the volumes of the gaseous
reactants and gaseous products at constant
temperature and pressure.
For example, consider the reaction
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2 H2 + O2  2 H2O (steam)
2 vol. 1 vol. 2 vol.
6. Avogadro law.
6. State and explain Avogadro’s hypothesis
(or Avogadro’s law)
Ans: Statement: Equal volumes of all gases
under the same conditions of temperature
and pressure contain equal number of
molecules:
7. Dalton’s atomic theory
7. What are the assumptions (postulates) of
Dalton’s atomic theory?
Ans: The following are the postulates of
Dalton’s atomic theory:
i) Matter is composed of a very large
number of very minute particles called
atoms.
ii) Atoms of the same element are similar
in all respects such as size, shape and
mass.
iii) Atoms of one element are different from
the atoms of another element especially
in size, mass and properties.
iv) Atoms combine together to form
‘compound atoms’.
v) When atoms combine to produce
‘compound atoms’ (now known as
molecules), they do so in simple integral
ratios).
8. Atomic and molecular mass.
8. What is meant by atomic mass unit?
Ans: Atomic mass unit (a.m.u.) is defined as
1 th
exactly of the mass of a C-12 atom.
12
mass of an atom of C  12
1 amu =
12
9. What is the value of amu in gram.
Ans: Mass of Avagadro’s number
(6.02 1023) of atoms of 12C = 12g
12 g
Mass of one atom of 12C =
6.02  10 23
 1 17. Define the term mole.
 1 amu = th mass of an atom of 12C
12
1 12 g 1 as the number of atoms present in 12g of
=    10  23 g
12 6.02  10 23
6.02
10  10 24 g
= 1.66  10  24 g
6.02
Today ‘amu’ has been replaced by ‘u’ which
is known as unified mass.
10. Calculate the mass of 100 atoms of Ca in
(i) amu and (ii) gram (Atomic mass of Ca
is 40)
Ans: i) Mass of 1 atom of Ca = 40 u
Mass of 100 atoms of Ca = 10040
= 4000 amu.
ii) Mass of 100 atom of Ca in g
= 4000  1.6610-24 g
= 6.6410-21g
11. What are isotopes ?
Ans:Isotopes are atoms of the same element
with same atomic number but different mass
numbers.
Eg 11 H, 12 H ,13 H and 12 13 14
6 C, 6 C , 6 C
12.Explain the term average atomic mass of
an element.
Ans:Most of the elements exist in different
isopotic forms. Average atomic mass of the
element is determined from the relative
abundance of these isotopes.
13. How do you calculate the average
atomic mass of an element?
Ans: This concept of average atomic mass is
illustrated below. We know that oxygen
exists in 3 forms O-16, O-17 and O-18 with
abundance, 95% , 3% and 2% respectively.
average atomic mass of oxygen
16  95  17  3  18  2
= = 16.07
100
14. Explain the term gram molecular mass.
Ans: Molecular mass expressed in grams is
called gram molecular mass (or gram
molecule or gram mole).
Thus one gram mole of water is 18g. One
gram mole of carbon dioxide is 44 g.
15. Calculate the molecular mass of glucose
C6H12O6.
Ans: Molecular mass = 612+121+616
= 72+12+96 = 180
16. Calculate the formula mass of NaCl.
Ans: Formula mass of NaCl =
= Atomic mass of sodium + atomic
mass of chlorine
=23+35.5 = 58.5
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Ans: One mole is the amount of a
substance that contains as many particles
12
C isotope . The abbreviation for mole is
‘mol’
18. Define the term ‘mole’ in terms of
Avogardro’s number.
Ans: Mole is the SI unit of the ,amount of a
substance. It may be defined as the amount
that contains Avogadro number of
particles of a given kind.
The particles here may be atoms,
molecules, ions, electrons, etc.
19. How many atoms are present in 5 mole
of hydrogen atoms?
Ans: One mole hydrogen atoms contain
6.021023 atoms.
5 moles contain 56.021023 atoms.
20. How many atoms are present in 2 moles
of H2O?
Ans: Number of molecules of H2O in 2
moles = 2 NA
Number of atoms in one molecule of H2O=3
Total number of atoms in 2 moles
= 3 2NA
=326.021023 atoms
9 Percentage composition
21. Find out the % composition of ethanol.
Ans: Molecular formula of ethanol is
CH3CH2OH. ie C2H6O
Molar mass = 12 2 + 16 +16 = 46 g
24  100
Mass % of C =  52 .14 %
46
6  100
Mass % of H =  13 .13 %
46
16  100
Mass % of O =  34 .73 %
46
22. Distinguish between the terms molecular
formula and empirical formula.
Ans: Molecular formula represents the
actual number of atoms of each element in
a molecule of the compound. But empirical
formula of a compound is the simplest
formula which indicates the relative
number of atoms of each element present in
one molecule of the compound.
23. Empirical formula of a compound is
CH2Cl. Molar mass is 99. Find out the
molecular formula?
Ans:
Molecular formula = Empirical formula n
 where n= Molecular mass

99
2
Mole fraction of B (xB)
Empirical formula mass 49 .5 No.of moles of B nB
= 
(Empirical formula mass of CH2Cl No. of moles of solution nA  nB
= 12+2+35.5 = 49.5.) 30. Calculate the mole fraction of glucose in
Molecular formula = (CH2Cl)2 a solution containing 18g glucose in
= C2H4Cl2 178.2g H2O.
24. What is limiting reagent? Ans: No. of moles of glucose
Ans: The reactant which gets consumed mass 18 g
completely and hence limits the amount of =   0.1
molar mass 180 g
the product formed is called the limiting
reagent. 178 .2 g
No. of moles of H2O =  9.9
25. When 10g CH4 reacts with 32g O2, 18 g
which is the limiting reagent ? Total no. of moles of solution = nA +nB
Ans: CH4 +2O2  CO2 + 2H2O =0.1 +9.9 = 10
ie., 16 g methane can react with 2  32 ie Mole fraction of glucose
64 g O2 to form the products. 10g CH4 nA 0.1
64 =   0.01
requires  10  40 g O 2 In the present n A  n B 10
16
case the amount of O2 is not upto the 12. Molarity
required amount. O2 is consumed
completely and hence it is the limiting 32. Define molarity.
reagent. Ans: Molarity (M) is defined as the number
of moles of solute in one litre of solution.
26. What are the major methods of No. of moles of solute
expressing concentration of solution? Molarity =
Ans: Concentration of a solution can be Volume of solution in litres
expressed in the following ways. 33. Calculate the molarity of a solution
1. Mass percentage (W/W %) containing 4g of NaOH in 250mL of the
2. Mole fraction solution ?
3. Molarity Ans:Mass of NaOH in 1L =
4. Molality 4  1000
 16 g
250
10. Mass percentage 16
No.of moles of NaOH in 1L=  0 .4 M
40
27. How will you determine the mass 13. Molality
percentage? 34. Containing 10 g NaOH in 200 cm3 of
Ans: solution. Density of solution is 1.05 g
Mass percentage =
Mass of solute
 100 mL1 (NaOH = 40)
Mass of solution Ans: Mass of solution = 200 1.05 =210 g
28. Calculate the mass percentage of a Mass of solute = 10g
solution of 2g glucose in 18g H2O? Mass of solvent = 210 - 10= 200g
Mass of solute No.of moles of NaOH
Ans: Mass % =  100 mass 10
Mass of solution =   0.25
molar mass 40
2
=  100  10 % 0.25  1000
18  2 Molality =  1.25 m
11. Mole fraction 200

29. How will you calculate the mole fraction More Worked out Problems
of the solute A and the solvent B?
Ans: Mole fraction of A (xA)
No.of moles of A nA 35. 24.5 g of KClO3 on strong heating gave
=  14.9 g KCl and 6.72 L O2 at STP. Show
No. of moles of solution nA  nB
that these results agree with the law of
where nA and nB are the number of moles of conservation of mass.
A and B respectively.
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 
Ans: 2 KClO3   2 KCl + 3 O2 This illustrates the law of multiple
24.5 g 14.9g 6.72 L proportions.
We know that at STP, 1 g mole of a gas 37. Calculate the number of atoms in 52
occupies 22.4 L. moles of He.
22.4 L O2 at STP = 32 g O2 Ans: 1 mole of He contains 6.02  1023 He
32  6.72 atoms. (He is a mono atomic gas).
6.72 L O2 at STP = = 9.6g. 52 moles of He contains
22 .4 52  6.02  1023 = 3.13  1025 atoms.
Since the mass of reactant KClO3 = 24.5 g 38. Calculate the number of atoms in 52 amu
and the mass of the products KCl + O2 of He.
(14.9g + 9.6g. i.e. 24.5g) is same, the Ans: Atomic mass of He = 4
results are in accordance with the law of Mass of 1 He atom = 4 a.m.u.
conservation of mass.
52
36. Carbon forms two oxides, the first 52 a.m.u. corresponds to
contains 42.9% C and the second 4
contains 27.3% carbon. Show that these 13 atoms of He.
data are in agreement with the law of 39. Calculate the molarity of a solution of
multiple proportions. NaOH containing 10g of NaOH in 200
cm3 solution. (Mol mass of NaOH = 40).
Ans: In the first compound C = 42.9% Ans: Molarity of NaOH
 O = 100 – 42.9% = 57.1% 10  1000
= = 1.25 M.
So 42.9 g of carbon combines with 57.1 g of 40  200
oxygen. 40. Calculate the molality of a solution
57 .1 containing 10g of NaOH in 200 cm3 of
1 g of carbon combines with g
42 .9 solution. Density of solution = 1.04 g per
= 1.33g of oxygen. mL. (Molecular mass of NaOH = 40).
In the second compound carbon = 27.3% Ans:
 oxygen = 72.7% Mass of solution = 200  1.04 = 208 g.
Hence 27.3 g of C combines with 72.7 g of Mass of NaOH = 10 g
oxygen. Mass of water = 208 – 10 = 198 g
72 .7 10  1000
1 g of carbon combines with g Molality = = 1.262 m.
27 .3 40  198
= 2.66 g of oxygen.
Thus the ratio of masses of oxygen which
combine with a fixed mass (i.e. 1g) of
carbon is 1.33 : 2.66 or 1 : 2.

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