Project Report

On
IOT Based Deliberate Load Shedding
Management System
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical Engineering of
Assam Science and Technology University
Session 2020

Submitted by
Adhiraj Kakati (EE/17/164) (17061000302)
Nirban Dey (EE/17/166) (170610003050)
Bitumoni Das (EE/17/211) (170610003016)
Raj Kumar Boro (EE/17/226) (170610003061)

Under the Guidance of

Dr. Bani Kanta Talukdar
Professor,
Department of Electrical Engineering
Assam Engineering College, Jalukbari, Guwahati-781013
 ABSTRACT

As we have largely developed in terms of technology but here in India, we are still deprived of one of
the basic need which is steady power supply. As we have succeeded in generating of electrical power but still
we are lagging in providing a constant power supply to each and every part of the country. Reason is the faults
which occurs in the transformers or the phase lines and for which the whole area has to suffer load shedding.
Thus with an aim to provide a constant power supply we have proposed a management system where we can
remotely control the phase lines. Here in our proposed project we are using IoT and micro-controller based
system using Wi-Fi-module for remote accessibility. This will allow us to specifically and selectively shed the
power of a single line when-ever any fault occurs. Thus this will not only be beneficial for the maintenance
works but also it will reduce the human life risks associated with it.
 Certificate from the Supervisor

This is to certify that the project entitled “IOT Based Manual Load Shedding Management System”
has been carried out and presented by

Adhiraj Kakati (EE/17/164)

Nirban Dey (EE/17/166)
Bitumoni Das (EE/17/211)
Raj Kumar Boro (EE/17/226)

Students of BE 7th/8th Semester (Electrical Engineering), Assam Engineering College, under my supervision
and guidance in a manner satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as a prerequisite for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical Engineering of the Assam Science and Technology University.

Further, the report has not been submitted/reproduced in any form for the award of any other degree/diploma.

Date-12th March, 2021 Dr. Bani Kanta Talukdar

Place: Guwahati Professor,
Department of Electrical Engineering
Assam Engineering college
 Certificate from the Head of the Department

This is to certify that the project entitled “IOT Based Manual Load Shedding Management System” has been
carried out and presented by

Adhiraj Kakati (EE/17/164)

Nirban Dey (EE/17/166)
Bitumoni Das (EE/17/211)
Raj Kumar Boro (EE/17/226)

In the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical
Engineering at Assam Engineering College, Jalukbari, Guwahati is an authentic work carried out within the
allotted time.

Date-12th March, 2021 Dr. Damodar Agarwal

Place: Guwahati Head of the Department,
Electrical Engineering,
Assam Engineering College
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our deepest gratitude and reverence to our project guide Dr. Bani Kanta
Talukdar, Associate Professor, Electrical Engineering Department, Assam Engineering College, Guwahati, for
his invaluable motivations, helpful suggestions and supervision throughout the course of this work. We would
also like to convey our sincere thanks to Dr. Damodar Agarwal, Professor and head of the department of
Electrical Engineering, Assam Engineering College, Guwahati, for his valuable advice and all the supports.
Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to our parents and family members for their continuous support
and encouragements.

Adhiraj Kakati (17/164)

Nirban Dey (17/166)
Bitumoni Das (17/211)
Raj Kumar Boro (17/226)
 Table of Contents

TOPICS PAGE NO.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Load Shedding ...................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 Types of Load shedding: ................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Objective: .............................................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 IoT (Internet of Things): ........................................................................................................................ 2
1.4 Embedded system: ................................................................................................................................. 2
1.5 WEB Technology: ................................................................................................................................. 3
1.6 Wi-Fi Communication: .......................................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE RIVIEW .......................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................... 6
3.1 Hardware:.............................................................................................................................................. 6
3.1.1 8051/52 Family Microcontroller: ..................................................................................................... 6
3.1.2 STC12C5A60S2: ............................................................................................................................ 8
3.1.3 LCD: ............................................................................................................................................... 9
3.1.4 Electromagnetic Relay: ................................................................................................................. 12
3.1.5 Power supply: ............................................................................................................................... 12
3.1.6 Transformer: ................................................................................................................................. 13
3.1.7 Rectifier: ....................................................................................................................................... 13
3.1.8 Capacitor Filter: ............................................................................................................................ 16
3.1.9 LM7805: ....................................................................................................................................... 17
3.2 Software: ............................................................................................................................................. 18
3.2.1 Proteus: ......................................................................................................................................... 18
3.2.2 Keil: .............................................................................................................................................. 18
3.3 Working Principle: .............................................................................................................................. 19
3.4 Circuit Description: ............................................................................................................................. 20
CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................... 23
4.1 Result and Analysis: ............................................................................................................................ 23
4.2 Advantage and Limitation: .................................................................................................................. 23
CHAPTER 5: FUTURE WORK ................................................................................................................... 24
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 25
BIBLOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................................................... 26
 List of Abbreviations

 LCD ……………………Liquid crystal display

 MC ……………………..Microcontroller

 HTML………………….Hyper text markup language

 RAM……………………Random access memory

 ADC ……………………Analog to digital converter

 PCA ……………………Programmable counter array

 CPU……………………Central processing unit

 PEROM………………..Programmable and erasable read only memory

 EA pin………………….External access input

 A.C……………………..Alternating current

 D.C……………………...Direct current
 List of Tables and Figures
TOPIC PAGE NO.

 Fig. 3.1 Pin diagram of micro-controller…………………………………..6

 Table 3.1 Pin description for micro-controller…………………………….7

 Fig 3.2 Pin diagram for STC12C5A60S2………………………………….8

 Fig 3.3 LCD………………………………………………………………..9

 Fig 3.4 Pin diagram for LCD……………………………………………...10

 Table 3.2 Pin description for LCD………………………………………...11

 Fig 3.5 Electromagnetic Relay…………………………………………….12

 Fig 3.6 Power supply………………………………………………………12

 Fig 3.7: Transformer ………………………………………………………13

 Table 3.3 Comparison of rectifier circuits………………………………....14

 Fig 3.8 full wave rectifier…………………………………………………..15

 Fig 3.9 Rectifier in one half cycle………………………………………….15

 Fig 3.10 Diagram LM7805…………………………………………………17

 Fig 3.11 pin description for LM 7805………………………………………17

 Fig 3.12 block diagram …………………………………………………….19

 Fig 3.13 circuit diagram of the system……………………………………...20

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Load Shedding

The deliberate or conditional shutdown of electric power in a part or parts of a power-distribution system,
generally to prevent the failure of the entire system when the demand strains the capacity of the system.

1.1.1 Types of Load shedding:

1) Conditional Load Shedding

It is defined as coordinated sets of controls that decrease the electric load in the system to restore the system
back to its normal operating condition.

2) Deliberated Load Shedding

In manual load shedding technique, the power supply is cut by electrician engaged at substation for certain
period of time to control shortage of electrical energy used by locality. In this way the load shedding done by
manually at substation to cut of the power.

1.2 Objective:

The main objectives of our project are given below

 Designing of Load shedding system based on IoT.

 Remote operate and Schedule update over Wi-Fi/IoT.
 Microcontroller based solution for Flexibility and Upgradeability.
 To Reduce man power.
 It will Reduce life risk.
 Centralized control and System Upgrade.

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1.3 IoT (Internet of Things):

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital
machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data
over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. The IoT allows objects
to be sensed or controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct
integration of the physical world into computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy
and economic benefit in addition to reduced human intervention. When IoT is augmented with sensors and
actuators, the technology becomes an instance of the more general class of cyber-physical systems, which also
encompasses technologies such as smart grids, virtual power plants, smart homes, intelligent
transportation and smart cities.

1.4 Embedded system:

An embedded system is a special-purpose system in which the computer is completely encapsulated by

or dedicated to the device or system it controls. Unlike a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer,
an embedded system performs one or a few predefined tasks, usually with very specific requirements. Since the
system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product.
Embedded systems are often mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.

Physically, embedded systems ranges from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players,
to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power
plants. In terms of complexity embedded systems can range from very simple with a single microcontroller
chip, to very complex with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.

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1.5 WEB Technology:

WEB technology refers to the means by which computers communicate with each other using mark-up
languages and multimedia packages. It gives us a way to interact with hosted information, like websites. Web
technology involves the use of hypertext markup language (HTML) and cascading style sheets(CSS). In past
few decades, web technology has undergone a dramatic transition, from a few marked up web pages to the
ability to do very specific work on a network without interruption.

1.6 Wi-Fi Communication:

Wi-Fi or Wi-Fi is a technology for wireless local area networking with devices based on the IEEE
802.11 standards. Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance, which restricts the use of the term Wi-Fi
Certified to products that successfully complete interoperability certification testing. Wi-Fi most commonly
uses the 2.4 gigahertz UHF and 5.8 gigahertz SHF ISM radio bands. Anyone within range with a wireless
modem can attempt to access the network; because of this, Wi-Fi is more vulnerable to attack
(called eavesdropping) than wired networks. Wi-Fi Protected Access is a family of technologies created to
protect information moving across Wi-Fi networks and includes solutions for personal and enterprise networks.
Security features of Wi-Fi Protected Access constantly evolve to include stronger protections and new security
practices as the security landscape changes.

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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE RIVIEW

Some of the literature survey done on load shedding based project is given below:

Effective Load Shedding Technique for Utility Department (Ankit Vijayvargiya, Abhishek Bansal, Abhishek
Sharma, Aditya Jain, Akash).

The paper “effective load shedding technique for utility department” provides real & competent load
shedding techniques such that distribution substation can be monitored & load shedding from one particular
place. In this project load shedding will be depicted on the basis of chronological load curve analysis of a
particular area. As we know that demand of electricity is increasing now days. So electric utilities prefer load
shedding when the demand exceed the supply. Thus in a distribution system it needs to be precisely measured
for specific period of time. “Programmable load shedding time management system” is a reliable & effective
load shedding technique that takes over the manual task of switch ON/OFF the electrical supply with respect to
time.

Load Shedding: A New Proposal (Roberto Faranda, Enrico Tironi,Antonio Pievatolo).

During overloads in the mains, the load curtailment applied to interruptible loads is often the only
solution to keep the network in operation. Normally, in contingencies, the difference between the power
absorbed and the power produced is very low, often less than 1% of the latter. Therefore, if all the loads
participated in the load shedding program, the discomfort would be minimal, considering its usually short
duration. According to this point of view, we present a new approach to the load shedding program to guarantee
the correct electrical system operation by increasing the number of participants. This new load control strategy
is named Distributed Interruptible Load Shedding (DILS). Indeed, it is possible to split every user’s load into
interruptible and uninterruptible parts, and to operate on the interruptible part only. The optimal load reduction
request is found by minimizing the expected value of an appropriate cost function, thus taking the uncertainty
about the power absorbed by each customer into account.

Assessing Effectiveness of Research for Load Shedding in Power System (Raghu C. N., A. Manjunatha).

The research on loadshedding issues dates back to 1972 and till date many studies were introduced by
the research community to address the issues. A closer review of existing techniques shows that still the
effectiveness of loadshedding schemes are not yet benchmarked and majority of the existing system just
considers the techniques to be quite symptomatic to either frequency or voltage. With an evolution of smart
grids, majority of the controlling features of power system and networks are governed by a computational

4
model. However, till date not enough evidences of potential computational model have been seen that claims to
have better balance between the load shedding schemes and quality of power system performance. Hence, we
review some significant literatures and highlights the research gap with the existing technqiues of load balancing
that is meant for assisting the researcher to conclude after the selection process of existing system as a reference
for future direction of study.

5
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Hardware:

3.1.1 8051/52 Family Microcontroller:

The 8051 is the original member of the 8051 family. Intel introduced 8051, referred as MCS-51, in 1981.
The 8051 is an 8-bit processor i.e., CPU can work on only 8 bits of data at atime. Its foundation was on Harvard
Architecture and was developed principally for bringing into play in Embedded Systems. At first it was created
by means of NMOS technology but as NMOS technology needs more power to function, therefore Intel re-
intended Microcontroller 8051 employing CMOS technology and a new edition came into existence with a letter
‘C’ in the title name, for illustration: 80C51. There are two buses in 8051 Microcontroller namely address bus
and data bus. 8051 consists of 16-bit address bus and utilized to transmit the address from Central Processing
Unit to Memory. 8051 comprise of 8 bits data bus and employed to cart data.

Fig: 3.1 Pin diagram for microcontroller 8052

6
Pin No. Function Name
1 to 8 These pins are known as Port 1. Different from other ports, this P1.0 – P1.7
port doesn’t provide any other purpose. It is internally pulled up,
bi-directional I/O port.
9 It is used to reset the microcontroller to its initial values. The RESET
RESET pin has to be set elevated for two machine rotations.
These pins are known as Port 3. This port serves some functions P3.0 –P3.7
like interrupts, timer input, control signals for outside memory
10 – 17 interfacing WR & RD, serial communication signals RxD and
TxD, etc. This is a domestic pull up port with quasi bi
directional port within.
18 – 19 These pins are used for interfacing an external crystal to get the XTAL2, XTAL1
system clock.
20 This pin provides the power supply to the circuit. Titled as VSS
– it symbolizes ground (0 V) association.
21 – 28 These pins are known as Port 2. It serves as I/O port. Higher P2.0 – P2.7
order address bus signals are also multiplexed using this port.
(A8 – A15)
29 This is PSEN pin which stands for Program Store Enable. It is PSEN
used to read a signal from the external program memory.
This is ALE pin which stands for Address Latch Enable. It is ALE/PROG
used to DE multiplex the address-data signal of port 0(for
30 external memory interfacing). Two ALE throbs are obtainable
for every machine rotation
This is EA pin which stands for External Access input. It is used EA/VPP
to enable/disable the external memory interfacing. If there is no
31 outer memory need, this pin is dragged high by linking it to
VCC
These pins are known as Port 0. It serves as I/O port. Lower
order address and data bus signals are multiplexed using this
32 – 39 port. This pin is a bi directional Input/output port and outer pull P0.0 – P0.7

up resistors are necessary to utilize this port as Input/output.

(AD0 – AD7)
40 This pin is used to provide power supply to the circuit. By and VCC
large it is +5V DC.

Table 3.1: Pin description for microcontroller 8052

7
3.1.2 STC12C5A60S2:

The STC12C5A60S2 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 60K bytes of
Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s
high-density non-volatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction
set and pin out. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel STC12C5A60S2
is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded
control applications.

This is a Low Cost Development Board that can be used to quickly evaluate and demonstrate the
capabilities of microcontrollers. The microcontroller is held on a 40 pin IC base provided on the board. In
general case a quartz crystal is used to make the clock circuit. Clock frequency limits (maximum and minimum)
may change from device to device. Standard practice is to use 12 MHz frequency. If serial communications are
involved, then it is best use 11.0592 MHz frequency.

The STC12C5A60S2 provides the following standard specifications: 8Kbytes of Flash Memory,
1024 bytes of RAM, 34 programmable I/O lines, three 16-bit timer/counters, Low-power Idle and Power-down
Modes Eight Interrupt Sources, 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range, Full Duplex UART Serial Channel, and one
additional UART, Watchdog Timer, Fast Programming Time and on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry.

Fig:3.2 Pin diagram for STC12C5A60S2

8
Some of the features of STC12C5A60S2

 Enhanced 80C51 Central Processing Unit ,1T per machine cycle, faster 6~7 times than the rate
of a standard 8051.
 Operating voltage range: 5.5V ~ 3.5V or 2.2V ~ 3.6V(STC12LE5A60S2).

 Operating frequency range: 0- 35MHz, is equivalent to standard8051:0~420MHz

 On-chip 8/16/20/32/40/48/52/56/60/62K FLASH program memory with flexible ISP/IAPcapability

 On-chip 1280-byte RAM: 256-byte scratch-pad RAM and 1024 bytes of auxiliary RAM

 Be capable of addressing up to 64K byte of external RAM

 g-Timer with 8-bit pre-scaler(one-time-enabled)

 SPI Master/Slave communication interface

 Two channel Programmable Counter Array(PCA)

 10-bit, 8-channel Analog-to-Digital Converter(ADC)

 Simple internal RC oscillator and external crystal clock

 Power control: idle mode (all interrupt can wake up IDLE mode), power-down mode
(external interrupt can wake up Power-Down mode) and slow down mode.

3.1.3 LCD:

Fig:3.3 LCD

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video display that uses
the light modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCDs do not emit light directly. The display is a
standard 2x16 LCD which displays 2 lines of 16 characters. Each character is 40 pixels, making it 1280 pixels
overall. The display receives ASCII codes for each character at the data inputs (D0–D7). The LCD module can
be used in 4-bit or 8-bit mode. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data. The command register

9
stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined
task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register
stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the
LCD.LCDs are used in a wide range of applications, including computer monitors, television, instrument
panels, aircraft cockpit displays, signage, etc.

LCDs are more energy efficient and offer safer disposal than CRTs.They are available in a wider
range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they cannot suffer
image burn-in. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-
powered electronic equipment. It is an electronically modulated optical device made up of any number of
segments filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce
images in colour or monochrome. The most flexible ones use an array of small pixels. Each pixel of an LCD
typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters,
the axes of transmission of which are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. With no actual liquid
crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second
(crossed) polarizer. The surface of the electrodes that are in contact with the liquid crystal material are treated
so as to align the liquid crystal molecules in a particular direction. The managing and control of the data to be
displayed is performed by one or more circuits commonly denoted as LCD drivers.

Fig:3.4 Pin diagram for LCD

10
Pin No Function Name
1 Ground (0V) VSS
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) VDD
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable VEE
resistor
4 Selects command register when low; and RS(Register select)
data register when high
5 Low to write to the register; High to read RW (Read/write)
from the register
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low E (Enable)
pulse is given
7 D0
8 D1
9 D2
10 8-bit data pins D3
11 D4
12 D5
13 D6
14 D7

Table 3.2: Pin description for LCD

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3.1.4 Electromagnetic Relay:

Fig:3.5 Electromagnetic Relay

Electromagnetic relays are those relay which operates on the principle of electromagnetic attraction. It is a
type of a magnetic switch which uses the magnet for creating a magnetic field. The magnetic field then uses for
opening and closing the switch and for performing the mechanical operation.

3.1.5 Power supply:

The power supplies are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply
for electronic circuits and other devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which
performs a particular function. A d.c power supply which maintains the output voltage constant irrespective of a.c
mains fluctuations or load variations is known as “Regulated D.C Power Supply”

For example, a 5V regulated power supply system as shown below:

Fig:3.6 Power supply

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3.1.6 Transformer:

A transformer is an electrical device which is used to convert electrical power from one Electrical circuit to
another without change in frequency. Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little
loss of power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC. Step-
up transformers increase in output voltage; step-down transformers decrease in output voltage. Most power supplies
use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage to a safer low voltage. The input coil
is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two
coils; instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The
two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very little power so the power
out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up. The ratio of the
number of turns on each coil, called the turn’s ratio, determines the ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer
has a large number of turns on its primary (input) coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a
small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.

Turns ratio = Vp/ VS = Np/NS

Power Out= Power In

VS X IS=VP X IP

Vp = primary (input) voltage

Np = number of turns on primary coil
An Electrical Transformer
Ip = primary (input) current

Fig 3.7: Transformer

3.1.7 Rectifier:

A circuit which is used to convert a.c to dc is known as RECTIFIER. The process of conversion a.c to d.c
is called “rectification”.

Types of rectifiers:

 Half wave Rectifier

 Full wave rectifier
.

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Comparison of rectifier circuits:

Type of Rectifier

Parameter Half wave Full wave Bridge

Number of diodes

1 2 4

PIV of diodes

Vm 2Vm Vm

D.C output voltage Vm/ 2Vm/ 2Vm/

Vdc,at 0.318Vm 0.636Vm 0.636Vm

no-load

Ripple factor 1.21 0.482 0.482

Ripple

frequency f 2f 2f

Rectification

efficiency 0.406 0.812 0.812

Transformer

Utilization 0.287 0.693 0.812

Factor(TUF)

RMS voltage Vrms Vm/2 Vm/√2 Vm/√2

Table 3.3: Comparison of rectifier circuits

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Full-wave Rectifier:

From the above comparison we came to know that full wave bridge rectifier as more advantages than the
other two rectifiers. So, in our project we are using full wave bridge rectifier circuit.

A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full-wave rectification.
This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown and with single component
bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.

A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement as shown in fig(a) to achieve full-wave
rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown and with single
component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.

Fig.3.8 Full-wave Rectifier

During positive half cycle of secondary, the diodes D2 and D3 are in forward biased while D1 and D4 are
in reverse biased as shown in the fig3.8. The current flow direction is shown in the fig3.8 with dotted arrows.

Fig3.9 Rectifier circuit in one half cycle

During negative half cycle of secondary voltage, the diodes D1 and D4 are in forward biased while D2 and D3 are
in reverse biased as shown in the fig3.9. The current flow direction is shown in the fig3.9 with dotted arrows.

15
3.1.8 Capacitor Filter:

A Filter is a device which removes the a.c component of rectifier output but allows the d.c component to
reach the load. We have seen that the ripple content in the rectified output of half wave rectifier is 121% or that of
full-wave or bridge rectifier or bridge rectifier is 48% such high percentages of ripples is not acceptable for most
of the applications. Ripples can be removed by one of the following methods of filtering.

(a) A capacitor, in parallel to the load, provides an easier by –pass for the ripples voltage though it due to low
impedance. At ripple frequency and leave the d.c.to appears the load.

(b) An inductor, in series with the load, prevents the passage of the ripple current (due to high impedance at ripple
frequency) while allowing the d.c (due to low resistance to d.c)

(c) Various combinations of capacitor and inductor, such as L-section filter section filter, multiple section filter
etc. which make use of both the properties mentioned in (a) and (b) above. Two cases of capacitor filter, one applied
on half wave rectifier and another with full wave rectifier.

Filtering is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC supply to act as a
reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from the rectifier is falling. The capacitor
charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and then discharges as it supplies current to the output. Filtering
significantly increases the average DC voltage to almost the peak value (1.4 × RMS value).

To calculate the value of capacitor(C),

C = ¼*√3*f*r*Rl

Where, f = supply frequency,

r = ripple factor,

Rl = load resistance

Note: In our circuit we are using 1000µF. Hence large value of capacitor is placed to reduce ripples and to
improve the DC component.

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3.1.9 LM7805:

Fig 3.10: Diagram LM7805

LM7805 provides +5V regulated power supply. The voltage source in a circuit may have
fluctuations and would not give the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage
at a constant value. Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at input and output pins depending upon the
respective voltage levels.

Fig 3.11: Pin diagram for LM7805

Pin 1 (Input Pin): The Input pin is the pin that accepts the incoming DC voltage, which the voltage regulator
will eventually regulate down to 5 volts.

Pin 2 (Ground): Ground pin establishes the ground for the regulator.

Pin 3 (Output Pin): The Output pin is the regulated 5 volts DC.

Some of the features of LM7805 is given below:

• Output Current of 1.5A

• Output Voltage Tolerance of 5%

• Internal thermal overload protection

• Internal Short-Circuit Limited

• No External Component

• Output Voltage 5.0V, 6V, 8V, 9V, 10V,12V, 15V, 18V, 24V

• Offer in plastic TO-252, TO-220 & TO-263

• Direct Replacement for LM78XX

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3.2 Software:

3.2.1 Proteus:

Proteus is one of the most famous simulator. It can be used to simulate almost every circuit on electrical
fields. It is easy to use because of the GUI interface that is very similar to the real prototype board. Moreover,
it can be used to design Print Circuit Board (PCB) Proteus is a Design Suite also known as Virtual System
Modelling (VSM) offering the ability to simulate micro-controller code and also circuits. In this case Proteus
ISIS is for simulation from the schematic form of the hardware and also the micro-controller code. It is possible
to develop and test designs before a physical prototype is constructed. Proteus ISIS (Intelligent Schematic input
system) is used to draw schematics and simulate the circuits in real time. The simulation allows human access
during run time, thus providing real time simulation.

3.2.2 Keil:

Keil Software development tools are used to create products for practically every industry like
consumer electronics, industrial control, networking, office automation, automotive, space exploration. Micro
Vision Two is a second generation IDE that simplifies project development and application testing. With Micro
Vision Two, we can easily create embedded applications in a mixture of C and assembly. Real-time applications
benefit from our highly optimized C libraries and real-time kernels.

Keil C Compilers are based on the ANSI standard and include extensions necessary to
support the 8051, 251, and 166 microcontroller families. The optimizer in our compiler is tuned for each specific
architecture and provides the highest level of code density and execution speed. The Keil C compilers give full
us control over our embedded platform. We decide which register banks are used, when to access certain
memory areas, which variables are stored in bits, when and how to use special function registers, and so on.
Without ever writing any assembly code we may even write interrupt service routines in C.Code generated by
the Keil C Compiler compares with that of a professional assembly programmer. This is due to the level of
optimizations that are performed. One such optimization is global register optimization. By analyzing which
registers are used in each function, the compiler can better optimize register usage program-wide and generate
smaller, faster programs. This is accomplished by iterative compilation steps during the make process.

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3.3 Working Principle:

LCD
Relay Relay1
Driv
Relay Relay
Micro- 2
control
Driv
Relay Relay
ler 3
Driv
EEPROM Relay Relay
4
Driv
WIFI ROUTE WEB
R SERVE

CLIENT

Fig 3.12: Block diagram

The working principle of the system is not very complex. It is primarily based on controlling and checking the
status of relay and transmit the information through Wi-Fi.

In this system we have connected 4 relay circuit with the microcontroller. The microcontroller is
controlling 4 channels (loads) with the help of relay. Here 230V AC supply is rectified and filtered to 12V DC
which is then converted into input circuit supply of 5V DC with the help of voltage regulator. As we know that
in power system relays are used to trip the circuit at a time of any fault or disturbance. So to shed the particular
load, relay receives the command from microcontroller. Here shedding is done either manually or by
programmable time management system.

Wi-Fi module is connected with the microcontroller so that microcontroller can communicate with the
web server. Whenever a client wants to control the relay, with the help of a specific server site scripting of
program the web server receives a valid request and with the help of Wi-Fi microcontroller will control the
particular relay. Finally, status of the relay is displayed on the client site and on the LCD display.

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3.4 Circuit Description:

Fig 3.13: Circuit Diagram of the system

The circuit design for our project work is designed around easily available component. The heart of the
circuit is an 8-bit microcontroller STC12C5A60S2 and for communication ESP8266 is used. Most of the
components used in the circuit require regulated +5 volt except the ESP8266 which need 3.3-volt power supply.
A step down transformer is used to reduce 220-volt ac into 12-volt ac with 750 milliamps current rating
transformer. The ac is converted into dc with full wave rectifier using 4IN4007 rectifier diode. For filtering
(reduce harmonic noise) a 1000 micro farad capacitor is connected between 12-volt ground.

The output of the rectifier circuit is connected to +5-volt regulator 7805. 7805 is having three terminals. Pin 1
is input where we can keep 7 to 18 volt.

Pin 2 is ground and pin 3 is regulated output. Irrespective of input voltage at pin no 1 the output is always 5(±
0.1 volt). To reduce any further noise two 100 nf ceramic capacitor are connected across (pin1 and 2) and (pin
2 and3) of 7805 as decoupling capacitor.

The microcontroller used in our circuit is having 40 pins. The pin no 40v is VCC. According to datasheet
STC12C5A60S2 can operate at min 4 volt, max 5.5 volt and typically 5 volts is used. Hence pin no 40 of the
microcontroller is connected to pin 3 of 7805. Pin 20 is grounded.
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Any microcontroller or microprocessor is need clock pulse to fetch the instruction and executed. Some
microcontroller has internal oscillator circuit but STC12C5A60S2 is not having any internal oscillator. Hence
we must have use external clock source. We can use crystal oscillator, resonator, RC oscillator timer circuit or
even an another microcontroller to provide clock pulse. We are using crystal oscillator of value 11.0592 mega
Hz crystals. Pin18 and 19 of the microcontroller are XTAL2 and XTAL1 respectively where we have connected
the crystal. According to datasheet of STC12C5A60S2 can operate at 80 to 33 mega Hz. But we are using
11.0592 mega Hz as we are implementing serial communication as this value is very significant. At pin no 18
and 19 two ceramic capacitor of value 33 pf is connected to ground. According to datasheet these c1 and c2 can
be anything in bet 14 to (20 to 40).

Pin no 9 of STC12C5A60S2 is reset pin. If we provide high (5 volt) at pin no 9 for 2 machine cycle (12*2=24
cycle) the device will restart, and for normal operation pin 9 must be pull down. Hence we are using a 10k
resistance as pull down (R1).

Pin no 31 is EA. If we have to use external memory (program memory), Pin 31 must be pull down (connect to
ground) to use the internal flush memory pull down internal connected to VCC. Internal 8k STC12C5A60S2
pin 31 is connected to VCC.

To display the relative information, Status of the Individual channels, we are using a 16*2 LCD module. The
module is having 16 pins. Pin 1 is ground. Pin 2 is VCC which is connected to pin 3 of 7805. Pin 3 of the LCD
module is contrast control. To adjust the contrast, we are using a 10k variable resistance. The centre terminal of
the potentiometer is connected to pin 3 of the LCD module. One terminal is connected to 5 volts and the other
terminal is connected to ground.

Pin 4 5 6 of the LCD module are RS RW and E respectively. The RS pin represent resister selector. At the time
of providing command for microcontroller to LCD, RS must be pull down (RS = 0) and at the time of providing
data microcontroller to LCD, RS pin must be pulled up (RS = 1).

The RW pin represents read/write mode. At a time of writing data or command from microcontroller to LCD,
RW pin must be pull down(RW=0), to get the feedback or read busy flag from the LCD RW pin must be hold
up (RW =1). The E pin or enable pin is used to provide a high to low pulse during or after providing data or
command to LCD. In our circuit we are using P0.0, P0.1 and P0.2 that is pin no 39 38 and 37 of the
microcontroller that provide RS and RW and E signal. Hence pin 4 5 6 are connected to pin P1.0, GND, P1.1
of STC12C5A60S2.

Pin 7 to pin 14 of the LCD module are data / command though which we have to provide data or command from
microcontroller to LCD. We are using the LCD in 4 BIT Mode, hence the D0 to D3 PIN of the LCDF are not
use in the circuit, instead only D4 to D7 of the LCD are connected to P1.2 to P1.5 to provide data or command
to LCD. Hence pin no 3 to pin 6 of the microcontroller is connected to pin 11 or pin 14 of LCD.

21
Pin no 15 and 16 of the LCD module is not having any relation with programming. They are used to provide
power supply to the backlight of the LCD. Pin 15 is LED flush and is LED minus. In our circuit pin 15 is
connected to +5 volt and pin 16 is connected to ground.

Note: [Pin 15 and 16 are not displayed in the circuit diagram]

The circuit is designed in such a way that the individual channels can be operate either locally, i.e. with the help
of push button switch to toggle the relay, therefore for push to ‘ON’ momentarily. Toggle switches are connected
from P2.0 to 2.7 to ground. The program is written in such a way the either it can respond to command or signal
received from Wi-Fi model through serial port or by using the switches each channel can controlled. The
program is monitoring the status of the I/O pin connected to switches. If any switch is pressed the program
identify the switch and check the current status of the relay associated with the switch. If the current status of
the relay is ‘ON’ it will deactivate the relay and vice versa.

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CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Result and Analysis:

First the circuit was designed and simulated in proteus after few trials and error. For the serial
communication we calculated the baud rate for the given frequency of the crystal. When we were using relay
driver we faced an error related to relay. The relay was on for initially for few milliseconds then switched to off
mode. It was an undesired condition. It was due to inbuild high pin of the microcontroller. This error was solved
by using two NPN transistor which act as switch and hence initial flickering of relay was solved was solved.
We also faced an error while using toggle switch for manual control of the relay. It was due to error in calculation
of delay which leads to ON/OFF the relay several time while using it. After correctly calculating the delay we
fixed this problem. Also proper care was done while connecting electromagnetic relay circuit. A flyback diode
was connected parallel to the relay to prevent transistor and microcontroller from any damage.

4.2 Advantage and Limitation:

Advantage

The advantage of our project is that distribution point can be monitored by one central location. The
proposed system will overcome manual efforts for controlling the load shedding time break in a systematic way
by sending command through smartphone or any personal computer. Central unit can cut off power supply of
specific zone by just sending a command to the concerned Distribution Point. These relay gets activated
whenever the electrical parameters overdo the predefined values.It can be designed to send SMS alerts when
relay trips. Since microcontroller is used in this power system we can easily improve the system by providing
required instruction. The is also very cost effective.

Limitation

This system is unable to trip the relay under the condition of over voltage, over current, distorted
frequency etc since it is used for deliberate mode only. The system is also unable to operate when no internet is
available to communicate. Any defect in Wi-Fi will also break the communication.

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CHAPTER 5: FUTURE WORK
The list of work that has to be done on next semester is given below:

 Convert the simulated circuit into hardware.

 Implementation of Wi-Fi Module.
 Designing of Database Structure.
 Designing of Client Side WEB Interface.
 Designing of Server Side Programming.

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CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION
Our objective was to control the loads by a client manually or by programmable time management
system and checked the status of the load in real time. With the help of server site program, the web server will
get a request and will transmit through Wi-Fi communication to the microcontroller where microcontroller will
shed the particular loads and send the information in a reverse way to the client. Till now we have simulated the
relay circuit with manual toggle switch and using hyper terminal and we have also tested serial communication.
We have built the circuit including LCD, microcontroller, relay, led indicator, transformer, diode, and filter and
voltage regulator in the breadboard and PCB board. We have controlled the relay using manual switch and hyper
terminal effectively and LCD is also displaying the status of the relay correctly.

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 BIBLOGRAPHY

1. DM Han, JH Lim - IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 2010 - ieeexplore.ieee.org

2. AH Mohsenian-Rad, VWS Wong… - … on Smart Grid, 2010 - ieeexplore.ieee.org
3. Handbook of STC12C5A60S2
4. The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems Using Assembly and C-2nd-edition by Majidi and
Majidi.pdf
5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3268391
6. Assessing Effectiveness of Research for Load Shedding in Power System ISSN: 2088-8708
7. Effective Load Shedding Technique for Utility Department ISSN (ONLINE): 2250-0758

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