AASTU collage of biological and chemical engineering department of chemical engineering

ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

COLLAGE OF BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Thesis Title: Extraction and Characterization of Essential

oil from basil leaves

Group members

NAME ID N.O

1. Aklilu Hailemariam………………..ETS0092/08
2. Walbeka Wako……………………….ETS1140/08
3. Zeleke Workayehu……………..........ETS1250/08
4. Nurye Degu…………………………….ETS

SUBMITTED TO DR.BALA S.

SUBMITTED DATE 28/11/2019 G.

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Executive summery

Essential oils are highly concentrated substances extracted from flowers, leaves stems, roots,
seeds, barks, resins or fruit rinds. Basil (Ocimum basillicum L.) is an erect herbaceous annual
aromatic, spice and medicinal plant that belong to the Lamiaceae family.

Principally, the project aims at extracting essential oil from basil leaves by solvent extraction
technology. Experiments will be carried out to extract the oil from basil leaves. The
characterization on physical and chemical properties of the essential oil will be investigated and
we will determine the optimum parameters for high percentage yield of extracted product.

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Table of Contents
Executive summery.........................................................................................................................1
1. Introduction..............................................................................................................................3
1.1 Background............................................................................................................................3
2.0 Statement of the Problem...........................................................................................................5
3.0 Objective....................................................................................................................................6
3.1 General objective...................................................................................................................6
3.2 Specific objective...................................................................................................................6
4.0 Significance of the Study...........................................................................................................6
5.0 Scope of the Study.....................................................................................................................6
7. Literature review..........................................................................................................................7
7.1. Historical Background..........................................................................................................7
7.2 Biosynthesis of Essential Oils................................................................................................8
7.3 Chemical Composition of Essential Oils...............................................................................8
7.4 Extraction of Essential Oils....................................................................................................9
7.5 Major uses of essential oils....................................................................................................9
7.6 Basil leaf (Ocimum basillicum L.).......................................................................................10
7.6.1 Physical properties of basil essential oils......................................................................11
7.6.2 Chemical Constituents of Essential Oils..................................................................12
7.7 Methods of Essential Oil Production...................................................................................12
7.7.1 Solvent Extraction.........................................................................................................12
7.7.2 Soxhlet extraction..........................................................................................................12
7.7.3 Steam Distillation..........................................................................................................13
7.8 Use of basil leaf essential oil................................................................................................13
8. Materials and Methods..............................................................................................................15
8.1 Materials...............................................................................................................................15
8.2 Method.................................................................................................................................17
9.0 Work plane and time schedule.................................................................................................17
References......................................................................................................................................18

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1. Introduction

1.1 Background
Basil (Ocimum basillicum L.) is an erect herbaceous annual aromatic, spice and
medicinal plant that belong to the Lamiaceae family (Darrah, 1980). The name basil is
derived from the Greek word basilus which means “king” (Chang, 2004). Basil (Ocimum
basilicum) is among the most important herbs across the globe and it has the acronym of
‘King of herbs.’ In Ethiopia, the subspecies goes under the name sacred basil and the
local name bessobela. It has grown in the wild for generations, with locals harvesting it
by hand before sun-drying it for spicing meals like pasta and leguminous dishes. The
original home of the typical basil is India, where it has grown under cultivation since
3000 B.C. Basil was used also a symbol of mourning in Greece where it was known as
basilikon photon, meaning magnificent, royal, or kingly herb. Ancient records from 907
AD indicate sweet basil in the Hunan region of China. Many beliefs and rituals are
accompanied with basil. In Italy it is a symbol of love, in France it is named as an herb of
royalty. Jewish people used it to get strength during fasting while an African legend
claims that basil protects against scorpions. However, a European group has considered it
to be a symbol of Satan (Marwat et al., 2011).

Basil comes with a magnesium content of 16 percent worth of the daily nutritional value,
while that of iron is 17 percent. Calcium represents 17 percent of the daily needs while
vitamin C, for boosting immunity, stands at 30 percent of the daily requirements. Each
serving of the herb has zero percent saturated fat, and zero cholesterol, which keeps the
heart healthy. With a dietary fiber content of 1.6 grams, basil provides 6% of the daily
needs for this fiber that assists in digestion.

Essential oils are very interesting natural plant products and among other qualities they
possess various biological properties. The term “biological” comprises all activities that
these mixtures of volatile compounds (mainly mono- and sesquiterpenoids, benzenoids,
phenylpropanoids, etc.) exert on humans, animals, and other plants. Essential oils are
complex mixtures of volatile compounds produced by living organisms and isolated by

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physical means only (pressing and distillation and/or extraction) from a whole plant or
plant parts of known taxonomic origin (Husnu and Gerhard, 2010). An essential oil is a
concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile (easily evaporated at normal
temperatures) chemical compounds from plants. Essential oils are also known as volatile
oils, ethereal oils, aetherolea, or simply as the oil of the plant from which they were
extracted, such as oil of clove. An essential oil is "essential" in the sense that it contains
the "essence of" the plant's fragrance, the characteristic fragrance of the plant from which
it is derived. It can be derived from one or more plant parts, such as flowers, leaves,
leaves and stems, bark, wood, roots, seeds, fruits, rhizomes or gums or oleoresin
exudations.

Essential oils are applicable for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic/perfumery industries,

aromatherapy, alternative medicines and for variety of consumer goods such as
detergents, soaps, toilet products, confectionery food products, soft drinks, distilled
alcoholic beverages (hard drinks), insecticides, antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal,
antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. Essential oils have distinctive
characteristics, which make them a very valuable commodity with many industrial uses
and applications. Their aromatic value enables them to be used as flavorings in both the
food and beverage industries. These oils are also widely used in both the cosmetic and
pharmaceutical industries. With such applications, there is a huge demand for essential
oils worldwide and hence they have been traded internationally for several centuries.
There is hence a need to improve the quality and quantity of essential oils produced as
they have a very competitive and profitable market worldwide (Worwood, 1990). The
chemical composition of the essential oils is important in determining their quality and
consequently price in the market (Learmonth, et al. 2002). It is therefore important to
note and understand the effects of some of the parameters such as temperature, pressure,
particle size, time of extraction etc., that might be affect the quality and yield of the
essential oil extracts. Essential oils can be extracted using a variety of methods, such as
steam extraction, solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, cold pressing and
microwave extraction. The suitability of extraction method varies from plant to plant and
there are significant differences in the capital and operational costs associated.

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In this thesis we are going deal import information about extracting essential oils from
local and indigenous plant Ocimum basillicum L and determine the optimum operating
conditions of process parameters in small-scale solvent extraction method.

2.0 Statement of the Problem

According to National Program Coordinator of Aromatic, Medicinal and Bio-energy

Crops Research Ethiopia Imports more than 700 tons of essential oils annually (minimum
350 Million birr) (Addis Ababa Development Study Associates (2008)) ≈ 18.42million
USD. In 2012 it reached more than 1800 tones (Custom Authority)≈900 million
birr≈46.15 Million USD annually this Indicates Ethiopia is spending huge foreign
currency for importation of essential oil. Again in Ethiopia, 80-90% of the animals and
70-80% of the human beings are reported to be treated with plant based traditional
medicines (WHO, 2006; Endashaw, 2007). In general the essential oil market of our
country increase in its size from time to time, due to the increasing importance and usage
of essential oil in pharmaceutical and aromatherapy aids. The increasing demand for
flavored food and beverages products among consumers is also enhance this market
dramatically. Because of the rising in technology of different health and beauty care or
cosmetics, the demand of essential oil expected to be increased in the incoming few years
more than it’s ever before.

The application of plant in antioxidant, aromatherapy, food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic

and other related industries are limited due to lack of adequate research on their chemical
and biological potential. Basil is a useful plants which are not well known about its
valuable uses and so far its many uses are not discovered. As it is so, currently Ethiopia is
importing phenolic compounds from abroad for chemical and pharmaceutical uses. This
is a serious challenge which takes millions of dollars annually to meet its sufficient
essential oil demand. And basil leaves are not used for any production in our country.
Therefore, extract the essential oil from basil leave to be used for different cosmetics
medicine, flavors etc. rather than using it in raw forms, detect the composition of the
essential oil extracted and investigate the optimum operating condition for the extraction
process were needed.

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3.0 Objective

3.1 General objective

The general objective of this thesis is extraction and characterization of essential oil from basil
leaves (Ocimum basillicum L.)

3.2 Specific objective

 Extract the essential oils from basil leaf (Ocimum basillicum L.) using solvent
extraction method.
 Characterize some physic-chemical properties of the essential oil extracted at the
optimum conditions of the operating parameters.
 Determine the effect of various operating parameters such as temperature,
Extraction time and particle size of the plant materials on the yield of the essential
oil.
 Analyze the quantity (yield) and quality (composition) of the essential oil.

4.0 Significance of the Study

As we have stated in the statement of the problem above, Ethiopia Currently imports essential
oils for different pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. It expense considerable amount of
foreign currency to import this essential oil. Thus, this research is aimed to provide import
substitution by producing this oil in our country using local raw material or indigenous plants.

This research can be implemented to the real plant and transferred to interested private sectors
or any other agencies. Moreover, the government poverty alleviation program will be signified
and well supported by proliferation of this research through the technology station program.

5.0 Scope of the Study

This work involves extraction of essential oil starting from raw material preparation mainly from
basil leave, appropriate solvent selection, and extraction of oil using solvent extraction method.
This research is an experimental study to show the yield and composition of the essential oil
from basil leaf as a raw material using solvent extraction method. The scope of this thesis will
cover from extraction and analysis of the chemical composition of the essential oil up to

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optimize the parameters of the extraction process for the optimum yield of the extracted essential
oil.

7. Literature review

7.1. Historical Background

Essential oils have been used in folk medicine throughout history. The earliest recorded mention
of the techniques and methods used to produce essential oils is believed to be that of Ibn al-
Baitar (1188–1248), an Al-Andalusian (Muslim Spain) physician, pharmacist and chemist. Oils
are extracted from the leaves, petals, stems, seeds, and even the roots of the plants. Aromatic
plants generally contain volatile oil in all their proportions in different concentrations.

Each the volatile oil is unique, being different even within the same plant, and has wonderful
applications and as varied as Nature itself. The complex combination of organic substances that
form a volatile oil gives its specific note, which depends on the species, the harvest period, the
climate, as well as the part of the plant from which it is extracted. Numerous compounds that
make up essential oils have been identified. Only the mint oil has no more than 200 different
components. Many the compounds are structural isomers [2].

Essential oils are aromatic substances present in the specialized cells or glands of certain plants
used by them to protect themselves from predators and pests, but also to attract polinators. In
other words, essential oils are part of the immune system of the plant. It is a concentrated,
hydrophobic liquid (Those that naturally repel water, causing droplets to form, are known
as hydrophobic) containing volatile aroma compounds from plants. Essential oils are also known
as volatile, ethereal oils or aetherolea, or simply as the oil of the plant from which they were
extracted, such as oil of clove. Oil is "essential" in the sense that it carries a distinctive scent, or
essence of the plant. The essence or aromas of plants are due to volatile or essential oils. Many of
which have been valued since antiquity for their characteristic odors. The essential oils have
characteristic fragrances and tastes. They are mixtures of known and unknown compounds. They
may contain hydrocarbons, terpene alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, phenols and esters (Denston,
1939).

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Essential oils are frequently referred to as the “life force” of plants which are extracted from
flowers, leaves, stems, roots, seeds, bark, and fruit rinds that are widely used in foods, cosmetics,
and pharmaceuticals. An estimated 3000 essential oils are known, of which about 300
commercially important are destined chiefly for the flavors and fragrances market (Bizuneh,
2014). Generally, essential oils are complex mixtures of hydrocarbon monoterpenes, oxygenated
monoterpenes, hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, and related compounds
that are derived from the secondary metabolism of plants. The oils are formed in green
(chlorophyll bearing) parts of the plant and, with plant maturity are transported to other tissues
particularly the flowering shots (Galadima et al., 2012). The amount of essential oils found in
these plants can be anywhere from 0.01% to 10% of the total. These oils have potent
antimicrobial factors, having wide range of therapeutic constituents. These oils are often used for
their flavor and their therapeutic or odoriferous properties, in a wide selection of products such
as foods, medicine, and cosmetics. Only pure oils contain a full spectrum of compounds that
cheap imitations simply cannot duplicate (Satish, 2010).

Essential oils have a wide range of uses:

 As an important source of natural flavors and are used extensively in the agro
food sector.
 As fragrance and are used in perfume, beauty products, deodorants, soap and
detergents.

 As components in pharmaceuticals, antiseptic, and aromatherapy products.

7.2 Biosynthesis of Essential Oils

The biosynthesis of odorous substances takes place in the leaves, where most of them are found
and remains until flowering. Flowering, essential oils migrate into flowers, and part is consumed
in the fertilization process. After fertilization, it accumulates in fruits and seeds or there is a
migration to leaves, bark and root [3].

7.3 Chemical Composition of Essential Oils

Essential oils are complex mixtures (5000–7000 chemical constituents) in which mono– and

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sesquitrpene constituents predominate, but also contain aromatic compounds, often

phenylpropane derivatives, and rarely meet diterpenes. The terpenic compounds may be
hydrocarbons or oxygenated derivatives (oxides, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids) or reaction
products thereof (esters, ethers). Terpenic compounds are substances of vegetable origin that
enter into the natural composition of molecular mixtures that lead to the formation of volatile
(essential, etheric) oils [4].

7.4 Extraction of Essential Oils

Essential oils are obtained, as appropriate, by one of the following processes

 By distillation in the stream of water vapor.

 Extraction of essential oils by steam distillation

 By using solvents extraction method, such as ether, petroleum, benzene, acetone or

toluene, or with supercritical fluids such as carbonic anhydride under pressure.

7.5 Major uses of essential oils

Aromatherapy: Aromatherapy is a form of alternative medicine that uses volatile plant

materials, known as essential oils, and other aromatic compounds for the purpose of altering a
person's mood, cognitive function or health. Science has discovered that our sense of smell plays
a significant role in our overall health. Since ancient times, essential oils have been used in
medicine because of their medicinal properties, for example some oils have antiseptic properties.
In addition, many have an uplifting effect on the mind.

Importance of Essential Oil in pharmaceutics: Essential Oils have versatile applications in

pharmaceutics. Some of the applications are listed below

 Antiseptics: The antiseptic properties of Essential Oil make them active against wide
range of bacteria as on antibiotic resistant strains. In addition to this they are also against
fungi and yeasts.
 Expectorants and diuretics: When used externally, essential oils like (L’essence de
terebenthine) increase microcirculation and provide a slight local anesthetic action. Till
now, essential oils are used in a number of ointments, cream and gels, whereby they are

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known to be very effective in relieving sprains and other particular pains. On the renal
system, these are known to increase vasodilation and in consequence bring about a
diuretic effect.
 Spasmolytic and sedative: Essential oils from the Umbellifereae family, Mentha species
and verbena are reputed to decrease or eliminate gastrointestinal spasms. These essential
oils increase secretion of gastric juices. In other cases, they are known to be effective
against insomnia (Satish, 2010).

7.6 Basil leaf (Ocimum basillicum L.)

Ocimum basilicum is an erect, almost glabrous herb, which grows to between 30 and 90 cm
high. The leaves are ovate, lanceolate, cucuminate, toothed or entire, glabrous on both surfaces
and glandular. When mature, they reach approximately 5 cm in length, excluding the petiole,
which is approximately 2 cm long. The upper surface is smooth and lustrous; on the lower
surface along the midrib and on the petiole short, stiff hairs occur sparingly (Prakash, 1990).

Although popular in Italian and Southeast Asian cookery, basil or sweet basil (Ocimum
basilicum) is originally from India. It is an annual herb with aromatic leaves that is closely
related to the mints (Lamiaceae). Basil's aromatic leaves, with hints of cloves and pepper, are
widely used as a fresh salad ingredient and in soups and stews.

Cultivars: there are different species under this plant category. These are:-

 Genovese basil (O. genovese) is a variety of sweet basil traditionally used to make pesto.
 Thai basil (O.thyriflorum) has large, pointed leaves and purple, branched stems up to
36 inches high. It should not be confused with Thai holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum), a
separate but closely related basil species.
 Lemon basil (citriodorum) has fine leaves and a citrus odor.

Propagation: Basil seed germinates at temperatures above 65 degrees Fahrenheit. Sow seed
indoors six to eight weeks before the last frost. Cover seed with 1/4 inch of soil. Seedlings are
ready to transplant once they are 6 inches tall and temperatures have risen above 50 degrees F.

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Cultivation: Plant basil seedlings outdoors once all chances of frost have passed. Basil plants
thrive in sunny conditions and rich but well-drained soil and need abundant water, especially
during the summer. Leave about 2 feet between plants and 3 feet between rows. Fertilize at
planting using 3 pounds of low nitrogen (5-10-10) granular fertilizer per 100 square feet. Apply a
3-inch mulch or pine needles or leaf litter around basil plants to keep the soil moist.

Culinary Uses: Sweet basil has traditionally been used alongside tomato in Italian recipes, but
its peppery flavor also goes with vegetables such as eggplants and zucchini. Fresh basil leaves
are used in tomato salads and are a vital ingredient in pesto sauce. Basil is best added to cooked
dishes at the last moment, as its flavor dissipates with heat.

Branch Out: Basil grows from square, hairy stems. The stems are usually woody near the
ground and thin out near the ends. Basil plants grow several branches which contribute to the
bushy appearance. If you look closely, you'll notice the branches grow in pairs opposite of one
another. The next pair of branches will also grow opposite one another but perpendicular to the
lower branches. This continues up the plant so you have stems growing from all sides to fill out
the plant.

Stop and Smell the Basil: As the basil plant matures, it begins to flower. The tiny flowers are
typically either white or purple and grow up in a spiky structure from the center of a stem. The
flowers are the plant's way reproducing, through seeds. If you allow the flowers to grow, the
basil plant draws energy away from leaf growth. The flowers signal to the plant that the growing
season is over and you may notice a decline in the plant's production. To continue to be able to
harvest leaves, pinch off the flower spikes as they appear. The potential health benefits of
consuming basil and provides a nutritional profile for the herb

7.6.1 Physical properties of basil essential oils

A physical property is any property that is measurable; whose value describes a state of a
physical system. The followings are standards which must be fulfilled to maintain the quality of
Ocimum basilicum essential oils (http://www.fao.org//docrep/nutmeg and derivatives).

 Appearance, color, fragrance: Basil essential oil is a transparent fluid with pale-yellow
color. It has a distinctive flavor and fragrance.

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 Specific gravity: Specific gravity is an important criterion of the quality and purity of an
essential oil. At 25oC, the specific gravity value of basil essential oil varies between the
limits of 0.95200- 0.97300. In general, the specific gravity of essential oil is less than 1 .0
(Guenther, 1 960). Thus, essential oil can be collected over (floating on) water.
 Refractive index: When a ray of light passes from a less dense to a more dense medium, it
bents or “refracted” toward the normal. The refractive index of Ocimum basillicum oil is
between 1.51- 200-1 .51900 at 20oC.
 Optical gyration (rotation): When essential oils are placed in a beam of polarized light
possess the property of rotating through plane of polarization to the right (dextrorotatory)
or to the left (laevorotatory). The degree of rotation and the direction are important
indicators of purity. The standard optical gyration of a quality Ocimum basillicum
essential oil is in the limits between 8.85oc to 1 1 .85oc to the left at 25oC.
 Solubility: Ocimum basillicum essential oil is insoluble in water and it is well miscible
with hydroxcitronellal. However, it can be dissolved in paraffin oil

7.6.2 Chemical Constituents of Essential Oils

I. Volatile fraction: Essential oil constituting of 90-95% of the oil in weight, containing
the monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, as well as their oxygenated derivatives
along with
II. Non-volatile residue: that comprises 1-10% of the oil, containing hydrocarbons, fatty
acids, sterols, carotenoids, waxes and flavonoids.

7.7 Methods of Essential Oil Production

7.7.1 Solvent Extraction

Extraction essential oil by solvent is recommended if it is necessary to reduce the oil

contents in the raw material to lower than 2%. Soxhlet extractor was used to extract oil from
solid material by using a different solvent such as hexane, methanol, ethyl acetate, and
Aqueous (Badejo et al., 2016).

7.7.2 Soxhlet extraction

The Soxhlet method is the most commonly used semi-continuous process for the extraction

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of lipids from foods. According to Soxhlet procedure, oil and fat from solid material are
extracted by repeated washing (percolation) with an organic solvent, usually hexane or
petroleum ether, ethanol. The ethanol was used for the purpose of solvent.

7.7.3 Steam Distillation

Most commonly, the essence is extracted from the plant using an technique called distillation.
One type of distillation places the plants or flowers on a screen. Steam is passed through the area
and becomes “charged” with the essence. The steam then passes through an area where it cools
and condenses. This mixture of water and essential oil is separated and bottled. Since plants
contain such a small amount of this precious oil, several hundred pounds may need to produce a
single ounce (Cassel & Dellacassa, 2008).

7.8 Use of basil leaf essential oil

Basil essential oil is a type of essential oil commonly used in aromatherapy. Sourced from the
Ocimum basilicum plant, basil essential oil is said to offer a variety of health benefits. Basil
essential oil contains a number of compounds thought to enhance health. These compounds
include linalool, a substance also found in lavender that's been shown to reduce stress in several
scientific studies. Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) plays a role in many Mediterranean, and
particularly Italian, cuisines. It forms the basis of pesto and adds a distinctive flavor to salads,
pasta, pizza, and other dishes. Indonesian, Thai, and Vietnamese cuisines also feature this herb.

In the diet, sweet basil can provide vitamins, minerals, and a range of antioxidants. Its essential
oil may also have medicinal benefits. The followings are some sectors in which basil essential oil
is applicable.

Medical use of basil essential oil

 Basil oil is a good tonic for the treatment of nervous disorders and stress related
headaches, migraines and allergies. It is used to clear the mind and relieve intellectual
fatigue, while giving clarity and mental strength.

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 It has a beneficial action on the respiratory tract and is often used for asthma, bronchitis
and sinus infections. It furthermore is also effective in cases of constipation, nausea,
vomiting and cramp, and is also good when used for menstrual problems.
 Due to the emmenagogue properties, it is often used to relieve scanty periods and
normalizing menses.
 It helps to minimize uric acid in the blood, thus relieving gout. It is useful in arthritis as
well and when used on the skin, it helps to control acne. In general it refreshes the skin
and can also be used on insect bites.

Skincare Benefits

Dry, rough skin isn't always easy to overcome, but basil able to help. When facial creams with
oils or extracts from basil were compared with those without basil, the basil-infused versions did
a better job enhancing moisture and decreasing roughness. Basil essential oil’s help us an
effective remedy for a number of chronic skin conditions such as acne. Applying a face pack using
basil oil on a daily basis is beneficial for acne-inflamed skin due to its anti-inflammatory and
antibacterial properties. You may also add other ingredients such as lemon juice or rose hip oil to
amplify its effects. It also has antibacterial properties which can be remedy for ringworm
infections.

Exhibits Antimicrobial Properties: Basil essential oil is a good safeguard against disease-
causing bacteria.

Prevent Adrenal Fatigue: Basil is among the best essential oils for the healing of the mind. In fact, basil
has been traditionally used in royal families to strengthen resolve, provide clarity, and to raise the spirit.
These traits of basil are especially beneficial to those who have debilitating illnesses or are prone to
mental fatigue brought by workplace stress.

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8. Materials and Methods

8.1 Materials

The main materials / equipment’s required to conduct our research are listed bellow.
No Equipment’s Purpose
.
1 Electronic weight balance Measuring the weight
2 Measuring cylinder For measuring the volume of liquid
3 Mortar and pestle For size reduction
4 Volumetric flask Used to prepare and measure chemical
solutions
5 Rotary evaporator Separation of the essential oil
6 Plastic container For material storage
7 Beaker Used to store, mix and heat liquids in
laboratories.
8 Litmus paper PH indication
9 Sieve Size separation
10 PH meter Measuring the acidity and basicity
11 Viscometer Measure the dynamic viscosity
12 Shaker Shaking or mixing
13 Vibrio Viscometer For measuring the dynamic viscosity
14 Spectrometer for measuring refractive Index

Raw material

The main raw material used for our study is basil leaf (Ocimum basillicum L.)

Table

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Chemicals required Purpose

Hexane used as solvent

KOH Determination of saponification value,

acid value

Ethanol Determination of saponification value

Sodium hydroxide Determination of saponification value

Hydrochloric acid Determination of saponification value

Toluene Determination of acid value

Phenolphthalein Determination of acid value,

saponification value

Distilled water PH determination, washing etc..

sodium thiosulphate determination of Iodine value

carbon tetra chloride determination of Iodine value

potassium iodide solution determination of Iodine value

Starch determination of Iodine value

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8.2 Method

The main methods that we are going to follow to conduct our study are discussed below.
Collection of the raw material, basil leaf (Ocimum basillicum L.)
Cleaning or washing the raw material
Drying of the prepared raw material
Grinding (size reduction) of the dried basil leave
Store the prepared material in cooled place until use
Extraction of the oil using Soxhlet apparatus will be carried out.
Characterization of the extracted oil will be carried out

9.0 Work plane and time schedule

Months and weeks we have

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4

March Prepare proposal Purchase chemicals

Parallel article review (literature review)

April Laboratory work

May Finalize document

June Document Defense

submit

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[3]. Bakari M, Yusuf HO. (2018) Utilization of locally available binders for densification of rice
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