MARRIAGE

TYPES OF MARRIAGE
MARRIAGE

Marriage is one of the universal social institutions established and nourished by human society. It is closely connected
to the institution of family. According to Gillin and Gillin, "Marriage is a socially approved way of establishing a family of
procreation." Westermarck says that marriage is rooted in the family rather than the family in the marriage. Marriage is
an institution of society with different purpose, functions and forms in different societies but is present everywhere as
an institution. According to Malinowski, " marriage is a contract for the production and maintenance of children."
According to Robert H Lowie," Marriage is a relatively permanent bond between permissible mates."

Types of MARRIAGE

1.Arrange marriage
2.Polygamy
3.Polygyny
4.Sororate marriage
5.Levirate marriage
6.Monogamy
7.Child marriage
8.Cross cousin marriage
9.Love marriage
Arrange marriage

Arranged marriage is a type of marital union where the bride and groom are primarily selected by individuals other
than the couple themselves, particularly by family members such as the parents. In some cultures a
professional matchmaker may be used to find a spouse for a young person.
Arranged marriages have historically been prominent in many cultures. The practice remains common in many regions,
notably South Asia, though in many other parts of the world, the practice has declined substantially during the 19th and
20th centuries.
Forced marriages, practiced in some families, are condemned by the United Nations, and is not an arranged marriage. The
specific sub-category of forced child marriage is especially condemned.In other cultures people mostly choose their own
partner.

Arranged marriages were very common throughout the world until the 18th century.Typically, marriages were arranged by
parents, grandparents or other relatives. Some historical exceptions are known, such as courtship and betrothal rituals
during the Renaissance period of Italy and Gandharva Vivah in the Vedic period of India.

In China, arranged marriages (baoban hunyin, 包办婚姻) – sometimes called blind marriages (manghun, 盲婚) – were the
norm before the mid-20th century. A marriage was a negotiation and decision between parents and other older members
of two families. The boy and girl were typically told to get married, without a right to demur, even if they had never met
each other until the wedding day.
Polygamy

Polygamy (from Late Greek πολυγαμία, polygamía, "state of marriage to many spouses") is the practice of marrying
multiple spouses. When a man is married to more than one wife at the same time, sociologists call this polygyny. When
a woman is married to more than one husband at a time, it is called polyandry.

In contrast to polygamy, monogamy is marriage consisting of only two parties. Like "monogamy", the term "polygamy" is
often used in a de facto sense, applied regardless of whether a state recognizes the relationship.[n
1] In sociobiology and zoology, researchers use polygamy in a broad sense to mean any form of multiple mating.

Worldwide, different societies variously encourage, accept or outlaw polygamy. In societies which allow or tolerate
polygamy, in the vast majority of cases the form accepted is polygyny. According to the Ethnographic Atlas Codebook (1998),
of 1,231 societies noted, 588 had frequent polygyny, 453 had occasional polygyny, 186 were monogamous and 4 had
polyandry[5] – although more recent research suggests that polyandry may occur more commonly than previously
thought.[6] In cultures which practice polygamy, its prevalence among that population often correlates with class and
socioeconomic status.[7]
From a legal point of view, in many countries, although the law only recognises monogamous marriages (a person can only
have one spouse, and bigamy is illegal), adultery is not illegal, leading to a situation of de facto polygamy being allowed,
although without legal recognition for non-official "spouses".
Polygyny

Polygyny is a form of marriage in which one man married more than one woman at a given time. Polygyny is more
popular than polyandry but not as universal as monogamy. It was a common practice in ancient civilizations. At present
it may be present in primitive tribes like Crow Indians, Baigas and Gonds of India.

Sororal polygyny
It is a type of marriage in which the wives are invariably the sisters. It is often called sororate. The Latin word Soror
stands for sister. When several sisters are simultaneously or potentially the spouses of the same man the practice is
called sororate. It is usually observed in those tribes that pay a high bride price.

Non-sororal polygyny
It is a type of marriage in which the wives are not related as the sisters.

Polyandry

Polyandry is the marriage of one woman with several men. It is practiced among the Marquesan Islanders of Polynesia,
The Bahama of Africa and tribes of Samoa. In India among tribes of Tiyan, Toda, Kota, Khasa and Ladakhi Bota it is still
prevalent.Polyandry is of two.
Sororate marriage is a type of marriage in which a husband engages in marriage or sexual relations with the sister of
his wife, usually after the death of his wife or if his wife has proven infertile.[1] The opposite is levirate marriage.
From an anthropological standpoint, this type of marriage strengthens the ties between both groups (the wife's family
or clan and the husband's) and preserves the contract between the two to provide children and continue the alliance.
The Inuit people (formerly known as Eskimos) of northern Alaska, Canada and Greenland follow or followed this
custom. It is followed by the Chiricahua group of the Western Apache, who are Athabaskan speaking, as is levirate
marriage.[citation needed]
Sororate marriage is practiced by the Sioux (Lakota) tribes, and some Western Mono tribes in California, such as
the Wuksachi or Waksachi.
It was also practiced by Rachel and Leah in the Bible.

Levirate marriage is a type of marriage in which the brother of a deceased man is obliged to marry his brother's
widow. Levirate marriage has been practiced by societies with a strong clan structure in which exogamous marriage
(i.e. marriage outside the clan) is forbidden. It has been known in many societies around the world.

Levirate marriage can, at its most positive, serve as protection for the widow and her children, ensuring that they have
a male provider and protector. Levirate marriage can be a positive in a society where women must rely on men to
provide for them, especially in societies where women are under the authority of, dependent on, in servitude to or
regarded as possessions of their husbands, and to ensure the survival of the clan. The practice of levirate marriage is
strongly associated with patriarchal societies.
Monogamy

Monogamy (/məˈnɒɡəmi/ mə-NOG-ə-mee) is a form of dyadic relationship in which an individual has only
one partner during their lifetime—alternately, only one partner at any one time (serial monogamy)—as compared
to non-monogamy (e.g., polygamy or polyamory).[1] The term is also applied to the social behavior of some
animals, referring to the state of having only one mate at any one time.

The word monogamy derives from the Greek μονός, monos ("alone"), and γάμος, gamos ("marriage").[1]
The term "monogamy" may be referring to one of various relational types, depending upon context. Generally, there are
four overlapping definitions.
• marital monogamy refers to marriages of only two people.
• social monogamy refers to two partners living together, having sex with each other, and cooperating in acquiring basic
resources such as shelter, food and money.
• sexual monogamy refers to two partners remaining sexually exclusive with each other and having no outside sex
partners.[2]
• genetic monogamy refers to sexually monogamous relationships with genetic evidence of paternity.[2]

For instance, biologists, biological anthropologists, and behavioral ecologists often use monogamy in the sense of sexual, if
not genetic (reproductive), exclusivity.[3] When cultural or social anthropologists and other social scientists use the term
monogamy, the meaning is social or marital monogamy.
Child Marriage

Child Marriage is defined as a marriage of a girl or boy before the age of 18 and refers to both
formal marriages and informal unions in which children under the age of 18 live with a partner as
if married. Child marriage affects both girls and boys, but it affects girls disproportionately, especially in
South Asia.

South Asia has the highest rates of child marriage in the world. Almost half (45%) of all women aged 20-24 years
reported being married before the age of 18.Almost one in five girls (17%) are married before the age of 15.
Child marriage violates children’s rights and places them at high risk of violence, exploitation, and abuse. India
has the largest number of brides in the world – one-third of the global total. Bangladesh has the highest rate of
child marriage in Asia (the fourth highest rate in the world). Nepal has also one the highest rates of child
marriage in Asia for both boys and girls.

Child marriage is declining (63% in 1985 to 45%t in 2010) in South Asia, with the decline being especially
marked for girls under 15 (32% in 1985 to 17% in 2010).The marriage of girls aged 15-18 is however still
commonplace, so more efforts are needed to protect older adolescents from marriage.
Cross cousin marriage

Bilateral cross cousin marriage systems are a form of direct exchange marriage in which two lineages or families
establish permanent alliances and exchanges through marriages to each other's women. In some cases, these
exchanges are formed without an explicit cousin rule. For example, among the Tiv of Nigeria, a man's marriage
requires him to provide a bride to a member of his in-law's family from among the women of his own group. In
other instances, the continuity of such paired exchanges is guaranteed by the regular arrangement of marriages
on the basis of specified cousin relationships.
Bilateral cross cousin marriage begins with an initial situation of exchange marriage.Two men marry each other's
sisters to establish a basis for a long term alliance.

The regular application of the bilateral cross cousin marriage rule creates a permanent alliance between a pair of
lineages (A and B) through the continuous intermarriage between the men of A and the women of B and vice
versa.This arrangement is often further articulated into dual organizations or moiety systems, in which basic
social units are composed of paired groups linked by marriage relationships.The Yanomamo of Amazonia provide
an example.Their basic social unit is the village, composed of between 50 and 200 inhabitants.
Love Marriage

A love marriage is one which is driven solely by the couple, with or without consent of their parents, as opposed
to arranged marriage.While there is no clear definition of love marriage; the term was in common use globally
during the Victorian era,and is still used in the commonwealth countries of India,Pakistan,Bangladesh and Sri
Lanka, as well as Nepal and Egypt.

According to Coontz, the marriages between Anglo-Saxons were organised to establish peace and trading
relationships. In the 11th century, marriages were organised on the basis of securing economics advantages or
political ties.The wishes of the couples were not considered important.The bride was especially expected to defer
to her father's wishes. In 1140,Decretum Gratiani was written by Gratian. It made consent of the couple a
requirement for marriage.This book became the foundation of the policy of the Christian Church on marriage.

In India, love marriages started becoming popular in urban areas in 1970s. Initially, love marriages occurred
between acceptable communities. Love marriage now common transcend ethnic,community and religion barriers.

In Pakistan, arranged marriages are the norm and love marriage is rare in the society. Several cases of honour
killing are recorded every year.[12] In most cases, the woman is killed, however in some cases couples are
killed.[13] The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan counted about 869 such cases reported in the media, but
noted that many such cases may also be unreported.