ORGAN AND STRUCTURES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues

that help you breathe. It includes your airways, lungs and
blood vessels. The muscles that power your lungs are also part
of the respiratory system. These parts work together to move
oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases like
carbon dioxide.
 FUNCTIONS

The respiratory system has many functions. Besides helping you inhale
(breathe in) and exhale (breathe out), it:

• Allows you to talk and to smell.

• Warms air to match your body temperature and moisturizes it to the
humidity level your body needs.
• Delivers oxygen to the cells in your body.
• Removes waste gases, including carbon dioxide, from the body when you
exhale.
• Protects your airways from harmful substances and irritants.
The respiratory system is made up of the organs included in the exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide. These are the parts:

• Nose
• Mouth
• Throat (pharynx)
• Voice box (larynx)
• Windpipe (trachea)
• Large airways (bronchi)
• Small airways (bronchioles)
• Lungs

The upper respiratory tract is made up of the:

• Nose
• Nasal cavity
• Sinuses
• Larynx
• Trachea
The lower respiratory tract is made up of the:
• Lungs
• Bronchi and bronchioles
• Air sacs (alveoli)
Each lobe of the lung has the same physiologic function,
bringing oxygen into the bloodstream and removing carbon
dioxide. Sections of a lobe, or even entire lobes can be
removed as a treatment for conditions such as lung cancer,
tuberculosis, and emphysema.
FIVE LOBES OF LUNGS
PARTS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The respiratory system has many different parts that work together to help you
breathe. Each group of parts has many separate components.

Your airways deliver air to your lungs. Your airways are a complicated system
that includes your:

Mouth and nose: Openings that pull air from outside your body into your
respiratory system.
Sinuses: Hollow areas between the bones in your head that help regulate the
temperature and humidity of the air you inhale.
Pharynx (throat): Tube that delivers air from your mouth and nose to the
trachea (windpipe).
Trachea: Passage connecting your throat and lungs.
Bronchial tubes: Tubes at the bottom of your windpipe that connect into each
lung.
Lungs: Two organs that remove oxygen from the air and pass it into your blood.
From your lungs, your bloodstream delivers oxygen to all your organs and other
tissues.
From your lungs, your bloodstream delivers oxygen to all your organs and other tissues.

Muscles and bones help move the air you inhale into and out of your lungs. Some of the
bones and muscles in the respiratory system include your:

Diaphragm: Muscle that helps your lungs pull in air and push it out.
Ribs: Bones that surround and protect your lungs and heart.
When you breathe out, your blood carries carbon dioxide and other waste out of the body.
Other components that work with the lungs and blood vessels include:

Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
takes place.
Bronchioles: Small branches of the bronchial tubes that lead to the alveoli.
Capillaries: Blood vessels in the alveoli walls that move oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Lung lobes: Sections of the lungs — three lobes in the right lung and two in the left
lung.
Pleura: Thin sacs that surround each lung lobe and separate your lungs from the chest
wall.
Some of the other components of your respiratory system include:

Cilia: Tiny hairs that move in a wave-like motion to filter dust and other irritants
out of your airways.
Epiglottis: Tissue flap at the entrance to the trachea that closes when you
swallow to keep food and liquids out of your airway.
Larynx (voice box): Hollow organ that allows you to talk and make sounds when
air moves in and out.
ANATOMY STRUCTURE
FIVE STEPS OF RESPIRATION
TOP 5 FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM: A LOOK INSIDE KEY
RESPIRATORY ACTIVITIES
1. INHALATION AND EXHALATION ARE
PULMONARY VENTILATION—THAT’S
BREATHING
The respiratory system aids in breathing, also called pulmonary ventilation. In
pulmonary ventilation, air is inhaled through the nasal and oral cavities (the nose
and mouth). It moves through the pharynx, larynx, and trachea into the lungs.
Then air is exhaled, flowing back through the same pathway. Changes to the
volume and air pressure in the lungs trigger pulmonary ventilation. During
normal inhalation, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract and
the ribcage elevates. As the volume of the lungs increases, air pressure drops and
air rushes in. During normal exhalation, the muscles relax. The lungs become
smaller, the air pressure rises, and air is expelled.
2. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION EXCHANGES
GASES BETWEEN THE LUNGS AND THE
BLOODSTREAM
Inside the lungs, oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide waste
through the process called external respiration. This respiratory
process takes place through hundreds of millions of microscopic
sacs called alveoli. Oxygen from inhaled air diffuses from the
alveoli into pulmonary capillaries surrounding them. It binds to
hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells, and is pumped through
the bloodstream. Meanwhile, carbon dioxide from
deoxygenated blood diffuses from the capillaries into the
alveoli, and is expelled through exhalation.
3. INTERNAL RESPIRATION EXCHANGES
GASES BETWEEN THE BLOODSTREAM AND
BODY TISSUES
The bloodstream delivers oxygen to cells and removes waste carbon
dioxide through internal respiration, another key function of the respiratory
system. In this respiratory process, red blood cells carry oxygen absorbed
from the lungs around the body, through the vasculature. When oxygenated
blood reaches the narrow capillaries, the red blood cells release the oxygen.
It diffuses through the capillary walls into body tissues. Meanwhile, carbon
dioxide diffuses from the tissues into red blood cells and plasma. The
deoxygenated blood carries the carbon dioxide back to the lungs for release.
RED BLOOD CELLS CARRY INHALED
OXYGEN TO THE BODY'S TISSUES AND
BRING CARBON DIOXIDE BACK TO THE
LUNGS TO BE EXHALED.
4. AIR VIBRATING THE VOCAL CORDS
CREATES SOUND
Phonation is the creation of sound by structures in the upper respiratory tract of
the respiratory system. During exhalation, air passes from the lungs through the
larynx, or “voice box.” When we speak, muscles in the larynx move the
arytenoid cartilages. The arytenoid cartilages push the vocal cords, or vocal
folds, together. When the cords are pushed together, air passing between them
makes them vibrate, creating sound. Greater tension in the vocal cords creates
more rapid vibrations and higher-pitched sounds. Lesser tension causes slower
vibration and a lower pitch.
5. OLFACTION, OR SMELLING, IS A
CHEMICAL SENSATION
The process of olfaction begins with olfactory fibers that
line the nasal cavities inside the nose. As air enters the
cavities, some chemicals in the air bind to and activate
nervous system receptors on the cilia. This stimulus sends a
signal to the brain: neurons take the signal from the nasal
cavities through openings in the ethmoid bone, and then to
the olfactory bulbs. The signal then travels from the
olfactory bulbs, along cranial nerve 1, to the olfactory area
of the cerebral cortex
 CONDITION AND DISORDER
Many conditions can affect the organs and tissues that make up the respiratory system.
Some develop due to irritants you breathe in from the air, including viruses or bacteria that
cause infection. Others occur as a result of disease or getting older.

Conditions that can cause inflammation (swelling, irritation and pain) or otherwise affect
the respiratory system include:

Allergies: Inhaling proteins, such as dust, mold, and pollen, can cause respiratory allergies
in some people. These proteins can cause inflammation in your airways.
Asthma: A chronic (long-term) disorder, asthma causes inflammation in the airways that
can make breathing difficult.
Infection: Infections can lead to pneumonia (inflammation of the lungs) or bronchitis
(inflammation of the bronchial tubes). Common respiratory infections include the flu
(influenza) or a cold.
Disease: Respiratory disorders include lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD). These illnesses can harm the respiratory system’s ability to deliver oxygen
throughout the body and filter out waste gases.
Aging: Lung capacity decreases as you get older.
Damage: Damage to the respiratory system can cause breathing problems.
CARE
How can I keep my respiratory system healthy?
Being able to clear mucus out of the lungs and airways is important for respiratory
health.

To keep your respiratory system healthy, you should:

Avoid pollutants that can damage your airways, including secondhand smoke,
chemicals and radon (a radioactive gas that can cause cancer). Wear a mask if you are
exposed to fumes, dust or other types of pollutants for any reason.
Don't smoke.
Eat a healthy diet with lots of fruits and vegetables and drink water to stay hydrated
Exercise regularly to keep your lungs healthy.
Prevent infections by washing your hands often and getting a flu vaccine each year