01M Equivalent Circuit

Prepared by
Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan

Associate Professor, Department of EEE
American International University – Bangladesh (AIUB)
Equivalent Circuit of Synchronous
Generator(Alternator)/Motor
Eg: Generated emf at no load due to the field excitation
Xar: Reactance due to the armature reaction known as fictitious reactance.
Xl: Reactance due to the leakage flux known as leakage reactance or potier
reactance.
Ra: Resistance due to armature winding known as armature resistance.
Vt: Terminal voltage of generator
Vs: Supply voltage of generator

Em: Back emf I: Current
Synchronous Generator/Alternator Synchronous Motor

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 2
Xs: Summation of Xar and Xl known as synchronous reactance.
Xs:= Xar + Xl
Synchronous Impedance: Zs=Ra+jXs
Impedance Diagram Reactance Diagram

Transformer
Definition: The transformer is a static device which transfers
electrical energy from one circuit to another circuit without
changing of frequency.
Features of a Transformer
Transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another circuit
by changing voltage and current
Frequency cannot be changed
Energy transformation is accomplished by electromagnetic
induction
Electrical circuits are magnetically coupled no direct electric
connection
Efficiency is high and mantainance is simpler since there has
no rotating parts

Main Components of a Transformer
The magnetic core
Primary and secondary windings
Insulation of windings
Lead and tapping for coils with their supports, terminals and
terminal insulator
Tank, oil, cooling arrangement etc.
Application of Transformer
9 Stepping-up of voltage
9 Stepping-down of voltage
9 Electrical Isolation
9 Impedance matching
9 Link between AC and DC systems
9 Instrument extension

Classification of Transformer
Transformer can be classified according to the following ways:
Based on Number of Phases
Single-phase transformer
Three phase transformer
Based on Relative Position (Construction) of Winding and
Core
Core type transformer
Shell type transformer
Based on Number of Winding Per Phase
¾ One winding per phase
¾ Two winding per phase
¾ Three winding per phase
Based on Volt-Ampere and Voltage Ratings
o Low voltage transformer [VHV < 1.1 kV]
o Medium voltage transformer [1.1 kV ≤VHV < 11 kV]
o High voltage transformer [VHV ≥ 11 kV]
Based on Service Conditions
Power transformer
Distribution transformer
Instrument Transformer
9 Current transformer
9 Potential transformer
Based on Method of Cooling
• Air Natural
• Air Blast
• Oil Natural
• Oil Blast
• Forced Oil Cooling
• Oil and Water Cooled
• Forced Oil and Water Cooled
Current (or Series) Transformer (CT)
¾ Used to measure current in high-current ac circuit with
low-range ammeters
¾ Step up the voltage
¾ Step down the current
¾ Has a primary coil with one or more turns of thick wire
connected in series with the line whose current is to be
measured
¾ Has a secondary coil with a large number of turns of fine
wire and connected across the ammeter terminals.
¾ If the current transformer has primary to secondary
current ratio (I1/I2) of 100:5, then it steps up the voltage 20
times whereas it steps down the current to (1/20) th of its
actual value.

¾ One of the most commonly used current transformer is the one
known clamp-type or clip-on type.
¾ Since the ammeter resistance is very low, the current
transformer normally works short circuited.
The secondary of a current transformer should never be left open

under any circumstances. If this not done, then due to the absence
of counter amp-turns of the secondary, the unopposed primary
mmf will set up an abnormally high flux in the core which will
produce excessive core loss with subsequent heating and a high
voltage across the secondary terminals.
Potential (or Voltage) Transformer (PT)
¾ Used to measure high voltage in high-voltage ac circuit with
low-range voltmeter
¾ Step down the voltage
¾ Step up the current
For safety, the secondary should be completely insulated from

the high-voltage primary and should be, in addition, grounded
for affording protection to the operator.

Equivalent Circuit of Transformer
R1, Xl1, I1, V1, E1: primary side resistance, leakage reactance,
current, voltage, and counter (or self induced) emf, respectively.
R2, Xl2, I2, V2, E2: secondary side resistance, leakage reactance,
current, voltage, and counter (or self induced) emf, respectively.
Rc (or R0 or Rm), Xm (or X0): core loss resistance, mutual
inductance, respectively.
I0, Iµ (or Ic) Iw: no-load current, magnetizing current, and
working or core loss current, respectively.

Voltage Transformation Ratio: K=N2/N1=E2/E1=V2/V1
Secondary quantities referred to primary:
V2′= V2/K; Xl2′=Xl2/K2; R2′=R2/K2
Impedance Diagram
Neglect Core Loss

i.e. Rc is very large

Assuming, Xm is very large
Simplified Impedance Diagram Reactance Diagram

High-voltage (HV) or high tension (HT) side impedance
referred to low-voltage (LV) or low-tension (LT) side
⎛ ⎞2 ⎛ ⎞2
V ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ N ⎟
Z =Z HV
⎜
⎜ ⎟ =Z
⎟ ⎜
⎜
HV ⎟
⎟
HV LV V ⎟⎟
⎜⎜ LV⎜⎜ N
LV ⎠
⎝ ⎝ LV ⎟⎟⎠
Low-voltage (LV) or low tension (LT) side impedance

referred to high-voltage (HV) or high-tension (HT) side
⎛ 2 ⎞2
V ⎞⎟
⎜
⎛
⎜ N ⎟
Z =Z LV
⎜
⎜ ⎟ =Z
⎟ ⎜
⎜
LV ⎟
⎟
LV HV V ⎜⎜⎟⎟ HV⎜⎜ N
HV ⎠
⎝ ⎝ HV ⎟⎟⎠

Calculation of Three Phase Rating of a
Transformer from the Given Single Phase Rating
In a power system, the Y-connection of a three-phase transformer
always considered as high voltage side. The given voltage rating
of a three-phase transformer is always line voltage rating.
If the single phase ratings are: 11 kV/6.6 kV, 100 MVA
The rating for three-phase transformer are:
For Y-Y connected transformer are:
(√3×11)kV/(√3×6.6)kV or 19.053kV/11.432kV and 3×100 MVA
For Y-Δ or Δ -Y connected transformer are:

(√3×11)kV/6.6kV or 19.053kV/6.6kV and 3×100 MVA
For Δ -Δ or Δ -Y connected transformer are:

11kV/6.6kV and 3×100 MVA
Parameters of Transmission (TX) Line
The basic transmission-line parameters are:
1. Series resistance
2. Series inductance (or inductive reactance)
3. Shunt capacitance (or capacitive reactance)
4. Shunt conductance (or admittance)
Series Resistance (R)

Series resistance accounts for copper (or ohmic or I2R) losses.
The resistance of a conductor at a specified temperature is
Rdc=ρl/A
Resistance of a conductor depends of the following factors:
• Spiraling
• Temperature
• Frequency (due o skin effect)
• Current magnitude – magnetic conductor
Series inductance (or inductive reactance) (XL)
Series inductive reactance gives rise to series voltage drops along the
line.
The inductance of a magnetic circuit that has a constant permeability µ
can be obtained by determining the following:
Magnetic field intensity H from Ampere’s Law
Magnetic flux density B (B=µH)
Flux linkage λ
Inductance from flux linkage per ampere (L=λ/I)
Shunt Capacitance (C) (or Capacitive Reactance or susceptance,

Bc )
Shunt capacitive reactance gives rise to line-charging current.
The capacitance between conductors in a medium with constant
permittivity ε can be obtained by determining the following:
o Electric field strength E, from Gauss’s Law
o Voltage between conductors
o Capacitance from charge per unit volt (C=q/V)
Representation of Transmission Line
Transmission-line are three types:
Short-Transmission Line (less than 80 km)
Medium Transmission Line (from 80 to 250 km)
Long Transmission Line (more than 250 km)
Short-Transmission Line (less than 80 km)

For a short-transmission line, shunt capacitance is so small that it
can be omitted entirely with little loss of accuracy, and we need to
consider only the series resistance and the series inductance for
the total length of the line.

Shunt conductance (or admittance) (G)
Shunt conductance accounts for real power (V2G) line losses due to
leakage currents between conductors or between conductors and
ground.
Shunt conductance of overhead line is usually neglected since this
loss is very small compared to copper loss.
This power loss is due to leakage currents at insulators and to
corona.
Corona occurs when a high value of electric field strength at a
conductor surface causes the air to become electrically ionized and
to conduct.
The real power loss due to corona, called corona loss, depends on
meteorological conditions, particularly rain, and on conductor
surface irregularities.
Series impedance is including the series resistance and series

inductive reactance.
Medium Transmission Line (from 80 to 250 km)
A medium-length line can be represented sufficiently well by
series resistance, series inductance as lump parameters with half
the capacitance to neutral of the line lumped at each end of the
equivalent circuit.
R X
Z
Nominal π circuit G/2 Bc/2 G/2 Bc/2
Y/2 Y/2
R/2 X/2 R/2 X/2
Z/2 Z/2
Nominal T circuit
G Y Bc

Long Transmission Line (more than 250 km)
The exact solution of any transmission line and the one required
for a high degree of accuracy more than approximately 150 mile
long must consider the fact that the parameters are not lumped
but are distributed uniformly throughout the length of the line.
V + I Zc γx V − I Zc −γx
V= R R e − R R e Zc = z / y
2 2
V / Zc + I γx V / Zc − I −γx γ = zy =α + jβ
I= R Re − R Re
2 2
Zc : Characteristic impedance of the line
γ : propagation constant
α : attenuation constant
β : phase constant
Equivalent-π circuit of a long transmission line

One Line or Single Line Diagram
A one-line or single-line diagram is a simplified notation for
representing a three-phase power system.
A simplified diagram of an electrical system is called one-line or
single-line diagram.
The purpose of the one-line diagram is to supply in concise form
the significant information about the power system.
The one-line diagram has its largest application in power flow studies.
Electrical elements such as circuit breakers, transformers, capacitors, bus
bars, and conductors are shown by standardized schematic symbols as shown
in the following Table 1.
Instead of representing each of three phases with a separate line or terminal,
only one conductor is represented. It is a form of block diagram graphically
depicting the paths for power flow between entities of the system.
Elements on the diagram do not represent the physical size or location of the
electrical equipment, but it is a common convention to organize the diagram
with the same left-to-right, top-to-bottom sequence as the switchgear or other
apparatus represented.
Why one line diagram?
Power systems are extremely complicated
Geographically spread system
Three phase (3φ) System
Characteristics of One-Line Diagram

¾ Concise form of basic arrangement of Power System (PS)
¾ Not show the exact electrical connection
¾ Expressed in block diagram
¾ Diagram varies for different purposes
Why Grounding?
Protect against the faulty Condition
Grounded can be solid or through resistor or reactor/inductor.
This additional resistor or inductor doesn’t have any effect on
the steady-state operation
Table 1 Apparatus Symbols

Detailed Impedance Diagram
T1 TX Line
G1 M1
Eg1 Em1
Load
T1 TX Line
G1 Simplified
M1
Impedance
Eg1 Diagram Em1
Load
Reactance Diagram
If the impedance diagram is simplified by omitting
All static loads
All resistances
The magnetizing current of each transformer
All the capacitance of the transmission line
the impedance diagram reduces to the reactance diagram.

Draw the detailed Impedance Diagram, Simplified Impedance
Diagram and Reactance Diagram
T1 TX Line T2
Load
Neglecting Core Loss of Transformer
T1 TX Line T2

Neglecting Core Loss and Magnetizing Current of Transformer
TX Line
T1 T2
TX Line
T1 T2
Neglecting Core Loss, Magnetizing Current of Transformer

and Shunt Conductance (or Admittance) of Transmission Line
TX Line
T1 T2

Simplified Impedance Diagram
Neglecting Core Loss, Magnetizing Current of Transformer
and Shunt Conductance (or Admittance) of Transmission Line
TX Line
T1 T2
Reactance Diagram
T1 TX-Line T2

T1 TX-Line T2
1 2 3
Load A Load B
T1 TX-Line T2
1 2 3 T1 T2
Load A Load B
TX-Line
1 2 3

T1 TX-Line1 T2
1 2 3
Load A Load B
T3 TX-Line2 T4

T1 TX-Line1 T2
T3 TX-Line2 T4
1 2 3
Load A Load B
T1 TX-Line1 T2
1 2 T3 TX-Line2 T4 3

T1 Line 1 T2
1 2
T3 Line 2 Line 3 T4
3
Load

T1 Line 1 T2
T3 Line 2 Line 3 T4
1 2
Load
3
T1 Line 1 T2
T3 Line 2 Line 3 T4
1 2
3

T1 Line 1 T2
1 2
T3 Line 2 Line 3 T4
T5 T6
3 Load

T1 Line 1 T2
T3 Line 2 T5 T6 Line 3 T4
1 2
3
Load
T1 Line 1 T2
1 2
3
Load

Line 1 Line 2
T1 T4
T2 T3
2 Load 1
1 3
Line 3 Line 4
T5 T8
T6 T7
4 Load 2

2 T2
Load 1
1 3
4
Load 2
2
Load 1
1 3
4
Load 2

(a)
(b)
Draw the detailed impedance
diagram, simplified impedance
diagram, and reactance diagram.
(c)
(d) Home Work


01M Equivalent Circuit

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Prepared by

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan

Vs: Supply voltage of generator

Synchronous Generator/Alternator Synchronous Motor

Synchronous Impedance: Zs=Ra+jXs

Impedance Diagram Reactance Diagram

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 4

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 5

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 8

The secondary of a current transformer should never be left open

For safety, the secondary should be completely insulated from

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 10

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 11

Neglect Core Loss

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 12

Simplified Impedance Diagram Reactance Diagram

Low-voltage (LV) or low tension (LT) side impedance

Dr. Mohammad Abdul Mannan 14

For Y-Δ or Δ -Y connected transformer are:

For Δ -Δ or Δ -Y connected transformer are:

Series Resistance (R)

Shunt Capacitance (C) (or Capacitive Reactance or susceptance,

Short-Transmission Line (less than 80 km)

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Series impedance is including the series resistance and series

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Equivalent-π circuit of a long transmission line

Characteristics of One-Line Diagram

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Neglecting Core Loss, Magnetizing Current of Transformer

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(d) Home Work

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