11

UNDERSTANDING
CULTURE SOCIETY
AND POLITICS
Fourth Quarter
Module 4: Government
Programs and Initiatives
in Addressing Social
Inequality

1
 11

UNDERSTANDING
CULTURE,
SOCIETY AND
POLITICS
Fourth Quarter
Module 4: Government
Programs and Initiatives
in Addressing Social
Inequalities

2
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION VII, CENTRAL VISAYAS
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF SIQUIJOR

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(CID) of the Department of Education – Siquijor Division.

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Published by the Department of Education

OIC-Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Neri C. Ojastro

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Edmark Ian L. Cabio

Development Team of the Learning Module

Writer: Anabella T. Taroc

Evaluators: Pelagio R. Caet, Marina Gilsa L. Castillon, Roxanne Mae L. Pal-ing, Rosalie C. Castillon, Jerson R.
Tumapon, Caroline D. Cayongcong, Cecil C. Saplot, Sheila Mae Juliena O. Villas

Management Team: Dr. Marlou S. Maglinao

CID – Chief

Arlene M. Buhian
Education Program Supervisor ( Araling Panlipunan )

Edesa T. Calvadores
Education Program Supervisor (LRMS)

Printed in the Philippines by___________________________

Department of Education – Region VII, Central Visayas, Division of Siquijor
Office Address: Larena, Siquijor
Telephone No.: (035) 377-2034-2038
E-mail Address: deped.siquijor@deped.gov.ph

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 What I Need to Know

In this module, we shall discuss the government programs and

initiatives in addressing social inequalities specifically; we shall start on the
causes of social inequality and how these social inequalities affect the lives
of the Filipino people and what are the government programs and initiatives
to address these social inequalities. Though this module, we hope that the
learners will be able to appreciate the efforts exerted from our Philippine
government in addressing social inequalities local, national and global.

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

 Explain the government programs and initiatives in addressing social

inequalities e.g. local. national, global. (UCSP11/12HSO-IId-31)

What I Know

A. To find out what you already know about the topic to be discussed in
this module, take the Pre-test. Write your answers in your notebook.

Directions: answer the question by arranging the jumbled letters inside the
box.
SIDA LIB YIT 1. _____ is the consequence of an impairment that
may be physical, cognitive, mental, sensory, emotional, developmental, and
maybe present from birth, or occur during a person’s lifetime.
IALCOS UALIINEQTY 2. _____frequently describe on the basis of the
unequal distribution of income or wealth, skin color and other physical
characteristics of an individual’s place of
CINTEH TYLIQUAENI 3. ____ is the result of hierarchical social
distinctions between racial and ethnic categories within a society and often
establishes based on characteristics such as origin or culture.
REDNGE INALQUEYT 4. _____ is born out of the deepening separation in
the roles assigned to men and women, particularly in the economic, political
and educational spheres

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CALISPYH BIDISTAILY 5. _____ any impairment which limits the physical
function of limbs, fine bones, or gross motor ability is a physical impairment

LATNME DARETARNOTI
6._____ is a subtype of intellectual disability, and
the term intellectual disability is now preferred by many advocates in most
English-speaking countries.
MSICAR 7. _____ is the thinking that one’s own race is
superior and has the right to control or direct
others.
CINTHE YTIRONIM
8. _____ Are people whose cultural background
differs from that of the dominant members of a society.

IMRONSEITI 9. _____ Refers to our propensity to picture all

members of a particular category as having the same qualities.

GNIPYTOERETS 10. _____ Are people who are barred from some
degree of power, prestige or wealth.

MSIRTNECONHTE 11. _____ Is the belief that our nation, race, or

group is the best.

GNITOAGPESAC
12. _____ this is a situation when people encounter
problems that they do not know how to solve, often they feel frustrated.
TNANIMOD
13. _____ is members of the society that have more
power over the people in a society.

ERPUJECID
14._____ is a negative attitude toward the members
of a particular group.

NOITANIMMIRCSID 15. _____ an act of depriving minorities of equal

treatment and are kept in a lower status by the dominant members of the
society and the resistance of equality.
YTILAUQENICINTHTE
16. _____ is the consequence of hierarchical social
distinctions between racial and ethnic categories within a society and often
recognized based on characteristics such as skin color and other physical
characteristics or an individual’s place of origin or culture.

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 What`s In

You learned social and political stratification in module 9. Can you still
remember the three social classes of stratification? Fill up the pyramid
below.

ACTIVITIVITY 1:

Activity 2
Directions: Fill in the concept map of your learning insight about negative
effects of social and political stratification to the individual in the society.

Social and
Political Negative effects
Stratification

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 What`s New
A.

Examine the pictures and

answer the questions below.
1. Were there social equality
in the pictures presented? If
yes why? If no Why? Support
your answer.
2. In your own opinion, what
is the best way to treat people
with disability?

B What forms of inequality you have experience? Choose your answer from the
box below and write it in your notebook.
..
Gender inequality, prejudice
Racial and Ethnic Inequality, Economic inequality
Stereotyping, Racism , ect.

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C. What have you heard or seen from the social media or from the
community around you regarding government programs and initiatives
regarding social inequality? Please enumerate at least four of these
government programs.

What Is It

Read: Government Programs and Initiatives in Addressing Social

Inequalities:
i. Local
ii. National
iii. Global

Terms that is related to social inequality

Social Inequality- uneven opportunities and rewards for a diverse
social positions or statuses within a group or society. This occurs when
resources in a given society are distributed unevenly, generally through
norms of allocation, that bring about specific patterns along lines of socially
defined categories of persons.
Economic inequality- described on the basis of the unequal
distribution of income or wealth, in the most frequently studied type of
social inequality.
Gender inequality- sex and gender based prejudice and
discrimination or sexual division of labor. The emphasis on gender
inequality is born out of the deepening division in the roles assigned to men
and women, particularly in the economic, political and educational spheres.
Racial and Ethnic Inequality- is the consequence of hierarchical
social distinctions between racial and ethnic categories within a society and
are often recognized based on characteristics such as skin color and other
physical characteristics or an individual’s place of origin or culture.

Effects of Social Inequality to the Philippine Society

Prejudice is the negative attitude towards the members of a particular

group.
Stereotyping refers to our propensity to picture all members of a
particular category as having the same qualities. It is our propensity to
picture all members of a particular category as having the same qualities.
Ethnocentrism is the belief that our own race or group is the best.
Scapegoating
is a situation when people encounter problems that they do not know how to
solve.
Racism is the thinking that one’s own race is superior and has the
right to control or direct others.

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 Ethnic minorities are people dwell in a society that does not share
their cultural heritage. And they are also the people whose cultural
background differs from that of the dominant members of a society.
Discrimination is an act of depriving minorities of equal treatment
and are kept in a lower status by the dominant members of the society and
the resistance of equality.

Government Programs and Initiatives in Addressing Social

Inequalities:

i. Local Proclamations

i. Equal Opportunity Employment

ii. Accessible Polling Places Exclusively for Persons with Disabilities
and Senior Citizens
iii. Implementations of Programs and Services for Persons with
Disabilities in Every Province, City and Municipality
iv. Magna Carta for Persons with Disabilities

Disability Laws
The Autism Society of the Philippines works untiringly for the protection
of the rights and the enhancement of the benefits available to persons with
autism and their families.
The following are the laws and implementing guidelines in effect in the
Philippines, which champion the cause of person with autism, and other
disabilities.

Republic Acts
1. Anti- Bullying Act –
Republic Act Number 10627 dated 05, June 2013. Bullying shall refer
to any severe or repeated use by one or more students of a written, verbal or
electronic expression, or a physical act or gesture, or any combination
thereof, directed at another student that has the effect of actually causing or
replacing the later in reasonable fear of physical or emotional harm or
damage to his property ; creating a hostile environment at school for the
other student ; infringing on the rights of other student at school; or
materially and substantially disrupting the education process or the orderly
operation of a school.

2. Equal Opportunity Employment –

Republic Act No. 10524 dated 23, July 1012. At least one per cent (1%)
of all positions in all government agencies, offices or corporations shall be
reserved for persons with disability: provided that, private corporations with
more than One Hundred (100) employees are encouraged to reserve at least
one percent (1%) of all positions for persons with disability.

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 3. Accessible Polling Places exclusively for persons with
disabilities and Senior Citizens-
Republic Act No. 10336. Dated 23 July 2012. The state shall ensure
that persons with disabilities and senior citizens are able to exercise their
right political participation without discrimination or restrictions. Towards
this end, the state shall design systems and procedures that will enable
persons with disabilities and senior citizens to register and vote by them.
* COMELEC
Resolution Number 9763 dated 30, August 2013. This contains the
implementing rules and regulations around RA 10336.

4. Implementations of Programs and Services for Persons

with Disabilities in Every Province, City and Municipality
Republic Act Number 10070, dated 27 July 2009. PDAO shall be
created in every province, city and municipality. The local chief executive
shall appoint a PWD affairs officer who shall manage and oversee the
operations of the office, pursuant to its mandate under this act.
 Department of the Interior and Local Government memorandum
Circular Number. 2010-103, dated 23 September 2010. This
contains the implementing rules and regulations around RA
10070.

Magna Carta for Persons with Disabilities

Republic Act Number 7277, dated 24 March 1992. This law provides
for the rehabilitation, self-development and self-reliance of disabled persons
and their integration into the mainstream of society and for other purposes.
*Department of Tourism Memorandum Circular No. 2011-04, dated
11 February 2011. This clarifies condition around twenty percent (20%)
discounts entitlements to persons with disabilities.
* Department of Interior and Local Government Memorandum circular
No. 2009-29, dated 09 September 2009. This clarifies the procedure on the
issuance of IDs and booklets for PWDs.
* Joint Department of Trade and Industry and Department of
Agriculture Administrative Order 02, dated 27 July 2009. This clarifies rules
and regulations on the grant of special discounts to persons with disability
on the purchase of basic necessities and prime commodities.

ii. National Proclamations

UN international Day of Persons with Disabilities

Presidential proclamation No. 1157, dated 16 October 2006. The
proclamation designated December 3 as the International Day of persons
with Disabilities in the Philippines, in keeping with United Nations
declaration.

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 National Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation Week
Presidential proclamation No. 361, dated August 2000. The
proclamation ordered the assignment of the third week of July as the
National Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation Week, culminating on the
birthdate of the sublime paralytic, Apolinario Mabini on July 23.

National Autism Consciousness Week

Presidential proclamation No. 711, dated January 1996. The
proclamation ordered the assignment of the third week of January as
National Autism Consciousness Week, enjoining the Department of Health,
Department of Education Culture and Sports, the Department of social
Welfare and Development, and the Department of Interior and Local
Government to serve as the national focal point for the commemoration of
this event.

National commission on Disability Affairs

Presidential Decree No.1509, dated 11June 1978. The national
government recognizes responsibility to provide the handicapped with the
fullest measure of protection and assistance to help develop their abilities in
all fields of endeavour and to promote their integration into the mainstream
of society, as well as its primary duty for the prevention of physical and
mental disabilities.

Administrative and Executive Orders

Community based Rehabilitation for persons with disabilities.
Executive Order No. 437, dated 21 June 2005. The proclamation enjoins
local government units to adopt the Community-Based Rehabilitation
Program in delivering services to their constituents with disabilities and to
allocate funds to support the program.
 Department of Interior and Local Government 2009-27, dated 20
March 2009.
Economic Independence for Persons with Disabilities
Executive Order No. 417, dated 27 March 2005. The General
Appropriation Act explicitly provides funding mechanisms for programs and
projects of PWD and their organizations from at least one percent (1%) of the
total yearly budget of all National Government Agencies and
instrumentalities including Government Financial Institutions and
government owned and controlled corporations.

Poverty and Inequality Reducing Programs

1. 4Ps Conditional Cash Transfer to reduce inequalities in
opportunities in education and reduce intergenerational poverty
2. Community Based Monitoring System (CBMS) as a to reduce
poverty and inequality at the local level
The Philippines’ Conditional Cash Transfer Program: Pantawid Pamilyang
Pilipino Program (4Ps)

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Program Description
 To promote investment in human capital that ensures children
belonging to poor households, aged 0-18, grow up healthy and stay in
school
 Utilizes the conditional cash transfer scheme wherein beneficiaries
receive cash grants based on their compliance to their co-
responsibilities

Other Policies
DepEd Child Protection Policy dated 14 May 2012. The document
outlines the Philippine Department of Education’s Policies and Guidelines
on protecting children in school from violence , exploitation, discrimination,
bullying, neglect, abuse cruelty and other conditions prejudicial to their
development.

Global Inequality
Global Inequality (relationships between states and non-state actors
in the global community)- the financial systems of the world have developed
unevenly, historically, such that the entire geographical regions were left
stalled in poverty and illness. This was represented by a type of North-South
divide that existed after World War II among the First World, more
developed, industrialized, wealthy countries and Third world countries,
primarily as measured by GDP. From around 1980, on the other hand, all
the way through at least 2011, the GDP gap, while still wide, appeared to
the final and, in some more rapidly developing countries, life expectances
began to increase. There are frequent restrictions, though, of GDP as an
economic indicator of social “well-being”

Ways to Reduce Global Inequalities

Extreme economic inequality is corrosive to our societies. It makes

poverty reduction harder, hurts our economies, and drives conflict and
violence. Reversing this trend presents a significant challenge, but one
where we’ve seen some progress. Below we offer eight ways to move the
world forward in reducing global inequality.

1. Stop Illicit Outflows

In developing countries, inadequate resourcing for health, education,

sanitation, and investment in the poorest citizens drives extreme inequality.
One reason is tax avoidance and other illicit outflows of cash. According
to Global Financial Integrity, developing countries lost $6.6 trillion in illicit
financial flows from 2003 through 2012, with illicit outflows increasing at an
average rate of 9.4 percent per year. That’s $6.6 trillion that could reduce
poverty and inequality through investments in human capital,
infrastructure, and economic growth.

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2. Progressive Income Tax

After falling for much of the 20 th century, inequality is worsening in

rich countries today. The top one percent is not only capturing larger shares
of national income, but tax rates on the highest incomes have also dropped.
How much should the highest income earners be taxed? This is obviously a
question to be decided domestically by citizens, and opinions differ. For
instance, economist Tony Addison suggests a top rate of 65 percent rate on
the top 1 percent of incomes.

3. A Global Wealth Tax?

In Capital in the Twenty-first Century , Thomas Piketty recommends

an international agreement establishing a wealth tax. Under his plan,
countries would agree to tax personal assets of all kinds at graduated rates.
The sceptics do have a point about whether this particular plan is practical,
but we shouldn’t give up on the idea. Because wealth tends to accumulate
over generations, fair and well-designed wealth taxes would go a long way
towards combating extreme inequality.

4. Enforce a Living Wage

Governments should establish and enforce a national living wage, and

corporations should also prioritize a living wage for their workers and with
the suppliers, buyers, and others with whom they do business. Low and
unliveable wages are a result of worker disempowerment and concentration
of wealth at the top—hallmarks of unequal societies. As human beings with
basic needs, all workers should earn enough to support themselves and
their families. Governments and corporations should be responsible for
protecting the right to a living wage, corporations should commit to
responsible behaviour that respects the dignity of all workers.

5. Workers’ Right to Organize

The right of workers to organize has always been a cornerstone of

more equal societies, and should be prioritized and protected wherever this
basic right is violated. Extreme inequality requires the disempowerment of
workers. Therefore, the right of workers to organize and bargain collectively
for better pay and conditions is a global human rights priority. Despite
Article 23 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights— which declares
the right to organize as a fundamental human right—workers worldwide,
including in the United States, still face intimidation, fear, and retribution
for attempting to organize collectively. Where unions are strong, wages are
higher and inequality is lower.

6. Stop Other Labor Abuses

Companies worldwide are also replacing what was once permanent

and stable employment with temporary and contingent labor. Often called

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“contingent” or “precarious” workers, these workers fill a labor need that is
permanent while being denied the status of employment. In the United
States, this trend is called “misclassification,” in which employers
misclassify workers as “independent contractors” when they are actually
employees. Contingent labor also occurs through outsourcing,
subcontracting, and use of employment agencies.

7. Open and Democratic Trade Policy

Negotiating international trade agreements behind closed doors with

only bureaucrats and corporate lobbyists present has to end. These old-style
trade agreements are fundamentally undemocratic and put corporate profits
above workers, the environment, health, and the public interest. We need a
new, transparent trade policy that is open, transparent, and accountable to
the people.

8. A New Economics?

Economists are often imagined as stuffy academics who value arcane

economic theory above humanitarian values. The field’s clinging to
parsimonious theories gave us such winners as the Washington Consensus
and a global financial system that imploded in 2008. Thankfully, there’s a
movement among economics grad students and scholars to reimagine the
discipline. As they acknowledge, we clearly need a new economics that
works to improve the lives of everyone, not just those already well off. For
instance, what could be more radical than a Buddhist economics? This is
the path promoted by economist and Rhodes Scholar E .F. Schumacher,
who says humanity needs an economics that creates wealth for all people,
just not money for privileged people and corporations. Economics should
take into account ethics and the environment, and treat its claims less like
invariable truths..

Read and Learn More

What are the solutions to the problems in the Philippines?
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14
 Eric van der Weele, Superintendent (2018-present)

The guiding principle to solving problems basically is to know the problem to

the detail. So, to solve the problems in the Philippines, I’d have to ask which
problem tops the most. And from there, we can think of solutions.

Given that, I think that is one of the problems we have. We have so much of
it - problems - that in our day to day lives, with our need to survive the day, we just
deal with our issues/problems by the day, come what may, hoping that we wake up
to another, but better, day.

But problems will always be there, be it individual or social, be it

personal or shared. The most we can do, given our context in the
Philippines, and with what we have as a people, is our resilience. By that,
one by one, if we name our problems and address it as a people - with
resilience - no matter what, we can deal with the whiles of life, day in and
day out.

There’s no running away from problems really. It is a constant and,

ideally, it should, as a social fact, keep us from developing, from innovating,
making us better and better every time. :)
1.5K views ·

Originally Answered: What is the solution to at least minimize problems in

the Philippines today?
I wish you have been more specific on what you mean by the “problems” in
the Philippines. What comes into my mind is poverty which causes other
issues like drugs, crimes and corruption.

The best solution would be education.

Much of the Filipinos who voted for the politicians in the Philippine
government are uneducated, thus they make bad decisions when voting
government officials. Since they are uneducated they have menial jobs and
no money so most of the time would accept electoral bribery. Being poor
they would usually turn to crime and drugs.

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 What`s More

 Independent Activity 1

Directions: Read the statement below. Answer the question briefly.

Write your answers in your notebook.
Q. Do you agree that the best solution for social inequality is education?
Why?

Scoring Rubrics for Essay

Criteria 4points 3 points 2 points 1 point Score

Explanation Complete Good Explanation Misses

response with response is not clear points key
detailed with clear
explanation explanation

Demonstrated Shows complete Shows Response Response

Knowledge understanding substantial shows some shows
understandi understandin lack of
ng g understan
ding

Sensible Complete Has Hardly Does not

Opinion response with sensible makes have
bright opinion opinion sensible sensible
opinions opinions

TOTAL

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  Independent Activity 2
Write inside the Stacked Venn the words that are related to social
inequality

global
inequality

 Independent Activity 3
Select from the words inside the box that addressed national
inequality.

Progressive taxes, solve income inequality, better

education,
better healthcare, social safety nets, Racial and ethnic
inequality
economic inequality gender equality, political dynasty
social injustice higher and broader economic growth,

 Independent Activity 4
Did you experience social inequality? What did you do? Write four
sentences in your notebook.

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 What I Have Learned

I learned that:
 Addressing inequality is not only a responsibility but also an
opportunity. The function of business cannot be overstated to impel
towards greater equality. Data from Pew show that people tend to believe
governments are responsible for the wealth gap, but governments cannot
solve the problem on their own. Addressing inequality is good for
business as it creates a demographic of consumers thus widening the
market for profits and services and increasing profit opportunities,
especially for women. Efforts to reduce inequalities and achieve inclusion
are a multi stakeholder responsibility which will require concerted action
at all levels, from local to national and regional to global.

What I Can Do

Directions: Using the basic radial below.

1. Give four top solutions to income inequality base on your priority.
2. Explain your answer briefly. Write in your notebook.

Rubric to Assess the Activity

CRITERIA 1 point 2 points 3points 4 points

Explanation Not yet Minimally Fully meet Exceeds Scor
meeting meets Expectation Expectation e
expectation expectation s s
s s
Completeness The activity The activity The activity The activity
, Accuracy of contains contains contains contains
information, very little some complete lots of
and accurate accurate information complete
coherence of information information about the and
position about the about the topic accurate
topic topic information
about the
topic

Legend:
4- Excellent
3- Very Good
2-Competent

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1-Poor

Top
solutions
to income
inequality

Assessment

Post Test

A. Directions: Matching Type: Match Column A from the answers in

Column B. write the letter of your choice in your notebook.

Column A Column B
1. is the consequence of an impairment that may be a.physical
physical, cognitive, mental, sensory, emotional, disability
developmental, and maybe present from birth, or
occur during a person’s lifetime
2. uneven opportunities and rewards for a diverse b.economic
social positions or statuses within a group or society inequality
3. any impairment which limits the physical function c. disability
of limbs, fine bones, or gross motor ability is a
physical impairment
4. sex and gender-based prejudice and discrimination d.social
or sexual division of labor. The emphasis on gender inequality
inequality is born out of the deepening division in the
roles assigned to men and women, particularly in the
economic, political and educational spheres.
5. along lines of socially defined categories of persons. e. Racial and
described on the basis of the unequal Ethnic

19
distribution of income or wealth, in the most Inequality
frequently studied type of social inequality
6. is the consequence of hierarchical social f.gender
distinctions between racial and ethnic categories inequality
within a society and are often recognized based on
characteristics such as skin color and other physical
characteristics or an individual’s place of origin or
culture.
7. (relationships between states and non-state actors h. 4Ps
in the global community)- the financial systems of the
world have developed unevenly, historically, such that
the entire geographical regions were left stalled in
poverty and illness
8. Conditional Cash Transfer to reduce i.
inequalities in opportunities in education and discrimination
reduce intergenerational poverty
9. Are people who are barred from some degree of j.ethnic
power, prestige or wealth. inequality
10. is the consequence of hierarchical social k. minorities
distinctions between racial and ethnic categories
within a society and often recognized based on
characteristics such as skin color and other physical
characteristics or an individual’s place of origin or
culture.
11. an act of depriving minorities of equal treatment l. dominant
and are kept in a lower status by the dominant
members of the society and the resistance of equality.
12.is a negative attitude toward the members of a m.global
particular group. inequality
13. are members of society that have more power over n.
the other people. Ethnocentrism
14 is the thinking that one’s own race is superior and o. racism
has the right to control or direct others.
15. Ethnocentrism- the belief that our own nation, p. prejudice
race or group is the best.
16. DepEd Child Protection Policy dated 14 May 2012. q. DepEd Child
The document outlines the Philippine Department of Protection
Education’s Policies and Guidelines on protecting Policy
children in school from violence , exploitation,
discrimination, bullying, neglect, abuse cruelty and
other conditions prejudicial to their development

20
 References:

Balena, et. al, (2016) Understanding Culture, society and Politics for Senior
High School

Contreras A.P. et. al., (2016) Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics,
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Saloma et. al, Development Team of the Understanding culture, Society and
Politics Reader, DepEd Management Team, Bureau of Curriculum
Development, Bureau of Learning Resources.

Cel ia M. Reyes
Senior Research Fellow, PIDS
St rategi c Dialogue on Pover t y and Inequal i t y in As ia and the Pac i f i c

UN ESCAP Bangkok , Oc tober 5-6, 2017

https://inequality.org/great-divide/8-ways-reduce-global-inequality/
https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-solutions-to-the-problems-in-the-
Philippines

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