ME 1107 - Group 1 - Properties of Sand, Bamboo Charcoal, and Coconut Shell As Water Purifier - Rev.01

Properties of Sand, Bamboo Charcoal, and Coconut Shell
as Water Purifier
Binay, Mary Niña V., Boo, Ashley Sofia V., Cabral, Jean Andrey F., Callejo, Renz Arvin Ynz., Camacho, Razel
Angela A.
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts, Batangas State
University,
Rizal Ave Extension, Batangas City, 4200 Batangas, Philippines
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Water is a substance that makes up a majority of your physique weight and

AY 2020–2021 | First Semester SCI 401 use of a comprehensive water filtration system. And
Research Project through technology, the market was able to produce
Date Submitted: December 11, 2020
commercial water purifiers that people can use whereas
Keywords some use dif erent materials to create their water
Sand, Bamboo Charcoal, Coconut Shell, Properties and Purification purifiers at home.
Abilities, Commercial Water Purifier
I. INTRODUCTION
in many vital functions, consisting of flushing out waste
from your body, regulating body temperature, and
supporting your brain function. And with the development
of the economy and industry, more types of pollution
materials are discharged into the water environment,
such as rivers and lakes, and more water absorptive
regulates the temperature of the body that is why the
pollution disasters have occurred. Detecting pollution
daily water intake recommended for an adult male is
promptly is vital for the conservation of water and is a
Water is a substance that makes up a majority of your
prerequisite for the location and recovery of the source of
physique weight and in many vital functions,
pollution. In response to this crisis, scientists think of a
consisting of flushing out waste from your body,
solution that would solve this problem. And their answer
regulating body temperature, and supporting your
is a water purifier that is used to procure clean or
brain function. Humans get most of it from
drinkable water from polluted waters. A process by which
consuming beverages, however, food also contributes
materials and contaminants are removed from the water
a small amount to your day by day water intake.
is called water purification. This procedure reduces
Water is essential in carrying nutrients to all cells in
contaminant concentration such as parasites, algae,
the human body and oxygen needed by the brain to
fungi, and viruses. Through this process, clean drinking
function properly. It allows the body to absorb
water could be provided. The solely alternative to devour
vitamins, amino acids, glucose, and other substances
pure, contaminant-free consuming water is through the
as well as excrete wastes and toxins. Moreover, it
3.7 liters whereas 2.7 liters are for adult females. 73% of water while the lungs have 83% water. Thus,
According to a journal entitled “Journal of Biological it could be concluded that water is needed for humans
Chemistry 158”, it is said by H.H. Mitchell that 60% to survive but nowadays, water is slowly being
of the human body is composed of water, polluted by our activities, making our drinking source
emphasizing that the brain and heart are composed of limited.
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Properties of Sand, Bamboo Charcoal and Coconut Shell as Water Purifier

This is used to prevent waterborne diseases such as
Similarly, water is the most important material for cholera, dysentery, and typhoid. Furthermore,
human survival and a valuable resource for industrial drinking adulterated, impure, water is
and agricultural production. And with the
Group No. 2
development of the economy and industry, more types
the leading supplier of sorrow and rising epidemic
of pollution materials are discharged into the water
illnesses in many countries around the globe. The
environment, such as rivers and lakes, and more water
solely alternative to devour pure, contaminant-free
pollution disasters have occurred. Detecting pollution
consuming water is through the use of a
promptly is vital for the conservation of water and is a
comprehensive water filtration system. And through
prerequisite for the location and recovery of the
technology, the market was able to produce
source of pollution.
commercial water purifiers that people can use
whereas some use different materials to create their
In response to this crisis, scientists think of a solution
water purifiers at home.
that would solve this problem. And their answer is a
water purifier that is used to procure clean or
II. DISCUSSION
drinkable water from polluted waters. A process by
which materials and contaminants are removed from
A large segment of the population in undeveloped
the water is called water purification. This procedure
and developing countries drink untreated or partially
reduces contaminant concentration such as parasites,
treated water. Annually, 6 to 60 billion cases of
algae, fungi, and viruses. Through this process, clean
gastrointestinal illnesses are continuously reported
drinking water could be provided. Water purification
due to safe drinking water, and over 1.6 million
also includes filtration and distillation. Physical
people die due to these water-borne diseases. Owing
filtration refers to a process where physical objects are
to increasing concern about global water-related
removed while distillation is the process of separating
diseases associated with drinking water, finding an
the components of a mixture by evaporation. A
affordable and suitable way of water treatment is of
modern method of water purification is chlorination, it
great importance. Filtration is a promising
is the process of adding chlorine and chlorine
point-of-use water treatment. Currently, most water
compounds to water. This method kills viruses,
filtration membranes are made of synthetic polymers
bacteria, and other microbes in water. Water filters are
derived from non-renewable resources. Negative
desired through thousands and thousands of humans
factors like climate change, many different
the world over due to the fact they supply a better
environmental pollutants, and the reduction of oil
exceptional of tasty and excellent smelling ingesting
resources give rise to an increase in the demand for
water due to their innate capability to put off chlorine
biodegradable products over non-renewable
and other bacterial contaminants, thus stopping
resources. This book introduces a novel,
dangerous components from getting into the body.
cost-effective and biodegradable filter; a so-called
cellulose foam filter. The cellulose foam filter is a
Also, there are several methods used in the water
novel porous cellulose derivative made via a
purification process which include physical processes
foam-laid process and modified to act as a water
such as filtration and distillation; biological processes,
filter. Improvements of wet strength performance and
such as sand filters, active carbon; and chemical
the biocidal activity of filters are two main tasks
processes, such as flocculation and chlorination.
presented in this book. Wet strength improvement is
These methods have not only ensured the cleanliness
achieved through a furnish formulation, and the
of the water that humans take but also the substance
addition of agents and antimicrobial activity is
that people use for commercial and in the household.
performed using polymeric antimicrobial agents,
guanidine-based polymers, and å-polylysine (Nazhad, of processes that make water more suitable for
2019). drinking, medical use, industrial use, and so on. A
water purification process is designed to remove or
Water purification is the collective name for a group
Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo [2]

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It can be used depending on its physical, chemical,
reduce existing water contaminants to the point where and mechanical characteristics and can differ
the water is fit for use. In the last few years, depending on how it is processed after mined. (Troy
innovative methods such as nanotechnology have Pankey, 2015).
been studied to develop water purification
technologies. Graphene is a two-dimensional mesh of Group No. 2
carbon atoms arranged in the form of a honeycomb 1.1.4 Sources
lattice. It has earned the title, “miracle material,” Georgeann Sack (2018) explained the different
thanks to a startlingly large collection of beneficial sources of sand. First, sand comes from the
properties. It is thought that graphene could exoskeletons of the dead sea animals since it is almost
revolutionize the whole industry, as researchers work composed of worn down bits of dead animals. Thus,
on many different kinds of graphene-based materials, it has some amount of ground particles of shells,
each one with unique qualities and designation. The corals and other fossil remains mixed in with the
present chapter surveys and reviews the recent rock. Also, he discussed that a major contributor to
research and published literature on graphene-based sand is rocks that come from the mountaintops, fallen
materials for water purification. The main methods into streams caused by the rain and wind for washing
discussed are adsorption, photocatalysis, membrane off or breaking it off. Once it falls into the streams,
filtration, and electrochemical water purification these rock fragments are being worn down by the
(Khatee, 2019). water as it collides with other rocks that cause it to
break down into such small pieces or dissolve into the
1. Components of Water Purifiers
water.
1.1 Sand
Sand is composed of small quantities of heavy 1.1.5 Physical Properties
rock-forming minerals like garnet, zircon, rutile, It is important to select the proper size and shape of
topaz, pyroxene, and amphiboles. It comes from sand that would be effective for water filtration. If the
different sources and forms when rocks break down sand is very fine, it will most like be clogged quickly
from undergoing processes like weathering over and the effectiveness of its filtration ability will be
thousands or millions of years. It is measured reduced whereas if the sand is very coarse, it would
according to specific parameters because it could only permit suspended particles and bacteria to pass
be said as sand if the material is 50% larger in through the sand bed. Aside from that, he also
diameter than 75 microns but smaller than 18 inches elaborated that sand will not filter desired impurities
(Georgeann Sack, 2018). if its size is too large because it would allow fine
suspended matter and bacteria to pass through the
1.1.2 Types of Sand filter (Segupta 2015).
Cairo Fresh Minerals and Quarries Materials (2015)
explained that there are different filtering mediums Silica sand is a type of sand that mostly consists of
for filters like Silica Sand. tiny granules of quartz. Silica sand also consists of
other fine particles of rock and minerals. Granules of
1.1.3 Uses silica sand range in diameter from 1/16 mm to 2 mm,
It is also known as quartz sand, white sand, or which is approximately 2/1000 of an inch to 8/100 of
industrial sand and is made up of silica and oxygen. an inch. (Troy Pankey, 2015). The silica sand has a
Silica sand is used for many different things, such as sub-angular to rounded shape that makes it an ideal
sandblasting, glass manufacturing, and water filtering. filter to separate solids in water. Its uniform grain
shapes produce an efficient filtration bed in the ten minerals of distinctly different hardness that
removal of contaminants in both potable water and ranged from a very soft mineral (talc) to a very hard
wastewater (Segupta 2015). mineral (diamond). Except for diamonds, the
minerals are all relatively common and easy or
For its hardness, Friedrich Mohs who is a German
mineralogist developed the scale in 1812. He selected

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from water well as it also replaces healthy minerals
inexpensive to obtain. SiO2 grades at a 7 out of 10 on like sodium, potassium, and iron transforming
the Mohs hardness scale, making it ideal for use as ordinary water into mineral water. It is an
filtration media and abrasive blasting sands. environmentally functional material featuring
excellent absorption properties. Bamboo is the fastest
Furthermore, silica sand has a natural color shade growing plant in the world with a rise of up to 60 cm
between white and amber. Although quartz is often or more per day. Bamboo has social, economic, and
white or colorless, it can come in a wide range of
shades. The color of each sand deposit depends Group No. 2
largely on the variety of minerals and rock detritus cultural importance and is commonly used for
that make up the resource. Furthermore, Quartz itself building materials along with thousands of
comes in many varieties, according to its color and applications. It is a highly flexible raw material for
microstructure. (Troy Pankey, 2015). various styles of work. Bamboo is lightweight,
versatile, durable, high-strength low-cost material
On the other hand, the density of silica sand is equal than other building materials such as concrete.
to 96.01 pounds per cubic foot [lb/ft³], or 0.89 ounces Bamboo can be used in different construction works.
per cubic inch [oz/inch³] according to the Imperial or Bamboo structures are versatile, earthquake resistant,
US customary measurement system. Silica sand lightweight, and inexpensive. Bamboo may be used
weighs 1.54 grams per cubic centimeter or 1 538 as a reinforcement for different structural members.
kilograms per cubic meter, i.e. density of sand, Silica
Bamboo is in the subfamily of Bambusoideae and the
is equal to 1 538 kg/m³.
grass subfamily of Poaceae. Some species of Bamboo
1.1.6 Chemical composition can grow 91 cm or 36 inches in twenty hours, that’s a
rate of almost 4 cm (1.6 in) an hour (a growth around
The main element of quartz sand is silicon dioxide
(SiO2). The oxygen atoms form with the silicon atom 1 mm every 90 seconds, or 1 inch every 40 minutes).
in the center a tetrahedral structure. Each oxygen Bamboo is known for being the world’s tallest plant
atom simultaneously belongs to two silicon atoms. In and the tallest grass species because of a unique
this manner, the tetrahedral structures have a rhizome-dependent system. Which is one of the
cross-linked high-molecular-weight. Furthermore, its reasons why bamboo is an excellent choice for
melting point is 1713°C. Silica sand will not react Phytodepuration.
when it comes in contact with acids, contaminants,
1.2.1 Physical Properties
volatile organics, or solvents.
The use of bamboo charcoal for water filtration dates
back to ancient China and Japan, where it was said to
1.2 Bamboo Charcoal
"sweeten" the water for tea, but in terms of chemistry,
Bamboo charcoal comes from pieces of bamboo
plants, harvested after at least five years, and burned bamboo charcoal is the product of bamboo pyrolyzing
in ovens at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1200 and is found to be a form of porous material with
°C. It benefits environmental protection by reducing excellent adsorption, electromagnetic shielding, and
pollutant residue. Bamboo naturally acts as an infrared emitting ability.
antibacterial and antifungal agent and is capable of
absorbing chlorine, bad odor, and toxic substances
According to its shape, bamboo charcoal can be
classified into a round (Fig. 1), slice (Fig.2), particle
(Fig.3), and powder charcoal（ Fig.4）According to
its use, bamboo charcoal can be divided into water

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formaldehyde, ammonia, and benzene. Bamboo
depuration, humidity adjustment, odor adsorption, carbon releases a type of electromagnetic wave called
health care, agriculture, the fuel of barbecue, etc. Far Infrared Waves (FIR) at wavelengths ranging
from 4 to 16 micrometers. Any organic material is
Bamboo charcoal has the added advantage of a absorbed by it. The human body absorbs its entire
built-in team of microbes working to decompose spectrum and can absorb an ion wavelength of up to
harmful compounds such as tri halo methane and 50 micrometers.
chlorine, unlike modern carbon filters. Despite its
inherent antibacterial effects, which are unique to The rays produce a warming effect on the body,
bamboo and are referred to as "Bamboo Kun." These similar to the sun's rays, which can significantly
harmless microbes can flourish in bamboo and increase circulation. This impact we do not get from
bamboo charcoal. the water but from the presence of the charcoal itself.
1.2.2 Chemical Composition

(Shwetha Kamath 2011)Bamboo charcoal's substance Group No. 2
synthesis and actual structure both contribute In contrast to the beneficial FIR, electromagnetic
vigorously to its quality as a water channel. It is waves (EM) are harmful to the body in large
85-98% carbon, a similar substance utilized in most quantities. They are manufactured by electrical
present-day filtration techniques. Its structure is appliances such as computers, microwave ovens, cell
extremely permeable, so it can ingest and hold phones, and televisions. Bamboo carbon has also been
contaminations without any problem. shown to dissipate EM waves.
Bamboo charcoal is plentiful in various minerals Bamboo charcoal is also best used with bottled water
including potassium, magnesium, sodium, and because it enhances the taste and adds a 'fizz' that tells
calcium. As it channels water, its minerals are broken you that the water has been cleaned and mineralized.
down and it improves the water. Once you've finished filtering your water, you can use
the bamboo Charcoal again. Its structure is extremely
Bamboo Kun is an anti-bacterial and anti-fungal permeable, so it can ingest and hold pollutions
bio-agent that naturally bonds to bamboo cellulose without any problem.
without killing its beneficial microbes. Bamboo
charcoal has ten times more surface area than normal 1.3 Coconut Shell
charcoal, and its absorption rate is four times higher. Coconut is a palm fruit that originated in
The porous structure of bamboo carbon provides Indo-Malaya, it is also one of the important crops of
multiple tiny holes that efficiently absorb odors, the tropics. It can be eaten dried or fresh and its nut
moisture, and polluted air particles such as liquid is used in beverages. Although the coconut
finds its greatest commercial utilization in the
industrial countries of the Western world, its Figure 5. Coconut
usefulness in its native areas of culture is even greater. https://www.google.com/search?q=coconut&tbm=isc
Coconut is the fruit of the coconut palm (Cocos h&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=s
nucifera). It's used for its water, milk, oil, and tasty
meat. Coconuts have been grown in tropical regions Its height rises to 25 meters from a swollen base and
for more than 4,500 years but recently increased in is surmounted by a graceful crown of giant featherlike
popularity for their flavor, culinary uses, and potential leaves. Its fruits are ovoid 300-450 mm in
health benefits (Augustyn, A. 2019)

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This part is created to protect the inside part of the
length and have a diameter of 150-200 mm, have a coconut. In the market, this shell is being used to
thick fibrous husk that surrounds the nut. Its hard produce different handicraft pieces and other
shell, a part of the endocarp encloses the embryo of applications as well. Furthermore, it is also used to
the coconut. produce charcoal and active carbon which are used
widely in the purification industry. (Somashekhar, T.
Coconut Shell is one of the solid disposal wastes that 2018).
came from agricultural activities. The use of coconut
shells as one of the composite materials in the 1.3.1 Physical Properties
production of concrete is driven by the problem Coconut fruits are harvested three times per year and
caused by the disposal of solid waste. Coconut shells their harvest has no negative impact on the coconut
represent more than 60% of the domestic waste trees and will continue to grow throughout the year.
volume and had a serious disposal problem for the Moreover, benefits of the coconut-shell-based
local environment. (Leman, A. 2016). Coconut shell is activated carbon lie in the following: coconut shell
a high potential material due to its high strength and carbon filters absorb volatile organic chemicals,
modulus properties. Coconut shell powder exhibits pesticides, and herbicides, disinfection by-products
admirable properties compared to other materials such like THM, eliminate halogens from water, and
as low cost, renewable, high specific strength to develop the appearance and taste of drinking water.
weight ratio, low density less abrasion to the machine, Activated carbon from coconut shells has
and environmentally friendly. Coconut shells are a
Group No. 2
wonderful resource because they are a high grade,
predominantly poured in the micropore range and
natural form of carbon. Coconut shells have been
85-90% of the surface area of the coconut shell are
shown throughout recent history to be extremely
micropores which give it tight structure, good
effective for removing contaminants, tastes, and odors
mechanical strength, and hardness as well as high
from drinking water. Carbon from coconut shells has
resistance to wearing away by friction. Similarly,
a higher volume of micropores for filtration than coal,
these pores match the size of the contaminant
wood, or carbon-based on lignite. The coconut shell is
molecules that should be extracted from the
the strongest part covered in coconut fruit and is
wastewater. These sizes of pores are effective in
located between the coconut flesh and coconut husk.
trapping these harmful particles. Thus, it plays a very
critical role in drinking water since it can absorb and https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/coconut-shells
remove halogens from water, improve the appearance -3464262062.html
and taste of the drinking water and disinfect it as well
(Mukherjee, 2015). 1.3.2 Chemical Composition
Its powder contains largely carbon (C) and potassium
oxide (K2O). Silicon dioxide (SiO2) is also present.
Coconut shell is a renewable resource made of
high-grade carbon and is favorable for filtration since
this has a high percentage of micro-pores on their
surface, nearly 50 percent more than coal, making it
the most promising option for eliminating a wide
variety of particles and pollutants. One of the coconut
shell components is the activated carbon which is
extensively used in water purification due to its high
porosity and large surface area, which makes it a
highly valued adsorbent material.
Figure 6. Coconut Shells

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least dusty, thus, they are very efficient when it

comes to organic chemical adsorption. Compared to
other types of activated carbon, coconut-shell based
activated carbon filters have the highest hardness,
which makes them ideal for water purification. Apart
from these unique properties, coconut shells are also
eco-friendly and a renewable resource for water
purification.
Coconut fruits are harvested three times per year and

their harvest has no negative impact on the coconut
trees and will continue to grow throughout the year.
Figure 7. Activated Carbon from Coconut Shell
https://www.gypurifying.com/coconut-shell-activated
carbon-p00092p1.html
Coconut-shell based activated carbons are

predominantly microporous and are the least dusty,
thus, they are very efficient when it comes to organic
chemical adsorption. Compared to other types of
activated carbon, coconut-shell based activated carbon
filters have the highest hardness, which makes them
ideal for water purification. Microporous carbons for
use as adsorbents in removing chloroform from
drinking water were prepared by activating charcoal Figure 8. Activated Carbon from Coconut Shell
made from coconut shells. https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/coconut-shell
activated-carbon-iv-600-1922373558312.html coconut shell carbon filter is a universally compatible
replacement water filter cartridge for filters with the
Apart from these unique properties, coconut shells are same dimensions. The thick walls and the solid
also an eco-friendly and renewable resource for water carbon block allows a more efficient and thorough
purification. Coconut-shell based activated carbons water filtration. The filter life is 6 months or about
are predominantly microporous and are the 20,000 gallons before it needs replacing. By using
Group No. 2 coconut shell carbon filters, you will naturally clean
Further advantages of the coconut-shell based your drinking water, without employing chemicals or
activated carbon lie in the following: coconut shell other potentially harmful substances. Also, your
carbon filters absorb volatile organic chemicals, impact on the environment will be very low, given
pesticides, and herbicides, disinfection by-products that coconut shell carbon filters are a renewable and
like THM, remove halogens from water, and improve eco-friendly resource.
the appearance and taste of drinking water. It is
especially good for lead and cyst filtration An approximate ratio of the surface area is one square
(Cryptosporidium, Giardia) as well as improving the meter per gram. Thus, the molecules of the
taste, aspect, and odor of your tap water by filtering contaminants are being absorbed by the surface of the
chlorine and other impurities. Also, it will reduce activated carbon by physical and chemical attraction.
several common particulates and impurities such as Moreover, coconut shell-based activated carbons are
dirt, fine sediment, turbidity, rust, sand, limescale, well-suited for organic chemical absorption
silt, volatile organic compounds, and more. (WFShop, 2016).
Due to its standard dimensions (2.5 x 10 inches) the

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bed of sand, and particles are removed by absorption.
2. Application It works primarily through different biological
processes that occur on the surface of a sand bed. In
2.1 Sand operating and purifying water through sand, extra care
Improving the quality of water always involves a must be done to maintain the biological population in
filtration process. It removes larger particles from the sand. The ecosystem includes bacteria and
water. Sand Filtration is a process in which water protozoa. The biological activity is stimulated by the
undergoes to be purified as the sand traps the particles accumulation of both organic and inorganic debris as
present in the water. Deferrisation, demanganisation, well as particulate matter. As the water triples
and ammonium removal are some of the physical and downward through the sand, the sand surface breaks
biological processes that also happen in a sand filter down some organic matter. Thus, the surface sand is
which removes the different substances in the water. crucial and necessary in removing unnecessary
Slow sand filters produce high-quality water without components in the water that is being purified or
the use of chemical aids. Passing flocculated water undergoing the filtration process. It is one of the
through a rapid gravity sand filter strains out the floc oldest and most common methods used in water
and the particles trapped within it, reducing numbers filtration to remove particulate matter and impurities
of bacteria and removing most of the solids. The as well. The diameter of the sand is predominantly
water that will be purified will sink slowly through dependent on the size of the sand filter, the desired
the sand so that the dirt particles from the water will flow, and the desired filtration. In most cases, for the
be left behind in the fine pores of the sand. filtering process, sand with a diameter of 0.8 mm to
(Logisticon Water Treatment 2018). 1.25 mm is used. (Pontius, 2018).
Moreover, sand filtration is used for the removal of Group No. 2

suspended matter as well as sinkable particles. Here, This process is used in different sectors like water
the water to be filtered flows vertically through a fine production, swimming pools, car washes, and
groundwater treatment. A few of its implementation hydraulic speed of 5-10 m3/m2/hour. In addition to
examples are the iron removal from groundwater, suspended matter, COD, BOD and organically bound
final purification of wastewater, follow-up to metal nitrogen and phosphate as well as undissolved metals
precipitation and sedimentation, to remove residual could also be removed from the wastewater by
traces of metal-based sludge, purification of filtration through the sand. The sand removes
wastewater containing sand-blasting grit and other pathogens and suspended solids from contaminated
particles. (Emis, 2017) drinking water (Emis, 2016).
Sand as a material for water purification is an This way of filtration has been studied in the field and
extremely efficient method of separating water from labs and it was found that it can remove up to 100%
microbial contamination. If the effluent turbidity is of helminths (worms), protozoa, and bacteria. 70-99%
below 1.0 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU), a 90 of viruses can also be removed as well as 95% of the
to 99% reduction in bacteria and viruses is achieved wastewater’s turbidity (dirt and cloudiness).
(NDWC 2000). Furthermore, sand as a media for However, sand filtration can only purify wastewater
filtration is used in removing particles that are with the particles and the entire purification process
floating and sinkable. Here, the wastewater vertically will happen with the effectiveness of other
flows through the gravel or the bed sand. For its purification mediums like bamboo charcoal and
Boundary conditions, the hydraulic speed of coconut shell to ensure that it is purified (Cawst,
discontinuous sand filters varies between 3 and 20 2018). The water passes through the sand from the top
m3/m2/hour, with an average of approximately 10 and will cause the large particles to be suspended on
m3/m2/hour. The flow speed is determined by the the top layer of the sand whereas the smaller particles
desired result. Slow sand filters have a surface load of of organic sediment in the sand will
0.1-0.2 m³/m²/hour. Continuous sand filters have a

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also be suspended as it trickles down because of the 2.2.1 Activation of Bamboo charcoal
smaller particles of sand that have a grain size of Activation of carbonized bamboo charcoal is
around 0.1 in diameter traps it from mixing with the important to improve the original structure and
water being filtered. When clean water flow becomes increase the adsorption properties. It can be mixed
lesser, then the sand must be replaced (howtopedia, with CO2 [2,6], HNO3 [2,7], NH3[2,8], and many
2018). more before it is heated again at a certain temperature
(500-1200 °C) for some periods. The annealed
2.2 Bamboo Charcoal bamboo charcoal needs to be cooled to a temperature
Carbonization of bamboo charcoal Generally, Moso between 170 to 240 °C before it serves as activated
bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescent) is used as the bamboo charcoal. The activation step is important to
starting material in the production. This bamboo is cut increase the volume of the material, break some
into small pieces and washed by boiling distilled bonds of the turbostratic carbon structures that form
water for some hours and dried at a temperature of surface functional groups, and remove
nearly 110 °C to remove moisture [5]. Then, the non-crystallized carbons from the bamboo charcoals.
carbonization process is held in the oven normally at
N2 flow [2] at a temperature over 800-1200 °C at In most Middle East countries, mosques produce a
longer hours. However, bamboo charcoal also can be large amount of ablution greywater (AGW). The
produced at a lower temperature (500-900 °C) with quality of AGW is better than the domestic greywater
different quality which has been presented in [2]. The produced from washing, cooking, and bathing
fresh bamboo charcoal produced from this process is (Suratkon et al. 2014; Mohamed et al. 2016).
the raw bamboo charcoal. This material already has Therefore, AGW can be easily reused by introducing
an extraordinary microstructure with high absorptive cost-effective and simple treatment methods
capacity. (Suratkon et al. 2014) to contribute to sustainable
system is the Schmutzdecke (German for 'dirt cover';
Group No. 2
plural Schmutzdecke), a biofilm-like layer developing
development and water resource conservation without
on top of the sand filter bed in which more than 90 %
compromising public health and environmental
of pathogen indicator bacteria and coliphages are
pollution with COD varying between 50 and 70
retained (Adin 2003; Hendricks 1991; Wotton 2002).
mg/L, BOD varying between 20 and 40 mg/L, TSS
It is assumed that the formation of this structure is
varying between 5 and 146 mg/L, turbidity varying
initiated through the sorption of organic matter to
between 10 and 30 NTU, and E. coil varying between
sand particles. It is assumed that the formation of this
100 and 1000 CFU/100 mL. (Al-Wabel 2011;
structure is initiated through the sorption of organic
Mohamed et al. 2016).
matter to sand particles. Thus, a nutrient-rich zone
with concomitant microbial growth is generated in
The quality of ablution greywater suggests that a
which further material may be trapped by physical
basic and simple treatment system could be applied to
straining (mechanical filtration) or adsorption
recycle and reuse for non-potable water applications,
(Wotton 2002). The microbial complexities of the
such as landscaping, toilet flushing, car washing, and
Schmutzdecke have hampered comprehensive
irrigation (Suratkon et al. 2014). To our knowledge,
characterizations, with previous studies targeting
very few researches based on physical-chemical
individual aspects such as microscopic structure or
methods using a sand filter for AGW treatment have
presence and abundances of microbial taxa
been published (Prathapar et al. 2006; Al-wabel 2011;
(Devadhanam and Pillay 2008; Wakelin et al. 2011).
Al-Mughalles et al. 2012; Mohamed et al. 2016).
However, those treatment systems possess some
Bamboo charcoal was selected based on fabrication
drawbacks, including being difficult to maintain and
by different bamboo species, different aged bamboo,
less effective in contaminant removal.
different carbonized time, and different carbonized
The most effective removal compartment of an SSF

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water sources are limited, recycling of sewage has
temperatures of the end. An experiment was become a need of time. The current study involves the
conducted to purify aquaculture water by selected construction of filters using charcoal and some
charcoal. Determination on water turbidity, COD, and antimicrobial agents to filter sewage water. The filter
ammonia nitrogen removal rate of aquaculture water was constructed using layers of charcoal in order of
treated by charcoal showed that tested water quality decreasing the surface area of adsorption.
indicators improved significantly. Charcoal made Characterization of the filter was done and physical
from Phyllostachys heterocycle cv. pubescent had the parameters of sewage water before and after filtration
best effect of ammonia nitrogen removal in were tested. To reduce the microbial load of the
aquaculture water, more than 90%, and even better filtered water sample, the addition of various
with the age of bamboo. The experiment antimicrobial agents into the filter was done. The
demonstrated that the charcoal was made from 6-year antimicrobials used were silver, lemon, and 10%
P.heterocycla cv. pubescent was better for water vinegar. The microbial load of the sample was
purification. Charcoal with different carbonized determined by standard plate count technique and the
temperatures had a positive effect on turbidity and count was found to be TLTC (too less to count),
ammonia nitrogen removal in aquaculture water, but 1.62×10 6 CFU/ml, TLTC (too less to count) for
negative on COD removal. The duration of silver, lemon, and 10% vinegar respectively. From the
carbonization of charcoal had a better effect on water obtained results it can be stated that the filter is
purification (Wen-Biao. 2012). efficient in sewage water treatment. The obtained
water can be recycled and used for recreational
Increasing human civilization is generating a large purposes like in toilets, for washing purposes, in
amount of waste and sewage and at the same time agriculture, etc (Rane, 2018).
demand for water is also increasing. As the available
Based on Hatch, G. (2001), activated carbons are
Water is an important resource on the earth’s surface amorphous charcoals obtained from heating or
which has been contaminated in so many ways such burning carbonaceous materials under controlled
conditions. This process drives off volatiles and
Group No. 2
as with refuse and effluents from households. Various forms the basic char residue from which the activated
works have been done to remedy the effects of carbon product is made, the most common source is
anthropogenic and industrial contamination of surface the coconut shells. Hatch, G. (2001) also said that
and groundwater. Activated Carbon is a very good coconut carbon is somewhat cleaner than coal-based
adsorption material that has been employed in the carbon. It can provide a safe and high-quality carbon
treatment of contaminated water. In this work, for use in drinking water applications.
activated carbon was produced from a coconut shell
under various carbonization temperatures and 2.3.1 Activated Carbon
activation times, using hydrochloric acid (HCl) as the The remaining half of the dried coconut shells were
activating agent. Water treatment analyses were charred using the procedure described by Cobb et al.
carried out on the product and results showed that the (2012), with slight modifications (Cobb et al., 2012).
optimum carbonization temperature and activation Specifically, the combustion process lasted for about
time were 500oC and 180 minutes respectively. The 4 h, after which the resulting charcoal was allowed to
resulting characteristics were; yield of 30.579%, bulk cool and washed with deionized water to remove ash
density of 0.704g/ml, the ash content of 7%, and pore and other unwanted debris. The chemical activation
volume of 0.64ml. On the Treatment of contaminated method is involved to produce micropores which
surface water, this sample gave 66.9% Chemical calculate the burn-off degree for the activated
Oxygen Demand (COD) removal efficiency and carbons. The pH value of water is proportional to the
86.7% Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) removal level of filtering. Activated carbon from coconut
efficiency at a carbon dosage of 0.2g/60ml (Chilakpu, shells has considerable potential as a cost-effective
2018).
2.3 Coconut Shell

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purification than normal block filters.
absorbent material in drinking water based on the
study of Samdin, S. (2015). Moreover, the utilization of using coconut shell
activated carbon for removing contaminants in
According to Green, T.(2017), coconut shells are drinking water has been used also in Malaysia. The
made of carbon which is consisting of micro-pores Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) thought of
that are used on filtration. This property makes the other ways in providing safe drinking water due to
coconut shell ideal for the filtration of contaminants. public health concerns and demand for water purity.
In the article of Rajah Filter Technics. (2020), it is Thus, the efficiency of activated carbon from coconut
stated that activated carbon filters are an effective tool shells has been investigated as a potential medium for
in water purification since it removes free chlorine water purification due to its nature of micro-pores and
and organic compounds from the water. Rajah Filter being abundantly available among the agricultural
Technics uses organic Indian coconut as a source of by-products. The activation of the coconut shell
activated carbon since coconut is an extremely carbon was done by carbonization in the exposure of
effective medium to facilitate adsorption. Coconut Nitrogen atmosphere and then was followed by
offers a harder, denser form of activated carbon. Due heating it with the activating agents. With that, they
to their density and durability, less of the filter will learned that the pH value increased proportionally to
seep into the water in the form of fine, grey the level of filtering and achieved a constant value of
particulates. A coconut-based, surface-treated 6.41 after eight times of filtering. It was also observed
activated carbon filter offers a higher level of that the activated carbon has removed Methyl
Tertiary-butyl Ether to a non-detectable level which is drinking water. With its tight structure and high
less than 1 part per billion (ppb) resulting in resistance to attrition, coconut shell based charcoal is
sufficiently reducing the odor and taste problems as seen as a particularly practical and useful tool for
well (Teknologi, 2015). purifying water (EnviroSupply Service, 2020).
The unique properties of coconut shells are very 3. Commercial Water Purifier
popular for water purification. Not only is this form of This could be sediment, carbon block, tank, and other
carbon highly effective, but it also comes from a parts that are responsible for purifying water and
removing solid contaminants. This usually consists of
Group No. 2
synthetic polymer (facilitate the removal of toxic
renewable resource that in normal circumstances may
organic compounds), nanomaterial (carbon tubes and
have just been discarded. Coconut trees produce fruit
alumina filtration), and metals (as a base).
three times per year, and the tree is not injured when
Impurities are straining out from a source of water
the shells are harvested. Also, part of the carbon
and particles like organic matter trap the water that
dioxide that is made during the manufacture of the
passes through the media bed and purified water.
carbon is removed by the trees themselves and
Biological contaminants such as bacteria, fungi,
produces oxygen. Coconut shell-based carbon also
algae, and other living particles are removed through
produces tasty purified water and is excellent at
the process of physical, chemical, and biological to
filtering trihalomethanes, or THMs, from the water
produce safe and clean water. Commercial Water
supply, which are harmful byproducts of chlorine
Filters are suitable filtration systems to remove
disinfection. This form of carbon further is effective
certain large-scale water pollutants in areas such as
at the removal of pesticides, herbicides, and volatile
large private homes (over 4000 sq. ft.), factories,
organic chemicals from water. Due to their inherent
manufacturing facilities, commercial buildings, retail
structure, coconut carbon from coconut shells is
establishments, restaurants, and universities.
particularly excellent for trapping all harmful
elements, as the small pores are similar to the size of
3.1. Physical Properties
the contaminant molecules present within the

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designed combination water supply/rinse water

discharge fitting is utilized to operatively connect the
system to a sink faucet, and a highly purified drinking
water production rate is achieved utilizing a rolled,
double wrapped filter membrane structure in the
reverse osmosis filter assembly.
3.2 Chemical Properties of Commercial Water

Purifier
Water filters containing fibers, in certain nanofibers,
with ion exchange properties have been used in the
Figure 9. Commercial Water Purifier
Source: 3.1.2 Density
https://waterpuretech.com/product/c-c-k-reverse-osm Nominal capability built on new Reverse Osmosis
os is-water-purifier/ membranes functioning on appropriately pre-treated
500 ppm TDS feed water such as NaCl, 77 °F (25
°C), Silt Density Index (SDI) below 3 and supplying functional groups can be difficult to convert to ion
water to the atmosphere. Productivity may vary exchange fibers using electrospinning techniques
depending on the circumstances of the feed water. since polymer solutions with high electrical
However, Nominal capacity based on adequately conductivity (e.g. polyelectrolyte solution) resist
pre-treated 600 ppm TDS feed water as NaCl, 77o F, electrical field-induced solution loading and result in
Silt Density Index below 3.0, and 60 psi applied poor electro spinnability. Other microorganisms in the
pressure to deliver water to the atmosphere. water minimize the efficiency of nonwoven pre-filter
membranes and increase the frequency and expense
3.1.3 Flow Rate of their chemical cleaning. There are several ways to
There are four main working components of a make antibacterial and biocide nonwoven filters.
lightweight, high flow rate reverse osmosis water Water filters could be made to incorporate biocides,
filtration system ideal for home use of a carbon including quaternary phosphonium salts, polymeric
sediment pre-filter assembly, a reverse osmosis filter phosphonium salts, and onium-functionalized
assembly, a granulated activated carbon post-filter polymers, into non-woven filters to extract bacteria
assembly, and a flow controller. These four and other microorganisms. Nanoparticles with
components are interconnected operationally by antimicrobial functionality are also used to extract
flexible tubing lengths supplied with finger-operable microorganisms from water (Mao, 2016).
fast detach fittings that enable each component to be
easily detached from and reconnected to the system's 3.3 Components
balance without the use of tools of any type. Each of The advantage of a commercial purifier depends on
the three filter assemblies is throw-away composed of its components. There are different types of purifiers,
a permanently sealed filter material inside a housing however, this study will focus on the Reverse
frame. Filter changeout is thus easily and quickly Osmosis type of commercial purifier. Reverse
achieved by the homeowner simply by disconnecting Osmosis has the potential to extract all types of
the particular filter assembly and discarding it, impurities from the water. It uses an incredibly thin
housing and all, and then quickly reconnecting a membrane from which water is made to flow through.
replacement filter assembly in the system. A specially Membrane molecules are smaller than bacterial
molecules and other impurities, filtering them out. As
Group No. 2 with several other groundbreaking innovations, the
fields of biotechnology, pharmaceutical reverse osmosis device has been developed by careful
manufacturing, pure available water for the analysis of one of the incredible
semiconductor industry, catalytic converting, and
battery technology. Polymers comprising ion

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purifying mechanisms of nature. By merely moving

through a natural membrane-like wall in the ground,
salt water is converted into freshwater. This concept
is used by the reverse osmosis method to transform
dirty and harmful water without any unpleasant tastes
or smells into fresh, clean drinking water. But in this
simple yet successful method, what parts are
involved? There is more need to purify water than
what is found in the world, but it uses the same
method and takes seconds to generate pure water.
Valve. The subtle inlet valve is designed especially
with a focal point on letting the water in at the proper
time. Because the gadget is pressurized, if it was once
the only valve earlier than the water getting into the
system, it may want to be damaged with the aid of the
backflow, which may want to destroy the valve and
limit the device strain. Therefore, it has a separate
valve that solely lets water out to prevent backflow
from the pressurized system. This is called the check
valve, and it ensures water can flow freely into the
system, but not backward from the system. The valves
in backflow preventers are often made of metal. Brass
provides good strength and conductivity, and copper
Figure 10. Reverse Osmosis Diagram
is one of the best conductors of heat and electricity.
https://www.h2odistributors.com/pages/manuals/reve
Furthermore, the valves in the backflow preventers
rse-osmosis-installation.asp
may also be made of plastic. Polyvinyl chloride
(PVC) is a widely used material with good flexibility
First, an inlet valve is placed between the major water
supply and the reverse osmosis device to let liquid and non-toxic qualities.
into the machine using the furnish lines. It’s the place
the first phase of the reverse osmosis method takes
vicinity in providing the dirty water. It’s a simple
however fundamental factor of the system. The valve
is linked to the main water tank and lets in water
solely when water transfers out of the tank. The
responsive inlet valve is designed with a focus on
letting the water in at the right time.
Figure 12. Backflow Prevention Valve

https://lmtribune.com/northwest/backflow-device-req
uirements-cause-backlash-in-lewiston/article_b80d96
c6-1f8b-59bb-9cd9-c24744a83168e.html
Once the water travels through the first two valves, or

on occasion between the valves, it passes through the
first preliminary filter in the reverse osmosis system
or the pre-filter. This pre-filter stage of the device
Group No. 2
comes in a variety of distinctive styles, but its
Figure 11. Inlet Valve in Commercial Water Purifier
fundamental purpose is to remove massive
https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/ro-inlet-valve
contaminants like sand and grit from the liquid before
20 8659945491.html
persevering via the filter sequence. This ensures the
Another component is the Backflow Prevention

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water has no massive particles in it earlier than it

reaches the fundamental membrane filter.
The Pre-filter is a primary filter that is used to

separate the bigger sand and sediment filters before a
RO system. It increases the life of filters inside the
RO and since it is installed outside, it can be changed
easily and frequently without opening the whole RO
purifier. The filters are generally made from
hydrophobic materials such as polypropylene, PVDF,
PTFE.
Figure 14. Schematic cross-section of a Filmtec
thin-film composite of the RO membrane
https://www.lenntech.com/processes/reverse-osmosis
membranes-construction.htm#ixzz6gEbeNzy3
Most commonly used RO membranes are typically

composed of a thin film composite membrane
consisting of three layers: a polyester support web, a
microporous polysulfone interlayer, and an
ultra-thick polyamide barrier layer on the top surface.
Two membrane sheets are glued together on three
Figure 13. Pre- Filter sides, only with an opening towards the permeate
https://www.maxwaterflow.com/reverse-osmosis-stan pipe. The feed water flows across the membrane
dard-pre-post-filters-quick-fit-puush.html surface from one side to the other. Due to the high
pressure in the vessel, a part of the water penetrates
And when the water has had the obvious the membrane and this permeate water can only leave
contaminants like sand and filth removed, it continues the PV through the permeate pipe, while the rest of
into the important filter known as the reverse osmosis the water - now more concentrated - leaves on the
membrane. This membrane does the important work other side of the membrane, just flowing across the
of doing away with the entirety that makes water sheet.
unsafe to drink. The pre-filter will make the water
look easy to the bare eye, but it requires an extra Moreover, all the impurities are picked up through the
in-depth filtering system to dispose of any drain membrane and are then flushed out of a drain
microscopic contaminants, alongside liquid line connected to a waste pipe. It’s an open line that
pollutants. There are distinctive reverse osmosis cleans water that would ordinarily escape without a
membranes used for distinctive systems. Some preventative. In addition to that, Flow Restrictor and
remove all the dangerous substances, including Pump is a glide restrictor at the drain line
chlorine, and others hold the chlorine in the water and immediately after the membrane, so excess water
do away with the whole thing else. Both structures doesn’t get wasted due to a lack of resistance forcing
smooth the water thoroughly so it’s protected to the pressurized system to discharge water.
drink.
Group No. 2

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pressure. At the bottom of the tank, there is a bladder

filled with pressurized air, and at the top, there is a
butyl water bladder, a thick material similar to the
inside lining of a steel food can. When the faucet is
opened, the air pressure forces the water out, giving
you a steady stream. At the same time, the inlet valve
opens to let more water in, which keeps a continuous
amount of pressure forcing the water out.
Figure 15.Drain saddle that is installed on the under

sink drain line.
ht tp://purewatergazette.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/
2013/06/drainsaddle.jpg
Depending on the inlet strain from the water supply,
the gadget also requires a drift restrictor or a glide
pump to keep the strain at the correct level and make only until it’s about two-thirds of the water inlet
sure it runs smoothly. Minimal water pressure means
there won’t be tons of pressure in the tank, and Group No. 2
subsequently, water won’t come out of the faucet. Figure 17. A pressurized storage tank for reverse
Too much water strain can affect the purity of the osmosis product
water. https://appliedmembranes.com/storage-tanks-for-ho
me-ro-systems.html
At the Final Filter, the water is protected to drink and

may want to immediately continue out of the tank
into your cup, however, sometimes the liquid is left
with an unpleasant taste or smell. You could drink it
safely, but the ride might also now not be so good. So
the water passes through one final filter, which gives
Figure 16. Flow-Restrictor Cross Section the liquid a final purifying, so it comes out like fresh
ht tps://www.baristahustle.com/blog/does-having-flow water from a stream. This is a carbon filter that
-restrictors-in-my-machine-mean-i-get-the-same-flow extracts any remaining taste and odor residue that’s
-rate-regardless-of-where-i-have-my-pump-pressure leftover in the water, and it ensures the natural taste
set-to/#:~:text=A%20flow%20restrictor%20is%20a, and smell of the water is restored.
wi th%20a%20pinhole%20through%20it.
At the end of the line is the faucet, where you or a
The water is now clean and is sent into a storage tank
machine has direct control over the water feed.
that holds it pressurized until the faucet is opened.
Turning a single tap handle activates the entire system
The tank has two bladders inside it that pressurize the
and brings fresh, clean water out of the tap from any
water, enabling it to enter and exit when needed.
supply of water, no matter how dirty it is.
There is always pressure in the tank, and water fills it
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smell are restored. At the end of the line is the faucet,

where you or a machine has direct control over the
water feed. Turning a single tap handle activates the
entire system and brings fresh clean water out of the
tap from any supply of water, no matter how dirty it
is.
The need to set up water purifiers in an industrial

place has now turned out to be extra vital than ever
before. Due to industrialization, pollution, and
overpopulation, trusting the purity of the water you
devour is quite an issue. The attention of the need for
maybe the experience isn't so good. So the water goes
Figure 18. Tap Faucet for RO Water Purifier
through one more filter, which gives the liquid a final
https://www.waterpurifieronline.com/tap-faucet-for-r
purifying process so that it comes out of a stream like
o-water-purifiers-black-blfct
freshwater. This is a carbon filter that extracts any
remaining residue of taste and odor left over in the
These are the parts where the water to be filtered will
pass through the Coldwater inlet component that takes water and ensures that the water's natural taste and
in water from an outside source and helps to source Group No. 2
the water for filtration. The Pre-filter where the smooth ingesting water in business settings the place
primary filtration process takes place. This water human beings accumulate in giant numbers has
purifier might have any number of pre-filters that thrown mildly on the thought of business water
remove larger particles such as sediments, sand, silt, purifiers. It is widely used in places such as
dirt, etc, The RO Membrane removes all impurities restaurants, hospitals, colleges, and more. These
from water, including bacteria and viruses. A places have an excessive demand for drinking water,
Post-filter wherein the final filtration process occurs. and putting in an industrial water cleanser can show to
Here the remaining tastes and odor are removed. The be a huge blessing.
wastewater is then emptied down the drain. A check
valve is a component designed to prevent water from Small adjustments like these could come a long way
flowing backward. This is important to protect the RO and help in benefiting the health of our nation as a
membrane from tearing. A Regulator that helps whole. Small steps like these intend toward bringing
regulate the water flow. This acts as a flow restrictor in the concept of easy ingesting water, in the minds of
that helps keep the water pressure high. The Storage humans and encourage them to inculcate these ideas
tank where water is stored and holds up to 2-4 gallons in their existence as well. Commercial water purifiers
of water. Drainpipes where all impurities are collected are used to deal with water on a massive scale for
from RO membranes. business purposes. Areas like industries, restaurants,
colleges, and places of work have a high demand for
It also has the ultimate filter. The water is safe to these kinds of water purifiers. They have high
drink at this point and will go straight out of the tank capacity and are extra long-lasting in contrast to their
into your cup, but the liquid is often left with an home.
unpleasant taste or smell. You can drink it easily, but
agents. During 24 hours, at normal operating
3.4 Purification Abilities parameters, one unit can produce 55–270 m3 of water,
The capability of RO water filtration to purify ranges with a required 4-hour maintenance window to check
from 6.8–680 m3/day, depending on the need. The systems, pumps, RO elements, and the engine
most common of these is the 2.7 and 13.5 m3 h− 1 generator. A single ROWPU can sustain the size of a
unit; both can purify saltwater and water contaminated battalion or roughly 1000–6000 service members.
by chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (Basile, Calabro, 2010)

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membrane. Its filter has a pore size of approximately
In the reverse osmosis process, the molecules in the 0.0001 microns. It has very high efficacy in the
water are forced to pass through a semipermeable elimination of protozoa (e.g. Cryptosporidium,
membrane from a more concentrated solute into a less Giardia); and in the removal of bacteria (e.g.
concentrated one. The pore size of the Reverse Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli); and in
Osmosis membrane can down to 0.0001 microns, the removal of viruses (e.g. Enteric, Hepatitis A,
which makes it capable of removing up to 99% of Norovirus, Rotavirus). This would eliminate typical
contaminants in water including microorganisms like chemical contaminants (metal ions, aqueous salts),
bacteria and cysts. The accumulated contaminants on
the membrane surface will then be flush away to drain Group No. 2
as brine (wastewater) to keep the RO membrane clean including sodium, chloride, copper, chromium, and
and make it last longer. The filtered drinkable water lead; it can reduce arsenic, fluoride, radium, sulfate,
will then be stored in a pressurized water tank for later calcium, magnesium, potassium, nitrate, and
use (Kitty, 2020). phosphorous.
Up to 99% + of dissolved salts (ions), particles, 3.6 Activated Carbon Filter

colloids, organics, bacteria, and pyrogens can be Similarly, an activated carbon filter is also known as a
separated from the feed water by reverse osmosis charcoal filter and uses granular or powdered carbon,
(although an RO system should not be relied upon to which has been processed to be extra porous. This
remove 100 percent of bacteria and viruses). Based on allows certain water or airborne contaminants spores,
their size and charge, a RO membrane rejects and lint, to stick to the filter via a chemical reaction.
contaminants. A properly working RO system is Carbon filtering is a method of filtering that uses a
likely to reject any contaminant that has a molecular bed of activated carbon to remove contaminants and
weight greater than 200 (for comparison a water impurities, using chemical adsorption. A wide surface
molecule has an MW of 18). Similarly, the greater the area/porous structure is given by each carbon
contaminant's ionic charge, the more likely it would particle/granule, giving pollutants the greatest possible
be unable to move through the RO membrane. For exposure inside the filter media to the active sites. A
instance, a sodium ion has only one (monovalent) surface area of approximately 100 acres contains one
charge and is not rejected by both the RO membrane pound (450 g) of activated carbon (40 Hectares). Via a
and calcium. mechanism called adsorption, activated carbon works,
whereby pollutant molecules in the fluid to be
3.5 Water Quality of Commercial Water Purifier processed are trapped within the pore structure of the
(Reverse Osmosis) carbon substrate.
Reverse Osmosis Systems use a method that reverses In air purifiers and industrial gas processing, such as
the flow of water through a normal osmosis process the removal of siloxanes and hydrogen sulfide from
such that water flows from a more concentrated biogas, carbon filtration is widely used for water
solution to a more dilute solution through a purification. It is also used in a variety of other
semipermeable membrane. Pre-and post-filters are applications, including respirator masks, sugarcane
also incorporated along with the reverse osmosis purification, and the recovery of precious metals,
especially gold. It is used in cigarette filters as well. source material. Examples include wood, bamboo,
To remove chlorine, sediment, volatile organic sawdust, willow peat, coconut shell, peach pits, coir,
compounds (VOCs), taste and odor from water, active petroleum pitch, and a variety of coal. But regular
charcoal carbon filters are most effective. They are not carbon isn’t the same as activated carbon. To form
effective in eliminating minerals, salts, and inorganic millions of tiny pores across its surface, carbon must
dissolved compounds first be “activated.”
Activated carbon is derived from the carbonaceous

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activated carbon particles are large, but they have a
This is produced by one of two methods which are smaller external surface area than other types of
thermal and chemical activation. In thermal activated carbon. GAC particles are well suited for the
activation, the source material is formed into activated adsorption of vapors and gases because they diffuse
carbon utilizing hot gases. After being exposed to quickly, and they are often used in water treatment. It
heat, steam is usually introduced to help open the has a strong attraction for organic compounds as well
pores. Thermal activation is typically done through a as other non-polar contaminants. It is a proven option
process involving reduction of moisture, reduction of to remove certain chemicals, particularly organic
volatiles, carbonization, and a steam treatment. This chemicals, from
process is carried out in an inert atmosphere using
Group No. 2
gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, or argon. On
water. GAC filters also can be used to remove
the other hand, chemicals are added to the raw source
chemicals that give objectionable odors or tastes to
material before the carbonization process in chemical
water such as hydrogen sulfide (rotten eggs odor) or
activation. . Typically, the chemical used is a strong
chlorine. GAC consists of irregularly shaped particles
base, acid, or salt. The material is then exposed to with sizes ranging from 0.2 to 5mm (Brandt, 2017)
heat, and it activates quickly.
3.7.2 Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) Powdered
3.7 Classifying Activated Carbon
Activated Carbon (PAC) has incredibly fine particles
Complex and varied, activated carbon is broadly with a size that is predominantly less than 0.075mm,
categorized by size, method of preparation, and
made up of ground or crushed carbon. Generally,
industrial application. Activated carbons are classified
PAC particles are added directly to other process
in many ways, although a general classification can
units, including rapid mix basins, raw water intakes,
be made based on their physical characteristics, as
and clarifiers. They are the particle of choice for
powdered activated carbon, granular activated carbon
carbon block filters. It is a high-performance
extruded activated carbon, impregnated carbon,
absorbent that could remove harmful contaminants in
polymer-coated carbon, and other types, such as
the air, gas, and liquid phases that is why the water
cloths and fibers. Properties of activated carbon are its
industry has been using PAC products in removing
specific surface area, iodine index, molasses index,
taste and odor compounds to provide clean water that
tannin index, methylene blue index, butane index,
is safe to drink. PAC is a powerful solution to remove
carbon tetrachloride index, dechlorination half-value
compounds that are challenging to remove in potable
length, density, hardness number, ash content,
water like Atrazine, Geosmin and Methylisoborneol
porosity, and particle size distribution.
Application of PAC can be used in dechlorination,
removal of organic contaminants, taste and odor
3.7.1 Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) In the 20th reduction, disinfection, pesticide removal, and
century, using Granular Activated Carbon for water wastewater treatment (Ratnayaka, 2017)
purification was common when the “activation
process was applied to charcoal.” Moreover, granular 3.7.3 Extruded Activated Carbon (EAC) Extruded
Activated Carbon (EAC) particles fuse PAC with a
binding agent, producing a tough, cylindrical or
spherical particle. Due to its low-pressure drop, low
dust content, and good mechanical strength, EAC is
primarily used in gas phase applications. EAC
particles are used in CTO filters, which remove
chlorine, taste, and odor. Some activation catalysts
like potassium hydroxide are mixed in before
extrusion to obtain the specific pore structure. Its Figure 19. Extruded Activated Carbon
particle size ranges from 0.8 millimeters to 4.0
millimeters in diameter. (Desotec, 2018).

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ht tps://www.skylarkexporter.com/extruded_activated
_c arbon.php
3.7.4 Impregnated Carbon

Impregnated Carbon contains several types of
inorganic impregnated compounds such as silver and
iodine. Silver loaded activated carbon is often used as
an adsorbent in water purification and may inhibit the
growth of microbes.
Figure 21. Bead Activated Carbon
https://www.acarbons.com/bead-activated-carbon/
3.7.6 Polymer Activated Carbon
Group No. 2
With polymer activated carbon, the porous carbon
particle is coated with a biocompatible polymer. This
Figure 20. Impregnated Carbon gives the finished carbon a smooth, permeable outer
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=web&cd shell that doesn’t block its pores. Polymer activated
=&ved=2ahUKEwjU-e-J-cTtAhUM7WEKHS74DIE carbon is largely used in hemoperfusion, a kind of
Qjhx6BAgBEAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.activec medical treatment. In water purification, activated
ha r.in%2Fimpregnated-carbon.htm&psig=AOvVaw1 carbon removes impurities and contaminants through
xqBJcr_ezZXGF3t2XFrOm&ust=160774233410506 the chemical process of adsorption. But it is used in a
6 wide range of applications besides water filtration.
Activated carbon is an essential component in many
3.7.5 Bead Activated Carbon (BAC) different industries.
Bead Activated Carbon (BAC) is formed from
petroleum pitch. Similar to EAC particles, BAC is 3.8 How Activated Carbon Filters Work Physical
valued for its low dust content and mechanical adsorption is the main way in which activated carbon
strength. Its spherical shape makes it ideal for filters out a given substance. As liquid or air comes
applications such as water treatment. Its diameter into contact with activated carbon, intermolecular
ranges from 0.35 to 0.80 millimeters. forces draw molecules into the millions of pores and
pockets on the surface of activated carbon. Activated
carbon, beyond physical adsorption, also promotes
chemical reactions. A typical instance includes
molecules of chlorine. Both molecules react to form
chloride ions when chlorine comes into contact with holes. Less and lighter pollutants are picked up by
activated carbon, efficiently removing chlorine from small fine pores. Activated carbon manufacturers also
water. mark their products according to their capacity for
adsorption. Although activated carbon is safe to
The number of contaminants extracted from the air or consumers after it has been properly and thoroughly
water by the activated carbon depends on many processed, no trace of carbon is left in drinking water.
different factors, including the form and quantity of
pollutants, the acidity and temperature of the water or 3.9 Types of Carbon Activated Filters
air, and how long the activated carbon is in contact Two types of carbon are currently used most widely
with the water or air. The level of filtration given also for the filtration of water: powdered activated carbon
defines the particular activated carbon form. Big and (PAC) and granular activated carbon (GAC). PAC has
heavy molecules like those present in organic a smaller particle size than GAC and is usually more
chemicals are trapped by carbon molecules with large effective in extracting from the water a wide

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carbon block filters and every particle is used for
variety of impurities. The activated carbon is paired optimum efficacy. Small particles are absorbed by
with a secondary element or medium, such as silver, carbon, while larger impurities are too large to pass
in most filters. The added components give more through the pores of the block and are left behind. A
bacteriostatic properties to the filter. wide variety of contaminants are eliminated from the
water. Carbon block filters have one downside, more
3.9.1 GAC Filters reliable and effective than GAC filters, it takes more
GAC filters, also known as "fixed-bed carbon filters," time for water to pass through solid block filters than
are usually cylindrical containers that carry GAC through carbon bed filters, which means it is not
particles. Water is applied to the container and the practical for situations where you need a large amount
loose carbon particles flush out impurities as the of water quickly filtered, such as in municipal water
water passes through the device. systems. However, for many
Group No. 2
households, every day a carbon block filter offers
more than enough filtered drinking water.
3.10 What Carbon Filters Reduce From Your

Water
Activated carbon is an effective filter and removes a
significant amount of drinking water impurities. But
what particular pollutants do the activated carbon
Figure 22. Diagram of the GAC Filter filters eliminate? Carbon filters typically eliminate at
https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/environ least 81 chemicals and are efficient at minimizing
ment/hazardous/topics/gac.html another 52. According to the EPA, activated carbon,
along with all 32 organic pollutants listed, is the only
9.4.2 Carbon Block Filters filter material that extracts all 12 herbicides and 14
The closely packed blocks of PAC and GAC particles pesticides identified. Although no filter is capable of
of different sizes are solid carbon block filters. Water extracting water from any contaminant, carbon block
is pushed through the carbon block pores, and as it filters come near. Also, carbon filtration systems
passes through the filter, a wide variety of pollutants target the emissions of beneficial compounds such as
are extracted by the tiny carbon particles. Channeling minerals without stripping water, making your water
removal is the primary benefit of block filters over as clean and stable as possible.
GAC filters. The carbon particles are stationary with
monochloramine from local water systems pass
Thus, a through. The filter not only preserves sterilization of
carbonless incoming water, but it also protects ice machines,
water filter lets steamers, and other equipment from scale damage.
chlorine and This helps reduce frequent maintenance and high
energy costs in your equipment.
Figure 23. Carbonless Filter

https://www.folletttice.com/carbon-filter-system-hc
4. Reverse Osmosis Systems

A reverse osmosis (RO) system purifies water by
filtering out residue, chlorine, and other particles
through a semipermeable membrane. The system uses
an applied pressure to push water through the
membrane to remove these impure sediments,
allowing only pure water molecules to pass through.

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Through a prefilter, a reverse osmosis device extracts
As pressure pushes it through a semipermeable sediment and chlorine from water until it pressures
membrane, reverse osmosis eliminates pollutants from water to extract dissolved solids through a
unfiltered water or feeder water. To provide safe semipermeable membrane. It passes through a
drinking water, water flows from the more postfilter after the water leaves the RO membrane to
concentrated side (more contaminants) of the RO polish the drinking water until it reaches a dedicated
membrane to the less concentrated side (fewer faucet. Depending on the number of prefilters and
contaminants). Permeate is the name of the freshwater post-filters, reverse osmosis systems have different
made. The residual concentrated water is called waste phases.
or brine. There are small pores of a semipermeable
membrane that block contaminants but allow water
molecules to flow through. In osmosis, as it moves
through the membrane to achieve balance on both
sides, water becomes more concentrated. However,
reverse osmosis blocks the entrance of pollutants
through the less concentrated side of the membrane.
For example, when pressure is applied during reverse
osmosis to a volume of salt water, the salt is left
behind and only clean water flows through.
4.1 Reverse osmosis

Figure 25. Stages of RO System
Figure 24. Reverse Osmosis https://envirotecs.com/alkaline-water-houston/
https://www.rodisystems.com/how-does-reverse-osmo
sis-work.html When water first enters an RO system, it goes through
prefiltration. Prefiltration typically includes a carbon
filter and a sediment filter to remove sediment and
chlorine that could clog or damage the RO membrane.
Group No. 2
Next, water goes through the reverse osmosis
4.2 Stages of RO systems
membrane where dissolved particles, even too small
The RO membrane is the focal point of a reverse
to be seen with an electron microscope, are removed.
osmosis system, but an RO system also includes other
After filtration, water flows to the storage tank, where
types of filtration. RO systems are made up of 3, 4, or
it is held until needed. A reverse osmosis
5 stages of filtration. Every reverse osmosis water
system contains a sediment filter and a carbon filter in
addition to the RO membrane. The filters are called
either pre-filters or post-filters depending on whether
water passes through them before or after it passes
through the membrane. Each type of system contains
one or more of the following filters:
● Sediment filter: Reduces particles like dirt, dust,

and rust
● Carbon filter: Reduces volatile organic compounds
(VOCs), chlorine, and other contaminants that
give water a bad taste or odor
● Semi-permeable membrane: Removes up to 98% of
total dissolved solids (TDS)

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system continues to filter water until the storage tank An RO storage tank houses reverse osmosis water, so
is full and then shuts off. Once you turn on your when you need it, you have plenty to use. A reverse
drinking water faucet, water comes out of the storage osmosis device slowly produces vapor. Forming two
tank through another postfilter to polish drinking to three ounces of RO water takes one minute. If you
water before it gets to your faucet. were to turn on your faucet at the actual membrane
output rate for a glass of water, then you would have Thermal expansion tanks stop the leakage and
to wait for it to fill for at least 5 minutes. Your glass bursting of water heaters on closed water sources.
fills immediately with a holding tank.
A water storage tank stores clean water from your
A water storage tank holds clean water from your reverse osmosis device until a house or company
reverse osmosis system or other filter systems until demand for water is initiated. From the water supply,
you're ready to use it. Pressurized storage tanks force water is pumped into the tank, like a well or a reverse
water out on-demand, while atmospheric tanks osmosis device. Until it is finished, the tank
require a booster pump to supply pressure. Water accumulates water. The storage tank provides you
storage tanks exist in a vast array of sizes, designs, with instant access to water when you need access to
and specifications, and can be used residentially, water, whether it's filling your glass with crystal clear
commercially, and for large-scale industrial or water, running a bath, or irrigating a field. Generally,
municipal enterprises. For later usage and timely water storage tanks are either pressure tanks or
entry, a water storage tank collects water and stores it. atmospheric tanks. Pressure tanks typically
Water is brought from the tank to your tap when you incorporate point-of-use applications, such as reverse
turn on your kitchen faucet, supplying you with fresh osmosis storage tanks. Typically, outdoor
water on request. Reverse osmosis systems operate applications or large-scale urban water storage
slowly, one drop at a time, purifying water. A storage activities use atmospheric tanks.
tank for reverse osmosis means that you can reach
this water whenever you need to without waiting for To assist them in producing water pressure,
your glass to be carefully filled by the system. Most atmospheric water storage tanks are elevated. Gravity
wells are low-pressure and low-recovery and are alone will cause water pressure similar to that of large
charged with supplying a household or organization water booster pumps if a water storage tank is raised
with pressurized water. A well-pressure tank means high enough. For instance, in this theory, community
that you have immediate access to pressurized water water towers act. In the water tower, water is pumped
when you turn your shower on or flush your toilet. By up and then retained until demand is initiated. The
shielding the pump from short-cycling, they also help water tower can bring high-pressure water to your
prolong the life of the good pump. home because of its height when you turn on your
faucet. Usually, water towers are about 165 feet tall.
Water storage tanks come in all shapes, sizes, and It will take on about 0.43 psi of pressure with each
configurations and are used throughout the water foot the water falls downward, meaning water hits
treatment industry for a variety of purposes. Water your showerhead and kitchen tap between 50 and 100
storage tanks are an integral part of many household psi.
water systems, from a small, 5-gallon reverse osmosis
tank stored neatly under your sink to a All this is done by gravity alone which means that the
city does not have to pay for large and wasteful water
Group No. 2 pumps or the fuel to keep them going. This can be
towering 120-gallon well pressure tank. Thousands of imitated residentially, too. As the water is pushed out
gallons of rainwater, well water, or for fire of the storage tank, holding an atmospheric tank away
suppression, huge outdoor atmospheric tanks may be from your home and at an elevation will produce an
stored. Typically, these tanks are filled with UV increase in water pressure.
inhibitors, preventing algae and bacterial growth
inside the tank from being facilitated by sunlight.

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the system from perpetually sending wastewater to

As well as pressure tanks, reverse osmosis storage scale. They are also hydropneumatic water storage
tanks operate on the same concept, but on a smaller tanks built without the assistance of a booster pump to
provide pressurized water. Overall, they secure the internally lined with an inert material called butyl.
reverse osmosis device by ceasing the output of water This protects the purified water from making contact
when the tank capacity is complete. Once the psi of with any metallic surface. It uses air pressure to
the pressure tank exceeds 2/3 of the water line deliver water from the tank to the dedicated faucet
pressure, the system will be closed by the ASO valve. above your sink. Reverse osmosis tanks are
This protects the RO membrane from constant usage hydropneumatic, meaning the tank is holding not only
and prevents the device from sending wastewater to water but also pressurized air. Hydropneumatic
the drain permanently. Tanks for reverse osmosis are storage tanks are capable of delivering pressurized
made of rolled steel, but they are lined internally with water swiftly and on-demand, without necessitating
an inert material called butyl. This protects the the assistance of a booster pump.
filtered water from any metallic surface touch.
Inside the reverse osmosis, the tank is both an air
RO tanks come in a range of sizes, but in general, they chamber and a water chamber, divided in the center
are built to fit alongside your reverse osmosis device by a bladder. Though water does not compress, air
snugly under your kitchen counter. It takes a long will. As the reverse osmosis system feeds water into
time to purify water by reverse osmosis, so RO the storage tank, the weight of the water begins to
storage tanks often serve as a simple water collection compress the air chamber. As air compresses, it will
chamber so that you can access it at your continue to increase in pressure. When you open your
convenience. The addition of a second tank will faucet, this air pressure propels the water out of the
extend your water storage if you want to increase the tank and up through your faucet. If the tank did not
tank capacity of your reverse osmosis device. An RO have an air chamber, the tank would fill with water
booster pump may also be applied to the water's feed but be unable to transport it anywhere without the
pressure. When the tank's internal pressure exceeds assistance of something like a delivery pump.
2/3 of the line pressure, the reverse osmosis system Hydropneumatic storage tanks allow you to have a
will stop producing water. So if, to begin with, you delivery system without an electric pump.
have low water pressure running through your reverse
osmosis system, your tank will shut down much The size of the tank predetermines where the water
faster. It will increase how much water your storage will exist within the tank. In smaller tanks, between
tank will carry by increasing the feed pressure. To one and ten gallons, the water sits on top of the
track the air pressure inside your RO tank, use a pressurized air chamber. As tanks get larger and
pressure scale. larger, the water sits on the bottom of the tank. Water
weighs about nine pounds a gallon, so as the volume
Reverse osmosis storage tanks work on the same of stored water increases, the tank needs gravity to
principle as well as pressure tanks, but on a smaller assist with the air compression and propulsion of the
scale. They are also hydropneumatic water storage water out of the tank. On smaller tanks, where the air
tanks designed to provide pressurized water without chamber rests at the bottom, the diaphragm can push
the aid of a booster pump. They protect the reverse down into the air chamber and compress the air.
osmosis unit overall by ceasing water production
when the tank capacity is full. Once the pressure The reverse osmosis tank provides two very important
tank’s psi reaches 2/3 of the water line pressure, the functions in the context of the RO system as a whole.
ASO valve will shut the system. This protects the RO Primarily, the tank provides you with pressurized
membrane from being in constant use and prevents water whenever you require it. But it’s secondary
function is no less important to the
Group No. 2
the drain.
Reverse osmosis tanks are made of rolled steel but

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in developing countries. A few of its advantages are it
system’s operation. The reverse osmosis tank does not require additives, is maintained easily, and is
maintains pressure throughout the reverse osmosis inexpensive. A particle of fine sand is approximately
system and actuates the on/off cycling of the system 60 micrometers and smaller which allows it to trap
by monitoring line pressure. The reverse osmosis bacteria like Salmonella typhi, a rod-shaped
system is equipped with a sensory valve that halts the bacterium that is only a few micrometers in length
production of water when the pressure in the tank and diameter. Four months of research by fellows of
reaches 2/3 of the line pressure. If your feed pressure the Catholic Bioethics Institute has shown that it
is 60 psi, the membrane will continue to filter water eliminates coliform bacteria by approximately 99
and fill the storage tank until the compressing air percent under optimal conditions (Clark, Pinedo,
within that tank reaches 40 psi. When the tank senses et.al, 2012). Although sand filters are commonly used
that 2/3 of line pressure has been reached, it will to process drinking water, the role of sand filters
move the valve to the closed position, and water associated with microorganisms in water purification
production will cease. The automatic shutoff valves, has not been extensively studied. In the current
(stylized as ASO valves) work in tandem with the investigation in the study of Bai, Liu, et.al (2013),
storage tank to conserve thousands of gallons of water they combined molecular (metagenomic) and
per year. If the system did not automatically shut off physicochemical analyzes to elucidate the
when the tank filled, water would continue to be sent composition of microbial communities and their role
through the membrane and down the drain. in a traditional sand filter used to treat groundwater
for drinking purposes. The findings showed that the
The actual tank capacity of a RO tank will differ from biofilm formed rapidly within 2 days (reaching at
the gallon capacity the manufacturer indicates the tank 1011 prokaryotes per gram) in the sand filter along
is capable of holding. When the label says a storage with abiotic and biotic particles collected in the
tank is 4.5 gallons, it is referring to the total void interstitial spaces. Bacteria (up to 90 percent)
volume of the tank. But, the internal space of these dominated the microbial biofilm population, with
tanks is occupied by a metal bladder and air, not only Alphaproteobacteria being the most widespread class.
water. So, this 4.5-gallon tank will hold around 2.5-3 Thaumarcheotal was the only phylum of Archaea that
gallons of water. Furthermore, the exact amount of may be active in the oxidation of ammonia.
water the tank is capable of holding will differ based Metagenomic dataset structure annotation revealed a
on the feed pressure and the settings on the shutoff variety of aromatic degradation pathway genes, such
valve. as aromatic oxygenase and dehydrogenase genes, in
the biofilm, signaling a major role for microbes in the
5. Review Of Related Literature breakdown of aromatic compounds in groundwater.
Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification
Properties of sand as a water purifier. The need for pathways have been confirmed as key pathways for
clean water has increased dramatically across the the removal of nitrogen. Heavy metals dissolved in
globe. Millions of people are affected by a lack of freshwater, e.g. Mn2+ and As3+ maybe bio oxidized
safe drinking water every day, especially women and to insoluble or readily adsorbed compounds and
children, as most of their day is spent collecting stored in a sand filter. The research has shown that
water. The global water crisis not only has significant the role of the microbial community in the sand filter
medical effects but also societal, political, and treatment system is crucial to the successful
economic consequences. This social problem paved purification of drinking water.
the way for new inventions and the development of
water filtration/purifier. One of them is slow-sand Properties of coconut activated charcoal as a water
water filtration, it is not a recent invention and has purifier. The study of Samdin, Lim, et.al (2013)
been around for hundreds of years to eliminate the investigated the effectiveness of activated carbon
waterborne disease. It is estimated that more than from coconut shells as a possible
500,000 people are currently using slow-sand filters
Group No. 2

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integrative device for water purification the Interfacial
cost-effective absorbent material in the drinking water solar steam generation (ISSG) has gained a growing
filter due to its higher micro-pore nature, low cost, interest in both industry and academia and is
and ample supply over other agricultural by-products. considered to be a system with tremendous potential
Coconut shell carbon activation was first achieved by for wastewater treatment and desalination. These
carbonization in the nitrogen (N2) atmosphere practical applications need materials that meet a
exposure accompanied by heating with triggering variety of requirements: low cost, scalable
agents for a fixed retention time. The pH test and manufacturing, environmentally friendly and high,
dynamic testing of filtered water were carried out reliable optical–thermal conversion performance of
using the protocol defined by ANSI/NSF Standard 53 solar vaporization. Currently, biomass materials have
(Health Effects of Water Treatment System). The pH very promising prospects for ISSG schemes. It is
value showed an increase in proportion to the filtering noted that bamboo charcoal (BC) has a range of
level, which reached a constant value of 6.41 after specific advantages that render it a highly effective
eight filtering cycles. Also, Methyl tertiary-butyl ether ISSG unit. Broadband light absorption and arched and
(MTBE) has been extracted from activated carbon to a porous structural characteristics of BC satisfy all the
non-detectable level of less than 1 part per billion basic specifications of an ISSG system for localized
(ppb). The undetectable amount has reduced the odor heating, heat control, and water supply. The
and taste issues to a sufficient degree. As a result, self-contained BC system demonstrates high
activated carbon from coconut shells has tremendous evaporation efficiency (84 percent below 1 sun) and
potential as a cost-effective absorbent medium in a superb durability under highly acidic, strongly
drinking water filter. As a conclusion in the study of alkaline, and extreme light conditions. More
Pinatik and Tooy (2014) Activated charcoal powder specifically, the Bamboo Charcoal porous system can
briquettes are of the best consistency for the provide a reliable output of freshwater that at the
purification of water with a thickness of 3 mm and a same time facilitates the purification of water by
density of 0,47g/ml. Iodine concentration of 922 g/ml evaporation by heating. Finally, a low-cost,
reduced the turbidity value of dark and odorous water environmentally friendly, mechanically robust, and
from three water samples from 87.06 NTU to 3.07 long-term reliable Bamboo Charcoal plant is a
NTU or a bit lower. After 30 minutes of soaking of potential resource for wastewater treatment and
the briquettes, the turbidity value of the water desalination in underdeveloped areas. Also, the study
surpassed the SNI guideline of 0.01–5.00 NTU for of Lin, Liu, Fuhimoto (2017) concluded that The
cooking and use. The use of coconut shell waste in Bamboo Activated Charcoal allows for the future
activated carbon dioxide powder briquettes for water production of water quality purification and using the
purification is an alternative approach to the water multi-layer filtration process, the value of the source
problem in Indonesia. It is cheap, realistic, and water purification has been consulted. Bamboo
environmentally sustainable, as well as a direct carbon (BC) was used as a precursor to the
economic contribution to the city. Activated charcoal preparation of Bamboo Activated Carbon (BAC) by
powder briquettes are considered to be useful not only steam activation at 700, 800, and 900°C of activation
in turning industrial waste into a low-cost commodity temperature and 60,90 and 150min of activation time,
but also as an alternative water purification solution respectively. Using standing, filtration, and
that is inexpensive, simple, functional, hygienic, and lab-designed multi-layer filtration processes, the
environmentally friendly because briquettes do not viability of source water purification was
contain toxic ingredients or other additives that investigated. The BAC yield was between 58.02 and
threaten human health. 90.59 percent. The iodine content (362-891 mg/g) of
Bamboo Activated Charcoal was greater than that of
Properties of bamboo activated charcoal as a Bamboo Charcoal (277 mg/g). After treatment with
water purifier. According to the study of Li, Wang, standing and filtration processes, except for turbidity
et. al (2019) focusing on bamboo charcoal as an and overall bacterial count, the other products tested
Group No. 2
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could meet drinking water quality requirements. The

Group No. 2
lab-designed multi-layer filtration system, with filter
coconut shell as a water purifier and conduct an
paper, Bamboo Charcoal, BAC, and filter paper, as experiment to see the results as well.
1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th filter layers, individually located
in a glass enclosure with a flow rate of 5 ± 2 and 10 ±
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
2 mL/min, to purify the source water. The turbidity,
Even if this paper came from the efforts of a group,
overall stiffness, nitrite nitrogen, coliform, and gross we would not be able to finish this without the help of
bacterial counts of treated water culminated in 1.30 other people. We would like to express our deepest
NTU, 89.02 mg/L, 0.05 mg/L, O.. OOCFU/mL, and gratitude to those people who gave us the courage and
26.00 CFUANL and met the quality standards for strength to make this paper possible. Special thanks to
drinking water in Taiwan. In the Ames experiments, our research adviser, Mrs. Rosamia Tubo, for her
the residual cytotoxicity rate of the bacteria in the helping hand, time, and dedication to this paper, for
source water and treated water was greater than 80 her patience, understanding, and continuous support
percent of the control, suggesting a lack of as well. We are fortunate to have her as our professor
cytotoxicity. The mutagenicity of both was not more in this paper because of her commitment to her
than two times the random reverting of the control subject and her willingness to teach became one of
group, suggesting little mutagenicity. our drives to strive more and do better as her students.
We are glad for these values will always be
III. CONCLUSION / RECOMMENDATION remembered until we become Licensed Mechanical
Engineers.
Conclusion
One of the measures done to respond to water Furthermore, we would also like to acknowledge
pollution is by building water filtration and purifier.
ourselves for being able to finish this paper with our
This study elucidates the properties of sand, bamboo
determination and commitment to learn and create a
charcoal, and coconut shell as cost-effective and more
reliable research paper. Also, We are thankful for
developed water purifiers. The physical and chemical
those credible sources that were used to support this
properties as well as the components were compared
paper for it also played a vital role in the credibility of
in this paper. It was proven that each has different
this research. Next is ME-1107 and our friends, for
properties but still an effective component of a water
their help, time, effort, and support since the day we
purifier. This concludes that sand, bamboo charcoal,
started and until the end of this semester. We are
and coconut shell can be integrated to create a more
beyond grateful to have our cherished classmates as
affordable and effective water purifier.
well who did not hesitate to give their help when we
needed it. We would also like to give thanks to our
Recommendation family and friends for their undying support,
If a new group intends to pursue a similar research, emotionally, physically, and giving motivations that
there are still recommendations to be developed. They
inspired us to be able to finish this paper.
can check the availability of the sand, bamboo
charcoal and coconut shell in the market as well as
Above all, this paper will not be possible without the
know the cost of each component. They could also
Almighty’s guidance and wisdom. We would not be
research the right amount of these materials in using it
able to start and end it without His grace.
as components for a water purifier and the amount of
water it could purify. Also, the researchers of this REFERENCES
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(2020). The Parts of a Reverse Osmosis System
the drinking water purification Industry. Linkedin, (with Pictures). Reverse Osmosis Hub,
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(2020). Water Treatment Using Carbon Filters: GAC y-friendly-coconut-shells/amp/?amp_js_v=a6
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Jian-bin, Z. (2007). Outstanding Functions of
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anding-Functions-of-Bamboo-Charcoal-Jian
Oubagaranadin, J. U. K. (2011). Activated carbons:
bin/ae6a3f7ab4b5093aee60b7d795d7bda8480
e3232 Water Purification. Compendium of
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SCI 401

https://sswm.info/sswm-university-course/mod
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/enginee ule-6-disaster-situations-planning-and-prepare
ring/water-purification dness/further-resources-0
(2018). Biosand Filter. Cawst,

https://www.cawst.org/services/expertise/bios
Group No. 2
and-filter/more-information#:~:text=A%20bi Sizirici Yildiz, B. (2012). Water and wastewater
osand%20filter%20(BSF)%20is,water%20tre treatment: biological processes. Slow Sand
atment%20for%20200%20years.&text=It%2 Filtration,
0is%20filled%20with%20layers,solids%20fr https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineer
om%20contaminated%20drinking%20water ing/slow-sand-filtration
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http://en.howtopedia.org/wiki/How_to_Filter_
Water_with_a_Sand_Filter. (n.d.). ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT
COMMERCIAL WATER PURIFIERS . skf
(2010). Sand Filtration. Flemish Knowledge Centre elixer. in.
for Best Available Techniques, https://skfelixer.in/commercial-water-purifiers/
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ts/sand-filtration#:~:text=Sand%20filtration% (n.d.). Sand Filtration. logisticon.com.
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%20physical%20encapsulation.&text=The%2 nd-filtration/#:~:text=Sand%20filtration%20is
0filtration%20process%20can%20then%20res %20a%20process,traps%20particles%20prese
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Engineering, 95, natural Water Filter - An indigenous rural
https://www.researchgate.net/deref/http%3A% application. indiawaterportal.org.
2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.ecoleng.2 https://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/bam
016.06.068 boo-charcoal-natural-water-filter-indigenous-r
ural-application#:~:text=Bamboo%20charcoal'
Mewada, H. (2018). Sewage Water Treatment Using s%20chemical%20composition%20and,absorb
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e-Water-Treatment-Using-Modified-Charcoal (n.d.). Why Bamboo Charcoal?. everbamboo.com.
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20charcoal%2C%20bamboo,formaldehyde%2
(2000). Further Resources: Water Purification. C%20ammonia%2C%20and%20benzene.
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SCI 401 n-filters/#:~:text=Activated%20carbon%20filt
ers%20are%20small,treated%20to%20be%20e
Properties of Sand, Bamboo Charcoal and Coconut Shell as Water
Purifier xtremely%20porous.&text=Adsorption%20is
%20a%20distinct%20process,to%20stick%20t
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a-properties-definition-quiz.html
(n.d.). Activated Carbon (Charcoal) Filters.
Pankey, T. (n.d.). What Is the Difference Between me.psu.edu.
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res/Activated_Carbon_or_Charcoal_Filters.pdf
In%20water%20purification%2C%20activated (2018, October 19). The Science Behind Activated

%20carbon,component%20in%20many%20dif Carbon Water Filters . carbontech.com.
ferent%20industries. https://www.carbonblocktech.com/the-science
behind-activated-carbon-water-filters/#:~:text=
Washed Sand & Silica Sand. hunker.com. Group No. 2
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freshwatersystems.com.
(n.d.). Density of Sand, Silica (gravel) . https://www.freshwatersystems.com/blogs/blo
aqua-calc.com. g/what-is-reverse-osmosis
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substance/sand-coma-and-blank-silica#:~:text Woodard, J. (2019, October 19). What is a Water
=Sand%2C%20Silica%20weighs%201.538%2 Storage Tank and How Does It Work? .
0g,cm%C2%B3%20(0.88902%20oz%2Fin%C freshwatersystems.com.
2%B3)&text=Sand%2C%20Silica%20weighs https://www.freshwatersystems.com/blogs/blo
%201.54%20gram,to%201%20538%20kg%2F g/what-is-a-water-storage-tank-and-how-does
m%C2%B3. it-work
(n.d.). Types of Commercial Water Filters: Buying Woodard, J. (2019, October 11). What is a Reverse
Guide. partstown.com. Osmosis Tank and How Does It Work? .
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(n.d.). Types of Commercial Water Filters: Buying es-it-work
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https://www.partstown.com/about-us/types-of (2020, January 2). The Parts of a Reverse Osmosis
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(2014, May 7). Activated Carbon Filters: What They m/
Are & How They Work.
learn.allergyandair.com. APPENDICES
https://learn.allergyandair.com/activated-carbo
According to its shape, bamboo charcoal can be
classified into a round (Fig. 1), slice (Fig.2), particle

SCI 401
(Fig.3), and powder charcoal（Fig.4）According to

its use, bamboo charcoal can be divided into water
depuration, humidity adjustment, odor adsorption, Figure 7. Activated Carbon from Coconut Shell
health care, agriculture, the fuel of barbecue, etc.
Figure 8. Activated Carbon from Coconut Shell

Figure 10. Reverse Osmosis Diagram
Group No. 2
Figure 5. Coconut
Figure 6. Coconut Shells
Figure 9. Commercial Water Purifier
Source
SCI 401
Figure 14. Schematic cross-section of a Filmtec

thin-film composite of the RO membrane
Figure 11. Inlet Valve in Commercial Water Purifier

Figure 15.Drain saddle that is installed on the under
sink drain line.
Figure 12. Backflow Prevention Valve

Figure 16. Flow-Restrictor Cross Section
Figure 13. Pre- Filter

Figure 17. A pressurized storage tank for reverse
osmosis product
Group No. 2
SCI 401
Figure 18. Tap Faucet for RO

Water Purifier
Figure 22. Diagram of the GAC Filter
Figure 19. Extruded Activated Carbon
Figure 23. Carbonless Filter Figure 20.

Impregnated Carbon
Figure 24. Reverse Osmosis Figure 21. Bead

Activated Carbon
Group No. 2
SCI 401

Figure 25. Stages of RO System
Group No. 2

ME 1107 - Group 1 - Properties of Sand, Bamboo Charcoal, and Coconut Shell As Water Purifier - Rev.01

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Properties of Sand, Bamboo Charcoal, and Coconut Shell

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Water is a substance that makes up a majority of your physique weight and

Properties of Sand, Bamboo Charcoal and Coconut Shell as Water Purifier

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo ​[2]

Properties of Sand, Bamboo Charcoal and Coconut Shell as Water Purifier

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo ​[3]

Properties of Sand, Bamboo Charcoal and Coconut Shell as Water Purifier

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo ​[4]

Properties of Sand, Bamboo Charcoal and Coconut Shell as Water Purifier

1.2.2 Chemical Composition

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo ​[5]

Properties of Sand, Bamboo Charcoal and Coconut Shell as Water Purifier

Figure 6. Coconut Shells

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo ​[6]

Properties of Sand, Bamboo Charcoal and Coconut Shell as Water Purifier

least dusty, thus, they are very efficient when it

Coconut fruits are harvested three times per year and

Coconut-shell based activated carbons are

Due to its standard dimensions (2.5 x 10 inches) the

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo ​[7]

Properties of Sand, Bamboo Charcoal and Coconut Shell as Water Purifier

Moreover, sand filtration is used for the removal of Group No. 2

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo ​[8]

Properties of Sand, Bamboo Charcoal and Coconut Shell as Water Purifier

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo ​[9]

Properties of Sand, Bamboo Charcoal and Coconut Shell as Water Purifier

2.3 Coconut Shell

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo ​[10]

Properties of Sand, Bamboo Charcoal and Coconut Shell as Water Purifier

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo ​[11]

Properties of Sand, Bamboo Charcoal and Coconut Shell as Water Purifier

designed combination water supply/rinse water

3.2 Chemical Properties of Commercial Water

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo ​[12]

Properties of Sand, Bamboo Charcoal and Coconut Shell as Water Purifier

purifying mechanisms of nature. By merely moving

Figure 12. Backflow Prevention Valve

Once the water travels through the first two valves, or

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo ​[13]

Properties of Sand, Bamboo Charcoal and Coconut Shell as Water Purifier

water has no massive particles in it earlier than it

The ​Pre-filter ​is a primary filter that is used to

Most commonly used RO membranes are typically

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo ​[14]

pressure. At the bottom of the tank, there is a bladder

Figure 15.Drain saddle that is installed on the under

At the Final Filter, the water is protected to drink and

Properties of Sand, Bamboo Charcoal and Coconut Shell as Water Purifier

smell are restored. At the end of the line is the faucet,

The need to set up water purifiers in an industrial

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo ​[16]

Properties of Sand, Bamboo Charcoal and Coconut Shell as Water Purifier

Up to 99% + of dissolved salts (ions), particles, 3.6 Activated Carbon Filter

Activated carbon is derived from the carbonaceous

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo ​[17]

Properties of Sand, Bamboo Charcoal and Coconut Shell as Water Purifier

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo ​[18]

Properties of Sand, Bamboo Charcoal and Coconut Shell as Water Purifier

3.7.4 Impregnated Carbon

3.7.6 Polymer Activated Carbon

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo ​[19]

Properties of Sand, Bamboo Charcoal and Coconut Shell as Water Purifier

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo [2]

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo [3]

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo [4]

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo [5]

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo [6]

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo [7]

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo [8]

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo [9]

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo [10]

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo [11]

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo [12]

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo [13]

The Pre-filter is a primary filter that is used to

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo [14]

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo [16]

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo [17]

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo [18]

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo [19]

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo [20]

● Sediment filter: Reduces particles like dirt, dust,

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo [21]

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo [22]

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo [23]

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo [24]

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo [26]

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo [27]

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo [ 28]

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo [ 29]

Section: ME-1107 Engr. Rosamia Tubo [ 30]

(Fig.3), and powder charcoal（Fig.4）According to