Overview: Life Without a Backbone

Chapter 33
• Invertebrates are animals that lack a
backbone
Invertebrates
• They account for 95% of known animal species

PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for

Biology
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece

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Fig. 33-2
Concept 33.1: Sponges are basal animals that lack
true tissues
• Sponges are sedentary animals from the phyla
Calcarea
and Silicea
Calcarea and Silicea
ANCESTRAL
PROTIST
Cnidaria • They live in both fresh and marine waters
Eumetazoa

Common
ancestor of
Lophotrochozoa • Sponges lack true tissues and organs
all animals
Bilateria

Ecdysozoa Calcarea and Silicea

Cnidaria
Deuterostomia
Lophotrochozoa
Ecdysozoa
Deuterostomia

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Fig. 33-4
Concept 33.2: Cnidarians are an ancient phylum of
eumetazoans
Food particles
in mucus
Flagellum
Choanocyte Collar
Choanocyte
• All animals except sponges and a few other
Osculum
groups belong to the clade Eumetazoa,
Azure vase sponge (Callyspongia
plicifera) animals with true tissues
Spongocoel Phagocytosis of
food particles Amoebocyte
• Phylum Cnidaria is one of the oldest groups in
this clade
Pore
Spicules Calcarea and Silicea
Cnidaria
Epidermis Water Lophotrochozoa
flow
Amoebocytes Ecdysozoa
Mesohyl Deuterostomia

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Fig. 33-5 Fig. 33-6

Tentacle
Mouth/anus Cuticle
Polyp Tentacle Medusa of prey

Gastrovascular
cavity Thread
Gastrodermis
Mesoglea Nematocyst
Body “Trigger”
stalk Epidermis

Tentacle Thread
Mouth/anus discharges

Thread
(coiled)
Cnidocyte

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Table 33-1 Fig. 33-7

(b) Jellies (class (c) Sea wasp (class (d) Sea anemone (class
Scyphozoa) Cubozoa) Anthozoa)

(a) Colonial polyps (class

Hydrozoa)

Concept 33.3: Lophotrochozoans, a clade identified

by molecular data, have the widest range of animal
body forms
• The clade Lophotrochozoa was identified by
• Bilaterian animals have bilateral symmetry and molecular data
triploblastic development
• Some develop a lophophore for feeding, others
• The clade Bilateria contains Lophotrochozoa, pass through a trochophore larval stage, and a
Ecdysozoa, and Deuterostomia few have neither feature
Calcarea and Silicea
• Lophotrochozoa includes the flatworms,
Cnidaria
rotifers, ectoprocts, brachiopods, molluscs, and
Lophotrochozoa
annelids
Ecdysozoa
Deuterostomia

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 Table 33-2
Flatworms

• Members of phylum Platyhelminthes live in

marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial
habitats
• Although flatworms undergo triploblastic
development, they are acoelomates
• They are flattened dorsoventrally and have a
gastrovascular cavity
• Gas exchange takes place across the surface,
and protonephridia regulate the osmotic
balance
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Fig. 33-9 Fig. 33-10

Pharynx

Gastrovascular
cavity

Mouth

Eyespots

Ganglia Ventral nerve cords

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Fig. 33-11 Fig. 33-12

Male
200 µm

Human host Female

1 mm
Proglottids with
reproductive structures
Hooks

Sucker

Motile larva Scolex

Ciliated larva

Snail host

Fig. 33-13
Rotifers
Jaws Crown
of cilia
• Rotifers, phylum Rotifera, are tiny animals that
inhabit fresh water, the ocean, and damp soil
• Rotifers are smaller than many protists but are
truly multicellular and have specialized organ
systems

Anus
Stomach 0.1 mm

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 Fig. 33-14
Lophophorates: Ectoprocts and Brachiopods
Lophophore

• Lophophorates have a lophophore, a

horseshoe-shaped, suspension-feeding organ
with ciliated tentacles
• Lophophorates include two phyla: Ectoprocta Lophophore
and Brachiopoda
• Ectoprocts (also called bryozoans) are
colonial animals that superficially resemble
plants
• A hard exoskeleton encases the colony, and
some species are reef builders (a) Ectoproct (sea mat) (b) Brachiopods
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Molluscs

• Phylum Mollusca includes snails and slugs, • All molluscs have a similar body plan with three
oysters and clams, and octopuses and squids main parts:
• Most molluscs are marine, though some inhabit – Muscular foot
fresh water and some are terrestrial
– Visceral mass
• Molluscs are soft-bodied animals, but most are – Mantle
protected by a hard shell
• Many molluscs also have a water-filled mantle
cavity, and feed using a rasplike radula

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Fig. 33-15 Table 33-3

Nephridium Visceral mass Heart

Coelom Intestine
Gonads
Mantle
Stomach
Mantle
Shell Mouth
cavity
Radula
Anus

Gill

Radula
Mouth
Foot Nerve Esophagus
cords

Chitons Gastropods

• Class Polyplacophora consists of the chitons, • About three-quarters of all living species of
oval-shaped marine animals encased in an molluscs are gastropods
armor of eight dorsal plates

Video: Nudibranchs

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Fig. 33-18 Fig. 33-19

Mantle Stomach Intestine

cavity
Anus

Mouth

Fig. 33-21

Octopus
Annelids

• Annelids have bodies composed of a series of

Squid fused rings
• The phylum Annelida is divided into three
classes:
– Oligochaeta (earthworms and their relatives)
– Polychaeta (polychaetes)
– Hirudinea (leeches)
Chambered
nautilus

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Table 33-4 Fig. 33-22
Epidermis Cuticle Septum
Coelom (partition
between
Circular segments)
muscle

Longitudinal Metanephridium
muscle Anus
Dorsal vessel
Chaetae
Intestine

Fused Ventral
nerve vessel
cords
Nephrostome Metanephridium
Clitellum

Esophagus Crop

Giant Australian earthworm Pharynx

Intestine

Cerebral ganglia Gizzard

Mouth
Subpharyngeal Ventral nerve cord with
ganglion Blood segmental ganglia
vessels

Fig. 33-23 Fig. 33-24

Parapodia

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 Fig. 33-UN4
Concept 33.4: Ecdysozoans are the most species-
rich animal group
• Ecdysozoans are covered by a tough coat
called a cuticle
Calcarea and Silicea
• The cuticle is shed or molted through a
Cnidaria
process called ecdysis
Lophotrochozoa
• The two largest phyla are nematodes and Ecdysozoa
arthropods Deuterostomia

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Fig. 33-25
Nematodes

• Nematodes, or roundworms, are found in most

aquatic habitats, in the soil, in moist tissues of
plants, and in body fluids and tissues of
animals
• They have an alimentary canal, but lack a
circulatory system
• Reproduction in nematodes is usually sexual,
by internal fertilization
25 µm

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Fig. 33-26

Encysted juveniles Muscle tissue 50 µm Arthropods

• Two out of every three known species of

animals are arthropods
• Members of the phylum Arthropoda are found
in nearly all habitats of the biosphere

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Fig. 33-27 Fig. 33-29

Cephalothorax Abdomen

Antennae
(sensory Thorax
reception) Head

Swimming appendages
(one pair located
under each
abdominal segment)

Walking legs

Pincer (defense) Mouthparts (feeding)

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• The body of an arthropod is completely • Molecular evidence suggests that living
covered by the cuticle, an exoskeleton made of arthropods consist of four major lineages that
layers of protein and the polysaccharide chitin diverged early in the phylum’s evolution:
• When an arthropod grows, it molts its – Cheliceriforms (sea spiders, horseshoe
exoskeleton crabs, scorpions, ticks, mites, and spiders)
– Myriapods (centipedes and millipedes)
– Hexapods (insects and relatives)
– Crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, shrimps,
barnacles, and many others)
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Fig. 33-30
Cheliceriforms

• Cheliceriforms, subphylum Cheliceriformes, are

named for clawlike feeding appendages called
chelicerae
• The earliest cheliceriforms were eurypterids
(water scorpions)
• Most marine cheliceriforms (including
eurypterids) are extinct, but some species
survive today, including horseshoe crabs

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Fig. 33-31a Fig. 33-31b

50 µm

Scorpion
Dust mite

Fig. 33-31c
Myriapods

• Subphylum Myriapoda includes millipedes and

centipedes
– Myriapods are terrestrial, and have jaw-like
mandibles

• Millipedes, class Diplopoda, have many legs

– Each trunk segment has two pairs of legs

Web-building spider

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Fig. 33-33 Fig. 33-34

Fig. 33-35
Insects
Abdomen Thorax Head
Compound eye
• Subphylum Hexapoda, insects and relatives,
Antennae
has more species than all other forms of life
combined Heart
Cerebral ganglion
Dorsal
• They live in almost every terrestrial habitat and artery Crop
Anus
in fresh water
Vagina
• The internal anatomy of an insect includes
several complex organ systems Malpighian
tubules

Ovary Tracheal tubes Mouthparts

Nerve cords

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Fig. 33-36 Fig. 33-37

(a) Larva (caterpillar)

(b) Pupa
(c) Later-stage
pupa (d) Emerging
adult

(e) Adult

Fig. 33-38
Crustaceans

• While arachnids and insects thrive on land,

crustaceans, for the most part, have remained
in marine and freshwater environments
(a) Ghost crab
• Crustaceans, subphylum Crustacea, typically
have branched appendages that are
extensively specialized for feeding and
locomotion
• Most crustaceans have separate males and
females
(b) Krill (c) Barnacles
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 Fig. 33-UN5
Concept 33.5: Echinoderms and chordates are
deuterostomes
• Sea stars and other echinoderms, phylum
Echinodermata, may seem to have little in
common with phylum Chordata, which includes Calcarea and Silicea
the vertebrates Cnidaria
Lophotrochozoa
• Shared characteristics define deuterostomes
Ecdysozoa
(Chordates and Echinoderms)
Deuterostomia
– Radial cleavage
– Formation of the mouth at the end of the
embryo opposite the blastopore

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Fig. 33-39
Echinoderms
Stomach
Anus
Spine
• Sea stars and most other echinoderms are Gills
slow-moving or sessile marine animals Central disk

• A thin epidermis covers an endoskeleton of Digestive glands

hard calcareous plates Madreporite

• Echinoderms have a unique water vascular

Radial
system, a network of hydraulic canals nerve
branching into tube feet that function in Ring Gonads
canal
locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange
Ampulla
• Males and females are usually separate, and Podium
sexual reproduction is external Radial canal Tube
feet
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Table 33-6 Fig. 33-40a

(a) A sea star (class Asteroidea)

Fig. 33-40b Fig. 33-40c

(b) A brittle star (class Ophiuroidea) (c) A sea urchin (class Echinoidea)

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Fig. 33-40d Fig. 33-40e

(d) A feather star (class Crinoidea) (e) A sea cucumber (class Holothuroidea)

Fig. 33-40f
Chordates

• Phylum Chordata consists of two subphyla of

invertebrates as well as hagfishes and
vertebrates
• Chordates share many features of embryonic
development with echinoderms, but have
evolved separately for at least 500 million
years

(f) A sea daisy (class Concentricycloidea)

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