RESPIRATION

Respiration is one of the imperative functions of the body that are of crucial importance for
all the living organisms be it human being, or the microscopic bacteria. In general the process
of respiration serves two basic purposes in living organisms, the first one being disposal of
electrons generated during catabolism and the second one being production of ATP. The
respiration machinery is located in cell membranes of prokaryotes whereas it is placed in the
inner membranes of mitochondria for eukaryotes. Respiration requires a terminal electron
acceptor. Simply put, the respiration process, which uses oxygen as its terminal electron
acceptor, is called aerobic respiration and the one, which uses terminal electron acceptors
other than oxygen, is called anaerobic respiration.

Differences between Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

Starting from the bio-chemical pathway used to utilize bio-molecules, to the amount of
energy produced in the respiration process, there exist a lot of differences between aerobic
and anaerobic respiration. Let us discuss the two respiration processes separately with respect
to the process, outcome and the chemical reactions involved in aerobic and anaerobic
respiration.

Aerobic Respiration

Aerobic respiration is the process that takes place in presence of oxygen. Aerobic respiration
is the metabolic process that involves break down of fuel molecules to obtain bio-chemical
energy and has oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Fuel molecules commonly used by
cells in aerobic respiration are glucose, amino acids and fatty acids.. The process of obtaining
energy in aerobic respiration can be represented in the following equation:

Glucose + Oxygen →Energy + Carbon dioxide + Water

The aerobic respiration is a high energy yielding process. During the process of aerobic
respiration as many as 38 molecules of ATP are produced for every molecule of glucose that
is utilized. Thus aerobic respiration process breaks down a single glucose molecule to yield
38 units of the energy storing ATP molecules.

Anaerobic respiration
 

The term anaerobic means without air and hence anaerobic respiration refers to the special
type of respiration, which takes place without oxygen. Anaerobic respiration is the process of
oxidation of molecules in the absence of oxygen, which results in production of energy in the
form of ATP or adenosine tri-phosphate. Anaerobic respiration is synonymous with
fermentation especially when the glycolytic pathway of energy production is functional in a
particular cell. The process of anaerobic respiration for production of energy can occur in
either of the ways represented below:

Glucose (Broken down to) →Energy (ATP) + Ethanol + Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Glucose (Broken down to) →Energy (ATP) + Lactic acid

The process of anaerobic respiration is relatively less energy yielding as compared to the
aerobic respiration process. During the alcoholic fermentation or the anaerobic respiration
(represented in the first equation) two molecules of ATP (energy) are produced. for every
molecule of glucose used in the reaction. Similarly for the lactate fermentation (represented
in the second equation) 2 molecules of ATP are produced for every molecule of glucose used.
Thus anaerobic respiration breaks down one glucose molecule to obtain two units of the
energy storing ATP molecules.