Actividad de aprendizaje 15

Evidencia 5: Summary “Export-import theory”

Contar con los conocimientos necesarios para realizar un proceso de exportación,

requiere no solo de manejar habilidades lectoras para apropiar las normas y pasos
a seguir, sino también comprender y extraer los aspectos más importantes de
cada texto. Existen gran cantidad de textos referentes exportación e importación
en inglés, por lo cual es necesario fortalecer las competencias en dicha lengua.

Para reforzar lo mencionado, realice las siguientes actividades:

1. Lea el siguiente texto:

Export-Import Theory1

Setting up the business

Whether it is a new or existing export-import business, the legal form, or

structure, will determine how the business is to be conducted, its tax
liability, and other important considerations. Each form of business
organization has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the
entrepreneur has to select the one that best fulfills the goals of the
entrepreneur and the business. Selection of an appropriate business
organization is a task that requires accounting and legal expertise and
should be done with the advice of a competent attorney or accountant.

Ownership structure

In this section, we examine different forms of business organizations: sole

proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, and limited liability companies.

1
Belay, S. (2009). Export-Import Theory, Practices, and Procedures. (2a ed.). New York: Routledge.
Sole proprietorships

A sole proprietorship is a firm owned and operated by one individual. No

separate legal entity exists. There is one principal in the business who has
total control over all export-import operations and who can make decisions
without consulting anyone. The major advantages of sole proprietorships
are as follows:

1. They are easy to organize and simple to control. Establishing an export-

import business as sole proprietorship is simple and inexpensive and
requires little or no government approval. At the state level, registration of
the business name is required, while at the federal level, sole proprietors
need to keep accurate accounting records and attach a profit or loss
statement for the business when filing individual tax returns (Schedule C,
Internal Revenue Service Form 1040). They must operate on a calendar
year and can use the cash or accrual method of accounting.

2. They are more flexible to manage than partnerships or corporations. The

owner makes all operational and management decisions concerning the
business. The owner can remove money or other assets of the business
without legal or tax consequences. He or she can also easily transfer or
terminate the business.

3. Sole proprietorships are subject to minimal government regulations

versus other business concerns.

4. The owner of a sole proprietorship is taxed as an individual, at a rate

lower than the corporate income tax rate. Losses from the export import
business can be applied by the owner to offset taxable income from other
sources. Sole proprietors are also allowed to establish tax exempt
retirement accounts. (Harper, 1991; Cheeseman, 2006a)
The major disadvantage of running an export-import concern as a sole
proprietorship is the risk of unlimited liability. The owner is personally liable
for the debts and other liabilities of the business. Insurance can be bought
to protect against these liabilities; however, if insurance protection is not
sufficient to cover legal liability for defective products or debts, judgment
creditors’ next recourse is the personal assets of the owner. Another
disadvantage is that the proprietor’s access to capital is limited to personal
funds plus any loans that can be obtained. In addition, very few individuals
have all the necessary skills to run an export-import business, and the
owner may lack certain skills. The business may also terminate upon the
death or disability of the owner.

Establishing an appropriate business organization: pointers

 Does the entrepreneur intend to be the sole owner of the export-import

business? If not, how many people have an ownership interest?

 Does the entrepreneur need additional capital and/or expertise?

 What legal form provides the greatest flexibility for management?

 What legal form affords the most advantageous tax treatment for the
business concern and individual entrepreneurs?

 Which legal structure is easy and less expensive to establish and subject
to a low degree of government regulation?

 How important is it to limit personal liability of owners?

 o Which legal structure is the most appropriate in light of the goals and
objectives of the export-import business? (Belay, 2009).
2. Elabore una lista de vocabulario sobre el texto, mínimo de 15 palabras y escriba
su respectivo significado en inglés.
VOCABULARY
SKILLS: the ability is the innate aptitude, talent,
skill or capacity that a person has to carry out
and of course successfully, a certain activity or
work.
UNIQUE: it applies to one or more things of
which or of whose species there are no others.
INCOME: amount of money earned or collected.
RETURNS: act of giving something back to
someone. It is a process that supports a right of
possession of a certain person with respect to a
certain asset that was delivered with some type
of specific objective.
APPLIED: who puts effort, interest and
perseverance in carrying out a job or in the
development of an activity.
LAWYER: person legally authorized to advise
or defend the rights and interests of another
person in legal matters and represent them in a
lawsuit.
ADVANTAGES: circumstance or situation that
gives superiority in something
OWNERS: property rights, in law the domain or
property is the direct and immediate power over
an object or, by which the owner is attributed
the ability to dispose of it, without further ado
LOAN: a loan is an operation by which a
financial institution makes a certain amount of
money available to us through a contract.
SMALL: which is smaller than normal.
JUDGMENT: faculty of understanding by virtue
of which man can distinguish good from evil and
what is true from what is false
ABOVE: patrimonial prefix of Latin origin that
enters into the formation of names with the
meaning "above" "in addition to"
SIGNIFICADO
HABILIDADES: la habilidad es la aptitud
innata, talento, destreza o capacidad que
ostenta una persona para llevar a cabo y por
supuesto con éxito, determinada actividad o
trabajo.
UNICO: se aplica a uno o varias cosas de las
cuales o de cuya especie no hay otras.
INGRESOS: cantidad de dinero ganada o
recaudada.
DEVOLUCIONES: acto de entregar algo
nuevamente a alguien. Es un proceso que
sustenta un derecho de posesión de una
determinada persona con respecto a un
determinado bien que fue entregado con
algún tipo de objetivo específico.
APLICADO: que pone esfuerzo, interés y
constancia en la realización de un trabajo o
en el desarrollo de una actividad.
ABOGADO: persona legal mente autorizada
para asesorar o defender los derechos e
intereses de otra persona en materia jurídica
y representarla en un pleito.
VENTAJAS: circunstancia o situación que da
superioridad en alguna cosa
PROPIETARIOS: derecho de propiedad, en
el derecho el dominio o propiedad es el
poder directo e inmediato sobre un objeto o
bien, por la que se atribuye a su titular la
capacidad de disponer del mismo, sin mas
PRESTAMO: un préstamo es una operación
por la cual una entidad financiera pone a
nuestra disposición una cantidad
determinada de dinero mediante un contrato.
PEQUEÑO: que presenta un tamaño menor
de lo normal.
JUICIO: facultad del entendimiento por cuya
virtud del hombre puede distinguir el bien del
mal y lo verdadero de lo falso
SOBRE: prefijo patrimonial de origen latino
que entra en la formación de nombres con el
significado “por encima de” “además de”
 LOSSES: a small amount of blood or discharge
from the womb that is abnormally expelled
outside of the menstrual period.
DISADVANTAGES: circumstances of being
worse or being in a worse situation one thing
with respect to another of the same nature with
which it is compared. Less favorable situation in
which a person or thing is compared to another
with which it is compared
SIN: indicates lack or lack of something material
or immaterial.
PERDIDAS: cantidad pequeña de sangre o
flujo procedente de la matriz que se expulsa
anormalmente fuera del periodo menstrual.
DESVENTAJAS: circunstancias de ser peor
o estar en peor situación una cosa respecto a
otra de la misma naturaleza con la que se
compara. Situación menos favorable en que
se halla una persona o cosa respecto a otra
con las que se compara
SIN: indica falta o carencia de alguna cosa
material o inmaterial.

3. El texto sugerido al inicio de esta evidencia cuenta con varios párrafos, y al

interior de cada párrafo se encuentran varias ideas principales. Por favor, lea el
material complementario “Identifying the main idea” para conocer cómo se
puede encontrar la idea principal en un párrafo escrito en inglés.

 In the following section you read about sole proprietorships: a company that is
owned and operated by one person.
 One advantage is, that it is easy to maintain and organize because the registration
procedures are cheap and require almost no governmental approval at all.
 As a sole proprietor you pay less taxes.
 Compared to other forms it is lowly regulated by government.
 The owner has total control over the finances and other assets.

4. Luego de analizar el material complementario, por favor escriba las ideas

principales de cada párrafo, en presente simple, en inglés. No haga
transcripción literal de los párrafos. A continuación, transforme la oración a
presente progresivo, también en inglés.

Simple Present Tense Present Progressive Tense

Because of the unlimited liability it is Because of the unlimited liability it is being
recommended to choose a good recommended to choose a good insurance to
insurance to avoid personal financial ruin avoid personal financial ruin

One advantage is, that it is easy to
maintain and organize because the
registration procedures are cheap and
require almost no governmental approval
at all.
One advantage is, that it is easy to maintain
and organize because the registration
procedures are being cheap and require
almost no governmental approval at all.

As a sole proprietor you pay less taxes. As a sole proprietor you are paying less taxes.
 The owner has total control over the The owner is having total control over the
finances and other assets. finances and other assets

Compared to other forms it is lowly Compared to other forms it is being lowly

regulated by government. regulated by government.

sole proprietorships: a company that is about sole proprietorships: a company that is

owned and operated by one person. owned and operated by one person.

It is important to choose the right form of It is being important to choose the right form
business organization of business organization

In the following section you read about In the following section you are reading

5. Organice las ideas en un solo resumen, de manera que se conecten

coherentemente, en 15 líneas.

How to carry out an export and import business, in different forms of commercial
organizations since the director controls all export and import operations, where
the sole proprietors are simple and low in cost and make all the decisions in
front of the business. Individual companies are governmental and have a lower
rate than the tax rate, thus carrying the responsibility of the business.

Knowing well that each legal form in which the company has its legal bases will
apply different processes why you should know what you should apply to have
greater knowledge and not have legal consequences in the environment even
with a single administrator or boss immediately co-author all the legal health and
tax aspects for a better export or import in order to provide the company with
better quality and good recognition at the international level and to conquer or
reach large countries for its advertising and industry growth.

Nota: para el desarrollo de esta evidencia se debe tener en cuenta el material de

formación “Using simple present and progressive to export” y el material
complementario asociado a esta actividad de aprendizaje.

Desarrolle esta evidencia con la herramienta ofimática de su preferencia y envíe el

archivo al instructor a través de la plataforma virtual de aprendizaje en formato
.doc o .pdf.

Pasos para enviar la evidencia:

1. Clic en el título de la evidencia.
2. Clic en Examinar mi equipo y buscar el archivo previamente guardado.
3. Dejar un comentario al instructor (opcional).
4. Clic en Enviar.

Nota: esta evidencia es de carácter individual. Recuerde revisar la guía de

aprendizaje con el fin de verificar que ha realizado todas las actividades
propuestas, saber cómo desarrollarlas y entregarlas correctamente.
 Criterios de evaluación
Realiza resúmenes de la información relevante y detallada de un texto técnico en
inglés.