Combined Cycles and

Cogeneration
Dr. Bobby Mathew
Mechanical Engineering Department
UAE University
Combined cycles and cogeneration
• CLO
• Evaluate performance of thermo-fluids components and systems
• Assessment Tool
• HW
• Quiz
• Exam
Combined cycles and cogeneration
• Objectives
• Analyze power cycles that consist of two separate cycles known as combined
cycles and binary cycles; and
• Become acquainted with cogeneration principle and analyze power
generation coupled with process heating called cogeneration.
Gas Turbines
• Textbooks (Available online through UAEU library website)
• Introduction to Thermo-Fluids Systems Design by H. Magande and A. G. McDonald
• Applied Thermodynamics by O. Singh
• Thermodynamics and Heat Powered Cycles: A Cognitive Engineering Approach by
Chih Wu

• Steps
• Go to https://www.library.uaeu.ac.ae/en/
• Search: Type book title
• Authentication required: Continue as guest
• Click ‘View ebook’
• Sign in using your UAEU ID and password
• Choose chapter and click ‘Download pdf’
• Create account or sign in
Combined cycles and cogeneration
• Combined cycles
• Overall thermal efficiency of a power plant can be increased by using binary cycles
or combined cycles; and
• A binary cycle is composed of two separate cycles, one at high temperatures
(topping cycle) and the other at relatively low temperatures (bottoming cycle)
• Most common combined cycle is the gas-steam combined cycle where a gas-turbine
cycle operates at the high-temperature range and a steam-turbine cycle at the low-
temperature range
• Steam is heated by the high-temperature exhaust gases leaving the gas turbine
• For GT: Up to 330 MW & Tmax < 1700 K
• For ST: Up to 1000 MW & Tmax < 650 oC
𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇
• It is common to have =8
𝑊𝑊̇ 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺
Combined cycles and cogeneration
• Combined cycles

Heat Recovery
Steam Generator
(HRSG)
Combined cycles and cogeneration
• Combined cycles
• 𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑤𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆,𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 + 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑔𝑔 𝑤𝑤𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺,𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
Applicable in all
cases
𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
• η𝑡𝑡ℎ,𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =
𝑄𝑄̇ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺

Applicable when no
𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
• η𝑡𝑡ℎ,𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = = η𝑡𝑡ℎ,𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 + η𝑡𝑡ℎ,𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 − η𝑡𝑡ℎ,𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 η𝑡𝑡ℎ,𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 rejection from gas
𝑄𝑄̇ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 turbine to
surroundings

• cc: combined cycle

• ST: steam turbine
• GT: gas turbine
Combined cycles and cogeneration
• Combined cycles
• Combined cycle with no supplementary burning

C GT GT
Combined cycles and cogeneration
• Combined cycles
• Combined cycle with supplementary burning
• Temperature of gas entering HRSG is greater than in previous arrangement

C GT GT
Combined cycles and cogeneration
• Combined cycles
• Comparison between combined cycle without and with supplementary burning
• A higher fraction of output results from steam turbine portion of combined cycle when
supplementary burning is used
• Pinch point temperature difference is much higher for combined cycle with supplementary
burning
• Combined cycle without supplementary burning has lower heat rate
Combined cycles and cogeneration
• Combined cycles
• Combined cycle with heat recovery boiler between gas turbine compressor and
turbine
• Boiler operates at high pressure
and this can lead to leakage problems
• Lowers temperature of gas entering
turbine which is undesirable

C GT GT
Combined cycles and cogeneration
• Combined cycles
• Temperature-heat transfer diagram
for a single-pressure steam turbine
combined cycle
• Pinch point is the location at
temperature difference between gas
and water is minimum
• Pinch point is where the water is
saturated liquid
• Temperature difference at pinch point
is called pinch point temperature
difference

Super- Subcooled
heating Phase change liquid
Combined cycles and cogeneration
• Cogeneration (CHP: Combined heat and power)
• Cogeneration is the simultaneous generation of two or more types of energy from a
single fuel source
• Cogeneration is used in power plants to recover the energy lost in the form of heat
• Actual cogeneration plants can be high as 80% efficient
• Heat input to systems or devices in the form of heat is called process heat
• Process heat is required for desalination, district heating, refinery, pulp & paper,
textile industries, and food processing
Combined cycles and cogeneration
• Cogeneration
Combined cycles and cogeneration
• Cogeneration
Combined cycles and cogeneration
• Cogeneration
Combined cycles and cogeneration
• Cogeneration
(CHP: Combined heat and power)
• Utilization factor

𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜+𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

• 𝜀𝜀𝑢𝑢 =
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
Combined cycles and cogeneration
• Cogeneration (CHP: Combined heat and power)
• 𝑄𝑄̇ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑚𝑚̇ 3 ℎ4 − ℎ3

• 𝑄𝑄̇ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝑚𝑚̇ 7 ℎ7 − ℎ1

• 𝑄𝑄̇ 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑚𝑚̇ 5 ℎ5 + 𝑚𝑚̇ 6 ℎ6 − 𝑚𝑚̇ 8 ℎ8

• 𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑚𝑚̇ 4 − 𝑚𝑚̇ 5 ℎ4 − ℎ6 + 𝑚𝑚̇ 7 ℎ6 − ℎ7

• 𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑚𝑚̇ 1 ℎ2 − ℎ1 + 𝑚𝑚̇ 8 ℎ3 − ℎ8

• 𝑚𝑚̇ 7 = 𝑚𝑚̇ 4 − 𝑚𝑚̇ 5 − 𝑚𝑚̇ 6

Combined cycles and cogeneration
• Cogeneration
• Example: Desalination
Combined cycles and cogeneration
• Cogeneration (CHP: Combined heat and power)
• Cogeneration scheme
Fuel
• Topping Cycle
• Most popular method
• Prime mover is used to generate To / from electrical network
Topping
electric power and the waste heat cycle
or the byproduct steam is used
Steam Electrical energy
for plant processes. Process
heat

Raw materials Industrial plant

processes Manufactured products

Waste heat
Combined cycles and cogeneration
• Cogeneration (CHP: Combined heat and power)
• Cogeneration scheme
• Bottoming Cycle Process Electricity
Steam heat from outside
• The primary heat at high
temperature is used directly for
process requirements
(e.g. cement kiln, chemical
processes where there is Raw materials Industrial plant
considerable heat of reaction). processes
The process low-grade is then used Manufactured products
to generate electricity
(suitable for manufacturing Waste heat
processes).
Electricity Bottoming
cycle