UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY

Tuguegarao City

COLLEGE FRESHMEN PROGRAM (CFP)

First Semester, School Year 2020-2021

Course Code : GEEL 1

Course Title : LIVING IN THE IT ERA

FINAL PERIODIC COVERAGE

MODULE No. 09
TITLE: TELECOMMUNICATIONS
INTRODUCTION Telecommunications, or telecom, refers to the process of
exchanging information such as voice, data and video
transmissions via electronic technologies like telephones
(wired and wireless), microwave communications, fiber
optics, satellites, radio and television broadcasting and
the internet.
LEARNING  Discuss the basic concepts and applications of the
OUTCOMES telecommunications.
LEARNING 1. Define telecommunication.
OBJECTIVES 2. Identify the different types of telecommunications
networks.
3. Recall the history of telecommunications.
4. Discuss the generations of mobile networks.
5. Discuss and enumerate the different types of mobile
operating systems.

Discussion/Situational analysis/Content Etc.:

Telecommunications, also known as telecom, is the exchange of information

over significant distances by electronic means, referring to all types of
voice, data, and video transmission. This is a broad term that includes a
wide range of information-transmitting technologies and communications
infrastructures, such as wired phones; mobile devices, such as cellphones;
microwave communications; fiber optics; satellites; radio and television
broadcasting; the internet; and telegraphs.

A complete, single telecommunications circuit consists of two stations, each

equipped with a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter and receiver at
any station may be combined into a single device called a transceiver. The
medium of signal transmission can be via electrical wire or cable also known
as copper optical fiber, electromagnetic fields or light. The free space
transmission and reception of data by means of electromagnetic fields is
called wireless communications.
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City

COLLEGE FRESHMEN PROGRAM (CFP)

First Semester, School Year 2020-2021

Types of Telecommunications Networks

The simplest form of telecommunications takes place between two stations, but
it is common for multiple transmitting and receiving stations to exchange
data among themselves. Such an arrangement is called a telecom network. The
internet is the largest example of a telecommunications network. On a smaller
scale, examples include the following:

 corporate and academic wide area networks (WANs)

 telephone networks
 cellular networks
 police and fire communications systems
 taxi dispatch networks
 groups of amateur (ham) radio operators
 broadcast networks

Data is transmitted in a telecommunications circuit by means of an electrical

signal called the carrier or the carrier wave. In order for a carrier to
convey information, some form of modulation is required. The mode of
modulation can broadly be categorized as either analog or digital.

In analog modulation, some aspect of the carrier is varied in a continuous

fashion. The oldest form of analog modulation is amplitude modulation (AM),
which is still used in radio broadcasting at some frequencies. Digital
modulation actually predates AM; the earliest form was Morse code. Modern
telecommunications use internet protocols to carry data across underlying
physical transmissions.

Telecommunications Industry and Service Providers

Telecommunications systems are generally run by telecommunications service

providers, also known as communications service providers. These providers
historically offered telephone and related services and now offer a variety
of internet and WAN services, as well as metropolitan area network (MAN) and
global services.

In many countries, telecom service providers were primarily government-owned

and operated. But that is no longer the case, and many have been privatized.
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations (UN)
agency that administers telecommunications and broadcasting regulations,
although most countries also have their own government agencies to set and
enforce telecommunications guidelines. In the United States, the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) is the primary regulatory agency.

There is a large umbrella of companies that provide different types of

telecommunications services, including internet service providers (ISPs),
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Tuguegarao City

COLLEGE FRESHMEN PROGRAM (CFP)

First Semester, School Year 2020-2021

telecom equipment providers, wireless service providers, radio and television

broadcasters, cable companies, satellite television providers and managed
service providers (MSPs).

The three main segments within the telecom industry are manufacturers of
telecom equipment, telecom services and wireless communications. Within these
sectors, telecom equipment which includes customer equipment, such as routers
and modems; transmission equipment, such as transmission lines and wireless
semiconductors; and analog or digital public switching equipment is the
largest, and wireless communications is the smallest.

History of Telecommunications

The word telecommunications come from the Greek prefix tele, which means
"distant", combined with the Latin word communicare, which means "to share".
Important telecommunication technologies include the telegraph, telephone,
radio, television, videotelephony, satellites, closed computer networks and
the public internet.

 1876. The first telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. This
early model required an interpreter, or telegrapher, at both ends.
These first telephones were intercom systems, where two phones were
connected directly.
 1877. The invention of the switchboard exchange telephone system
enabled any combination of two phone lines to connect and talk with
each other.
 1891. Dial telephones were invented, which bypassed the need for an
operator on each call. This made it much quicker and easier to make
calls via telephone.
 1947. The transistor was invented, which led to the development of
modern electronics, such as computers and calculators.
 1948. Microwaves began to be used to transmit phone signals, in places
where phone wires did not exist.
 1960. Phones began to transition from mechanical switching to
electronic switching, which enabled features such as voice messaging,
speed dialing and caller ID.
 1984. The Bell System, which provided AT&T with a near-monopoly over
telecommunications services in the U.S., was broken up, opening up
space for competition for other providers.
 1984. Cellular and personal communications service (PCS) phone use,
which offered mobile communications beyond two-way radio use, was
introduced.
 1990s. Use of the modern internet became widespread.
 2000s and beyond. The first decade of the 2000s saw mobile phones grow
increasingly sophisticated. By 2012, smartphone usage was widespread.
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City

COLLEGE FRESHMEN PROGRAM (CFP)

First Semester, School Year 2020-2021

Generations of Mobile Networks

 First Generation (1G)

First generation mobile networks were reliant upon analog radio systems which
meant that users could only make phone calls, they couldn’t send or receive
text messages. The 1G network was first introduced in Japan in 1979 before it
was rolled out in other countries such as the USA in 1980. In order to make
it work, cell towers were built around the country which meant that signal
coverage could be obtained from greater distances. However, the network was
unreliable and had some security issues. For instance, cell coverage would
often drop, it would experience interference by other radio signals and due
to a lack of encryption, it could easily be hacked. This means that with a
few tools, conversations could be heard and recorded.

 Second Generation (2G)

The 1G network was not perfect, but it remained until remained until 1991
when it was replaced with 2G. This new mobile network ran on digital signal,
not analog, which vastly improved its security but also its capacity. On 2G,
users could send SMS and MMS messages (although slowly and often without
success) and when GPRS was introduced in 1997, users could receive and send
emails on the move.

 Third Generation (3G)

Third generation mobile networks are still in use today, but normally when
the superior 4G signal fails. 3G revolutionized mobile connectivity and the
capabilities of cellphones. In comparison to 2G, 3G was much faster and could
transmit greater amounts of data. This means that users could video call,
share files, surf the internet, watch TV online and play online games on
their mobiles for the first time. Under 3G, cellphones where no longer just
about calling and texting, they were the hub of social connectivity.

 Fourth Generation (4G)

The introduction of 4G went one step further than the revolutionary 3G. It is
five times faster than the 3G network – and can in theory provide speeds of
up to 100Mbps. All mobile models released from 2013 onwards should support
this network, which can offer connectivity for tablets and laptops as well as
smartphones. Under 4G, users can experience better latency (less buffering),
higher voice quality, easy access to instant messaging services and social
media, quality streaming and make faster downloads.
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Tuguegarao City

COLLEGE FRESHMEN PROGRAM (CFP)

First Semester, School Year 2020-2021

 Fifth Generation (5G)

5G is the 5th generation mobile network. It is a new global wireless

standard after 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G networks. 5G enables a new kind of
network that is designed to connect virtually everyone and everything
together including machines, objects, and devices.

5G wireless technology is meant to deliver higher multi-Gbps peak data

speeds, ultra-low latency, more reliability, massive network capacity,
increased availability, and a more uniform user experience to more users.
Higher performance and improved efficiency empower new user experiences
and connects new industries.

Three things to know about 5G:

5G is currently in the earliest phase of deployment, with carriers rolling

out limited 5G availability through 2020 and broader availability by the
end of 2021.

Increased mobile network capacity and low latency from 5G will make new
applications possible, from 5G-enabled smart factories and cities to
constantly connect medical devices.

5G represents the first time a wireless network has been created with more
than phones in mind—with edge computing and the Internet of Things (IoT)
becoming vital to 5G from the start.
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City

COLLEGE FRESHMEN PROGRAM (CFP)

First Semester, School Year 2020-2021
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City

COLLEGE FRESHMEN PROGRAM (CFP)

First Semester, School Year 2020-2021

Mobile Operating System

What is a Mobile Operating System (Mobile OS)?

Much like the Linux or Windows operating system controls your desktop or
laptop computer, a mobile operating system is the software platform on top of
which other programs can run on mobile devices. The operating system is
responsible for determining the functions and features available on your
device, such as thumb wheel, keyboards, WAP, synchronization with
applications, email, text messaging and more. The mobile OS will also
determine which third-party applications (mobile apps) can be used on your
device.

Mobile Operating Systems

1. Android OS (Google Inc.)

The Android mobile operating system is Google's open and free software stack
that includes an operating system, middleware, and key applications for use
on mobile devices, including smartphones. Updates for the open-source Android
mobile operating system have been developed under "dessert-inspired" version
names (Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice Cream Sandwich)
with each new version arriving in alphabetical order with new enhancements
and improvements.

2. Bada (Samsung Electronics)

Bada is a proprietary Samsung mobile OS that was first launched in 2010. The
Samsung Wave was the first smartphone to use this mobile OS. Bada provides
mobile features such as multipoint-touch, 3D graphics and of course,
application downloads and installation.

3. BlackBerry OS (Research in Motion)

The BlackBerry OS is a proprietary mobile operating system developed by

Research in Motion for use on the company’s popular BlackBerry handheld
devices. The BlackBerry platform is popular with corporate users as it offers
synchronization with Microsoft Exchange, Lotus Domino, Novell GroupWise email
and other business software, when used with the BlackBerry Enterprise Server.

4. iPhone OS / iOS (Apple)

Apple's iPhone OS was originally developed for use on its iPhone devices.
Now, the mobile operating system is referred to as iOS and is supported on a
number of Apple devices including the iPhone, iPad, iPad 2 and iPod Touch.
The iOS mobile operating system is available only on Apple's own manufactured
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City

COLLEGE FRESHMEN PROGRAM (CFP)

First Semester, School Year 2020-2021

devices as the company does not license the OS for third-party hardware.
Apple iOS is derived from Apple's Mac OS X operating system.

5. MeeGo OS (Nokia and Intel)

A joint open-source mobile operating system which is the result of merging

two products based on open-source technologies: Maemo (Nokia) and Moblin
(Intel). MeeGo is a mobile OS designed to work on a number of devices
including smartphones, netbooks, tablets, in-vehicle information systems and
various devices using Intel Atom and ARMv7 architectures.

6. Palm OS (Garnet OS)

The Palm OS is a proprietary mobile operating system (PDA operating system)

that was originally released in 1996 on the Pilot 1000 handheld. Newer
versions of the Palm OS have added support for expansion ports, new
processors, external memory cards, improved security and support for ARM
processors and smartphones. Palm OS 5 was extended to provide support for a
broad range of screen resolutions, wireless connections and enhanced
multimedia capabilities and is called Garnet OS.

7. Symbian OS (Nokia)

Symbian is a mobile operating system (OS) targeted at mobile phones that

offers a high-level of integration with communication and personal
information management (PIM) functionality. Symbian OS combines middleware
with wireless communications through an integrated mailbox and the
integration of Java and PIM functionality (agenda and contacts). Nokia has
made the Symbian platform available under an alternative, open and direct
model, to work with some OEMs and the small community of platform development
collaborators. Nokia does not maintain Symbian as an open-source development
project.

8. webOS (Palm/HP)

WebOS is a mobile operating system that runs on the Linux kernel. WebOS was
initially developed by Palm as the successor to its Palm OS mobile operating
system. It is a proprietary Mobile OS which was eventually acquired by HP and
now referred to as webOS (lower-case w) in HP literature. HP uses webOS in a
number of devices including several smartphones and HP TouchPads. HP has
pushed its webOS into the enterprise mobile market by focusing on improving
security features and management with the release of webOS 3.x. HP has also
announced plans for a version of webOS to run within the Microsoft Windows
operating system and to be installed on all HP desktop and notebook computers
in 2012.
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City

COLLEGE FRESHMEN PROGRAM (CFP)

First Semester, School Year 2020-2021

9. Windows Mobile (Windows Phone)

Windows Mobile is Microsoft's mobile operating system used in smartphones and

mobile devices – with or without touchscreens. The Mobile OS is based on the
Windows CE 5.2 kernel. In 2010 Microsoft announced a new smartphone platform
called Windows Phone 7.
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City

COLLEGE FRESHMEN PROGRAM (CFP)

First Semester, School Year 2020-2021
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City

COLLEGE FRESHMEN PROGRAM (CFP)

First Semester, School Year 2020-2021

Reference/s:

https://www.cadsourcing.com/what-is-telecommunication/
https://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/telecommunications-telecom
https://justaskthales.com/us/generations-mobile-networks-explained/
https://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Hardware_Software/mobile-operating-
systems-mobile-os-explained.html
https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/wireless-network/what-is-5g.html
https://www.qualcomm.com/invention/5g/what-is-5g#:~:text=A%3A%205G%20is%20the
%205th,machines%2C%20objects%2C%20and%20devices.

Prepared by:

IT Instructors