PROPOSED DESIGN OF ECO-FRIENDLY MIXED-USE BUILDINGS AT

VICTORIA ISLAND, LAGOS, EXPLORING THE PRINCIPLE OF GREEN

ARCHITECTURE

BY

ADEMOLA, TEMITAYO A.

014/01/ARC/018

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

CALEB UNIVERSITY, IMOTA, LAGOS

NIGERIA

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE POST GRADUATE SCHOOL, CALEB UNIVERSITY, IMOTA.LAGOS

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

MASTERS IN ARCHITECTURE (MSC)

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE,

COLLEGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

CALEB UNIVERSITY, IMOTA, LAGOS

JUNE, 2020
 DECLARATION

I declare that the work carried out in this thesis entitled “PROPOSED DESIGN OF ECO-
FRIENDLY MIXED-USE BUILDINGS AT VICTORIA ISLAND, LAGOS, EXPLORING THE
PRINCIPLE OF GREEN ARCHITECTURE” has been carried out by me in the Department of
Architecture. The information derived from the literature has been duly acknowledged in the text
and a list of references provided. No part of this thesis was previously presented for another degree
or diploma at this or any other institution.

ADEMOLA TEMITAYO ______________________ ___________________

Name of Student Signature Date
 CERTIFICATION

This thesis entitled “EXPLORING THE PRINCIPLE OF GREEN ARCHITECTURE FOR THE
DESIGN OF A MIXED-USE BUILDING IN NIGERIA” by ADEMOLA TEMITAYO, meets the
requirements governing the award of Master’s Degree in Architecture of the Caleb University,
Imota, Lagos, and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation.

__________________________ _______________ _______________

Project Supervisor Signature Date

Arc Adenubi F.

__________________________ _______________ _______________

Head of Department Signature Date

Dr. Oladipo Dare-Abel

__________________________ _______________ _______________

Dean, College of Postgraduate studies Signature Date

Prof. Teju Somorin

__________________________ _______________ _______________

External Examiner Signature Date

 DEDICATION

This research is dedicated to God Almighty, from whom grace and strength for all things are
provided, and to my loving parents who allowed themselves to be used by God to provide all my
needs from the beginning till this very moment, may God continue to bless you and may you live
long to enjoy the rewards of your labor on me.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank my supervisors Arc. F. Adenubi and Arc. E. Opaluwa who created time
from their busy schedule to guide the progress of my research through their vigilant
supervision, correction and encouragement. Your contributions formed the backbone of this
research, thank you. To my immediate family, I say thank you for your financial and moral support
with special thanks to Mr Adetola Ademola, and my loving parents, your love kept me going
through my trial period. My profound gratitude goes to all my lecturers who have taught me
throughout the six years of study in the department. Your knowledge and guidance form a solid
foundation which will continue to be my support as I practice as an architect. I will also like to
acknowledge all my classmates who understand the pressure we have endured together. We have
motivated and contributed to each other’s research and have created a bond that will stand the test
of time. I wish you all the best as you also round up your research in preparation for our graduation.

I would also like to say thank you to my special friend Kareem Azeez for always being there for
me through thick and thin, and also my very good friend Akintola Isaac, who stayed by me no
matter his busy schedule to assist in any possible way. God bless you all (Amen)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page................................................................................................................................ i

Declaration............................................................................................................................. ii

Certification ...........................................................................................................................iii

Acknowledgement................................................................................................................. iv

Dedication ..............................................................................................................................v

Content ................................................................................................................................. vi

List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... ix

Appendices…………………………………………………………………………………. x

Abstract ................................................................................................................................. xi

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

Background of study…………………………………………………………………… 1
1.1 Statement of problem………………………………………………………………. 3
1.2 Aim and objectives…………………………………………………………………. 4
1.3 Research question…………………………………………………………………… 4
1.4 Scope of study………………………………………………………………………. 5
1.5 Justification of study ……………………………………………………………….. 5
1.6 Definition of some terms……………………………………………………………..6
1.7 References…………………………………………………………………………….8
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………..9
2.2 History………………………………………………………………………………….9
2.3 Types of mixed-use buildings and criteria for categorization…………………………11
2.4 Problems identified with a mixed-use building……………………………………….12
2.5 Conceptual framework…………………………………………………………………15
2.5.1 Green building practices……………………………………………………………..16
2.5.2 Benefits of green rooftops to the environment……………………………………….16
2.5.3 Technical benefits of green rooftops…………………………………………………16
2.5.4 Categories of green rooftops…………………………………………………………..17
2.6 References……………………………………………………………………………….19

CHAPTER THREE: DESIGN EMPHASIS ECOLOGY

3.1 Ecology………………………………………………………………………………20
3.2 Relationship between ecology and mixed-use building……………………………..20
3.3 Architectural solutions and strategies to ecology……………………………………21
3.1.1 Orientation and choice of building site……………………………………………22
3.3.2 Designing with climate…………………………………………………………….22
3.3.3 Sustainable architecture strategies…………………………………………………23
3.4 References……………………………………………………………………………24

CHAPTER FOUR: CASE STUDY

4.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...25
4.1.1 Eko towers II, Lagos………………………………………………………………….25
4.2 World trade center, Abuja (wtc)……………………………………………………….27
4.3 Marine gateway, Canada……………………………………………………………….28

CHAPTER FIVE: DESIGN SOLUTIONS AND CONCLUSION.

5.0 Site selection criteria .............................................................................................................39

5.1 Principles of green architecture applied in the design……………………………………….42

5.5 Conceptual approach to the design of a mixed-use building………………………………….47

5.2 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….......55

5.3 Summary of finding………………………………………………………………………….55

5.4 Recommendations…………………………………………………………………………….56

5.6 References…………………………………………………………………………………….56

5.7 APPENDIX……………………………………………………………………………………
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 4.1.1 Showing ext. views

Fig. 4.1.2 Showing ext. views
Fig. 4.2.1 Showing ext. views
Fig. 4.2.2 Showing ext. views
Fig. 4.4.1. Showing the exterior of the building
Fig. 4.4.2. Showing the exterior of the building
Fig. 4.4.3. Showing the exterior of the building
Fig. 4.4.4. Showing the exterior of the building
Fig. 4.4.5. Showing the site plan of the building

Fig. 4.4.6. Showing the ground floor plan of the building

Fig. 4.4.7. Showing the office floor plan of the building
Fig. 4.4.8. Showing the section of the building
Fig. 4.3.2. Showing the building
Fig. 4.3.3. & fig. 3.4.4. Showing the building
Fig. 4.3.4. Showing the interior of the building
Fig. 4.3.5. Showing the interior of the building
Fig. 4.3.6. Showing the interior of the building
Fig. 4.3.7. Showing the ground floor plan of the building
Fig. 4.3.8. Showing the typical floor plan of the building
Fig. 4.3.9. Showing the roof plan of the building
Fig. 4.3.10. Showing the 3d section of the building
 LIST OF APPENDICES

Fig. 5.0.1 Location Plan

Fig. 5.0.2 Vicinity Plan
Fig. 5.0.3 Site Analysis
Fig. 5.0.4 Conceptual Analysis
Fig. 5.0.5 Site Zoning
Fig. 5.2.1 Conceptual Analysis
Fig. 5.2.2 Site Plan
Fig. 5.2.3 Ground Floor Plan
Fig. 5.2.4 1st-3rd Floor Plan
Fig 5.2.5 4th-5th Floor plan
Fig 5.2.6 Retail Floor Plan
Fig 5.2.7 Relaxation Floor Plan
Fig 5.2.8 9th-14th Floor Plan
Fig 5.2.9 14th-16th Floor Plan
Fig 5.2.10 Front View
Fig 5.2.11 Right side view
Fig5.2.12 Rear View
Fig5.2.13 Left side view
Fig 5.2.14 Section A-A
Fig 5.2.15 Section B-B
Fig5.2.16 3D View
Fig 5.2.17 3D View 2
 ABSTRACT

Buildings have a lot to answer for in terms of the amount of natural resources consumed, the
amount of pollution created, the amount of energy wasted and the amount of wastes generated.
Construction activity is known to have a major impact on the environment and is a major consumer
of a wide range of naturally occurring and synthesized resources. Despite the recognition that
environmental issues are important to the survival of the construction industry, the industry
continues to degrade the environment, exploiting resources and generating waste, and is slow to
change its conventional practices to incorporate environmental matters as part of its decision
making process. With increased awareness and knowledge of these impacts, efforts are being made
to avoid these adverse effects and to work towards impact improvement. Among these is Ecology.
This thesis aimed to highlight and describe approaches to ecology and how they were adopted to a
mixed-use design, with special regard to the climatic conditions. Case studies were carried out both
locally and internationally to have a good understanding of the topic. The buildings examined
include the British American tobacco and the Duke housing in Canada. These buildings were
analyzed with respect to the benefits derived from the use of principles of architecture such as
passive solar design, day lighting, greywater and rainwater systems, construction materials and
pattern of site development. Design Orcha Singapore and Marine Gateway Canada were also
studied for mixed use design, spatial organization and space requirements.

The findings of the case studies were applied to design the mixed-use building with energy and
water efficiency being the main focus of the study. For energy efficiency, the mixed-use building
is designed with the environment: passive cooling techniques such as natural ventilation,
evaporative cooling, shading, landscaping and day lighting are employed. Photovoltaic is used on
the building facade. Evacuated solar tubes on the roof deck heat rainwater captured as well as
greywater system is used to make the mixed-use building water efficient. The mixed-use building,
which is located by in Eti-Osa, Victoria Island has 20 apartments, restaurants, leisure facilities,
shops and rentable office spaces. The study concluded with the proposition that the application of
eco-friendly materials will result to a more environmental friendly building, decreased running
costs, and increased property values, while ensuring that resources and planetary systems are
protected for future generations to come.
 PROPOSED DESIGN OF ECO-FRIENDLY MIXED-USE BUILDINGS AT
VICTORIA ISLAND, LAGOS, EXPLORING THE PRINCIPLE OF GREEN
ARCHITECTURE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Background of Study

The primary aim of the study is to determine the ways and methods in which ecological mixed-
use design can increase the life expectancy of people living in Lagos. The principle of mixed-use
development is one of the urban design principles which refers to organizational principle in
design process, which also cuts across around the globe. (kelaugh, 2002; duany and plater-zyberk,
1992)

Mixed use development is the exercise allowing more than one type of use in single building or
complex. In development terms, this can mean some combination of residential, commercial,
office, Institutional or other land uses. This tends to create shorter distance between work,
residence and recreation and goes a long way to enhance the comfortability of the inhabitants.

Mixed use development is the use of a building or set of buildings for more than one purpose.
Instead of a single use development that can only serve one purpose, mixed use development can
combine commercial residential etc. Use in one property. This type of development has become
more plausible.

Mixed use areas can bring a number of benefits. They have the potential to become a town center
and truly revitalize part of a city. Mixed use buildings are also more sustainable and efficient
structures, because the complex combine several uses. Consumers may save time and travel
expenses by satisfying multiple needs in a single location. Building tenants also benefits from

1
reduced costs due to shared utilities and mire customers due to increased traffic. However, high
cost of executing mixed use complex is a discouraging factor in realizing this concept by
developers. Planning costs are higher because of the complexity of a structure that incorporates
many uses. Builders may also need multiple approvals from local authorities for each use. Also
land that is suited for mixed use is typically sold at a higher price than single use land. It has found
acceptability in residential zones when the residential component is retained within the mixed-use
building or complex.

Mixed use buildings are usually constructed in urban areas where transportation is easily
accessible; this is ideal, as it makes the property most efficient. Benefits of high-density
development includes, reductions in energy use, greenhouse gas emissions, and traffic congestion
that flow from lower car usage, by increasing density, municipalities can save on infrastructure
costs; this is because mixed buildings attract more of the population into the city where utility
infrastructure and resources already exit. Mixed use development can also attract residents to the
places where resources can be used most easily. This can aid municipalities that are concerned
with sustainability.

From a sustainable development perspective, the harmonious environmental relationship between

cities and the urban and rural areas are of great importance to the wellbeing of future generations
(United Nations Human Settlement Program, 2008).

The rapid growth caused by Industrialization has led to unplanned development of urban areas.
The conversion of agricultural land to human habitation and deforestation has made it difficult to
maintain ecological balance. A rapid increase in population growth and migration in urban areas,
have caused wide spread pollution (Das Sharma, 2008). If cities are not properly planned and
managed, the quality of the air, the availability of water, waste processing, recycling systems and
all qualities of the urban environment contributing to human wellbeing will be under threat (United
Nations Human Settlement Program, 2008).

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it estimated that more than “1 billion people
in Asia alone are exposed to outdoor pollutants that exceed the WHO guidelines, leading to the

2
death of half a million people annually” (United Nations Human Settlement Program, 2008: 123).
Given that air pollutants Cause major health risks, and increase sensitivity in healthy people,
improving the air quality in cities will have positive health impacts for all. UN-HABITAT analysis
has indicated that indoor air quality is the main cause of respiratory illnesses in women and
children living in Africa and Asia slums, as it is probable that they are regularly exposed to poor
ventilated cooking areas.

The analysis estimated that indoor air quality is responsible for “between 2.7 and 2.8 million deaths
annually” (United Nations Human Settlement Program, 2008: 125). Biomass fuel and coal used
for cooking are the main causes of indoor pollution. These fuels produce pollutant particles such
as “particulate matter, carbon monoxide, Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and other organic
compound into the atmosphere, causing respiratory illness” (United Nations Human Settlement
Program, 2008: 126). Biomass fuels such as animal dung, wood and crop residue produce the
highest levels of these pollutants. The burning of wood indoors emits 50 times more indoor
pollution than gas from a stove (United Nations Human Settlement Program, 2008). Therefore, it
is important for developing countries to promote policies that will accelerate the transformation
from biomass fuels to liquid fuels or electricity.

1.1 Statement of problem

Everyone wants to work and live in Lagos, everyone wants to buy a car and build a house in Lagos,
analysis has shown that 86 immigrants enter Lagos every minutes of the day. Making it the highest
than any other state in the world. Because of the high increase in population in the city, it leads to
human and traffic congestion. For a long period of the time now it has been observed that traffic
to shortage of accommodation, indecent living high cost of rent, traffic congestion, and man –
hour loss for workers and employers of labour and human congestion is one of the major problems

3
Lagos is facing now. Victoria Island is also affected by human and vehicle congestion because of
its population, leading to vehicular traffic and sorts.

1.2 Aims and objective

 To identify the various types and functions of mixed-used developments.

 To Identify green building initiatives and ratings through international and national
literature.

 To make recommendations on green building practices.

 To conduct a sample survey among building owners and architects in Victoria Island to
determine which building practices and designs are occurring.

 To conduct sample surveys among building owners and architects in Victoria Island to
determine their opinions on green building practice.

 To determine the ways and methods in which eco-friendly mixed-use design can increase
the life expectancy of people living in Lagos

1.3 Research questions

• What are the various types and functions of mixed-used development?

• How do you identify green building initiatives and ratings through international and
national literature?

• What are the recommendations on green building practices?

4
• How do you conduct a sample survey among building owners and architects in Victoria
Island to determine which building practices and designs are occurring?

• How do you conduct sample surveys among building owners and architects in Victoria
Island to determine their opinions on green building practice?

• What are the ways and methods in which ecological mixed-use design can increase the life
expectancy of people living in Lagos?

1.4 Scope of the study

The scope of this research is focused basically on how the concept of mixed-use design can reduce
the rate of human and vehicular congestion in Lagos state. A case of eti osa local government,
where human and vehicular congestion based on their own perception, they had various
encounters.

1.5 Justification

Lagos’s urban problem of human and vehicular congestion, pollution, environmental degradation
and infrastructural inadequacies is not due to overpopulation but inappropriate planning as stated
earlier.

This approaches schools of thought can be used to tackle these urban issues.

1. Densification of Lagos through;

5
• Urban re-planning and structuring

• Multistory Structures to increase density

• Mixed used building and development.

Therefore, most of the urban problems facing these cities can be solved by a gradual but structured
densification through a systematic urban structural planning and adjustment.

This might mean that several underutilized properties (buildings, land etc.) will have to be
upgraded or developed into high density single or mixed-use facilities. (Preferably mixed-use)

Though not all residents may live and work in the development, a great balance can be achieved
through careful research into the target population of a particular development.

1.6 Definition of some key terms

(a) Green Architecture: is a general term that describes environmentally-conscious design

techniques in the field of architecture. A green approach to built environment considers all the
resources that go into the building.

(b) Sustainable architecture: is a general term that describes environmentally conscious design
techniques in the field of architecture. Sustainable architecture is framed by the larger discussion
of sustainability and the pressing economic and political issues of our world. In the broad context,
sustainable architecture seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings by
enhancing efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, and development space.

6
(c) Eco-architecture: this sees buildings as part of the ecology of the planet and the building as part
of a living habitat as opposed to many architects who see a building as a work of art, or exhibition.

(d) Mixed-use building: this is a building that combines three or more uses into one structure as a
planning strategy that seeks to foster community design and development.

(e) Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED): this is an internationally recognized
green building certification system, providing third-party verification that a building or
community was designed and built using strategies intended to improve performance in metrics
such as energy savings, water efficiency, CO2 emissions reduction, improved indoor
environmental quality, and stewardship of resources and sensitivity to their impacts.

7
 References

 Amrutkar, V. (2009). Architecture Malaysia G Tower A Sustainable Tower. Retrieved

January 21, 2011, from http://www.scribd.com/doc/19771047
 BStone . (2011). How Building Green Got Its Start. Retrieved July 26, 2011, from
http://www.brighthub.com/environment/green-living/articles/51601.aspx

 Crosbie, M. J. (2010). One,Bryant Park, New York . Retrieved January

18, 2011, from http://www.architectureweek.com/topics/One_Bryant_Park.html.
 Doerr, T. (2009). Building Orientation. Retrieved July 30, 2011, From
http://www.sustainable-buildings.org./wiki/index.php/building orientation.
 Ecotect community wiki. (2011). Passive Cooling. Retrieved June 22, 2011, from
 http://wiki.naturalfrequency.com/wiki/passive-cooling
 Everest 555. (2011). Low energy building engineering. Retrieved March 23, 2011, from
http://downtt.com/e-books/1037-low-energy-buildimg-engineering.
 Fatona, P. (2011). Renewable Energy Use and Efficiency- A Critical Tool for Sustainable
Development. School of Environmental Health Science Ogun State College of Health
TechnologyNigeria.RetrievedMarch23,2011,from
http://www.intechopen.com/download/pdf/24425&sa=U&ei
 Fletcher, T. (2010). Bank Of America Tower, New York City, Environmental Technology.
RetrievedJanuary19,2011,from
http://thecityandwallstreet.blogpot.com/2010_08_01archive.html?m=1
 Fleming, J., Honour, H., and Pevsner , N. (1999). The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture
and Landscape. Penguin Group

8
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter discusses the literature that was researched. Environmental sustainability,
Sustainability in cities and buildings green practices, green building councils and green rating tools
are all explained in this chapter. The literature review will start by explaining the role of the urban
environment, the importance of our urban setting, and also the adverse effects that development
has on the natural environment. Secondly there is a discussion on the diverse concept of
sustainability and sustainability in buildings. Green practices are discussed with a focus on energy
efficiency, and methods to minimize energy consumption. There is a focus on green buildings,
and Green Building Councils and what they comprise off. Furthermore, the concept of a green
rating tool is discussed, followed by the different green rating tools and models that are applied
globally.

2.2 History

All through human history, the majority of human settlements developed as mixed-use
environments. People lived in close proximity to their work. Walking was the primary way that
people and goods were moved about, sometimes assisted by animals such as horses or cattle. Most
people dwelt in buildings that were places of work as well as domestic life, and made things or
sold things from their own homes. Increase in population and civilization led to the creation of
markets and market towns. Most buildings were not divided into discrete. People lived in close
proximity to each other and at times at very high densities because the amount of space required
for daily living and movement between different activities was determined by walkability and the
scale of the human body. As population increased leading to the rise in towns and cities, several
modifications were made between domestic and occupational life. For example, in some places

9
the ground floor of buildings was often devoted to some sort of commercial or productive use,
with living space upstairs.

Functions on a room by room basis, and most neighborhoods contained a diversity of uses, even
if some districts developed a predominance of certain uses, such as metalworkers, or textiles or
footwear due to the socio-economic benefits and natural endowments. People lived in close
proximity to each other and at times at very high densities because the amount of space required
for daily living and movement between different activities was determined by walkability and the
scale of the human body.

1. As population increased leading to the rise in towns and cities, several modifications were
made between domestic and occupational life. For example, in some places the ground
floor of buildings was often devoted to some sort of commercial or productive use, with
living space upstairs.

This historical mixed-used pattern of development declined during industrialization in favour of

large-scale early capitalist-style manufacturing in single-function buildings. This period saw
massive migration of people from rural areas to cities drawn by work in factories and the
associated businesses that grew up around them. These migrant workers needed to be
accommodated and many new urban districts arose at this time with domestic housing being their
primary function

2. This led to the creation of land use with specific areas being assigned to specific activities.

Furthermore, many factories produced substantial pollution of various kinds. Distance was
required to minimize adverse impacts from noise, dirt, noxious fumes and dangerous substances.
Even so, at this time, most industrialized cities were of a size that allowed people to walk between
the different areas of the city.

3. These factors were important in the push for Euclidian zoning premised on the
compartmentalization of land uses into like functions and their spatial separation.

10
In Europe, advocates of the Garden City Movement were attempting to think through these issues
and propose improved ways to plan cities based on zoning areas of land so that conflicts between
land uses would be minimized. Modernist architects such as Le Corbusier advocated radical
rethinking of the way cities were designed based on similar ideas, proposing plans for Paris such
as the Plan Voisin, Ville Contemporaine and Ville Radiuses that involved demolishing the entire
center of the city and replacing it with towers in a park-like setting, with industry carefully sited
away from other uses.

In the United States, another impetus for Euclidian zoning was the birth of the skyscraper. Fear of
buildings blocking out the sun led many to call for zoning regulations, particularly in New York
City. Zoning regulations, first put into place in 1916, not only called for limits on building heights,
but eventually called for separations of uses. This was largely meant to keep people from living
next to polluted industrial areas. This separation however, was extended to commercial uses as
well, setting the stage for the suburban style of life that is common in America today.4 The
introduction of mass transit systems; the private automobile, bus, rail systems, highways and
motorways, led to the creation of dispersed, low-density cities where people could live very long
distances from their workplaces, shopping centers and entertainment districts.

2.3 Types of mixed-used development

A mixed-use building aims to combine three or more uses into one structure such as residential,
hotel, retail, parking, transportation, cultural, and entertainment. Whatever the combination, it
brings together several uses within either one building or a small area. The two most common
forms of mixed-use design are:

Vertical mixed-use development. As a single, multi-story building, a typical mix places apartments
on the upper levels and retail or offices at street level. A basement level provides parking and/or
access to underground public transportation.

11
-Combines different uses within the same building

-Provides for more public uses on the lower floor such as retail shops, restaurants, of commercial
businesses

-Provides for more private uses on the upper floors such as residential units, hotel rooms, or office
space.

Horizontal mixed-use development. Spread over several buildings, such as a city block or around
an open space or courtyard, these individual buildings serve one or two specific uses while creating
a microcosm within a neighborhood.

-Consists of single-use buildings within a mixed-use zoning district parcel, which allows for a
range of land uses in a single development project

-Provides for a variety of complementary and integrated uses that are walkable and within a given
neighborhood, tract or land, or development project

2.4 Problems identified with a mixed-use building

Designing, owning, or managing a mixed-use facility – especially considering the slowing

economy and an ever-growing concern about the environment – means there’s an opportunity for
multiple challenges, but also opens the door to multiple opportunities. The biggest concerns
anybody has about a mixed-use building in this economy are getting and keeping the space leased,
OR. Depending on how developers gauged their projects over the past few years, they may end up
with a surplus of spaces that aren’t renting very quickly. A mixed-use center is, in my opinion, a
lot more appealing to the marketplace, It’s got that 24/7 feel, where you can walk from your
residence and get on the street, and you can go shopping and go to the bar or the restaurant, and
you don’t have to get in your car. It’s got a lot more curb appeal. Diversification of uses in mixed-

12
use facilities aids greatly in efficiency. To begin, the land is used more efficiently. If we were to
separate the uses, the traditional, ‘horizontal’ mixed-use communities (where they’re not
integrated in one component), are much more land consumptive, you’re able to get a higher density
from a residential and commercial retail standpoint by vertically stacking the uses.

Vertically mixed-use facilities can be beneficial because they reduce long-term maintenance costs
of individual buildings. If I’m able to stack apartments over retail or an office, then I’m going to
be able to share in some of the maintenance of that building between the two uses. Mixed-use
facilities, particularly those that serve as town centers or are in the heart of urban areas, not only
conserve valuable land resources, but also brighten communities and present opportunities for
building efficiency, energy efficiency, and sustainability. This kind of diversification has an urban
component, which keeps the space vital and occupied 24 hours a day. People are coming and going
at different times to do different things. That’s a good thing from a variety of points of view. You
can keep the space, and your property, working and occupied; as you add urban vitality, you can
also leverage and make it work harder. It might level out your utility demand, for example, or
flatten out demand curves.

Many developers and owners are seeing this facet of mixed-use buildings as an opportunity.
Energy use, sustainability, LEED certification, and those kinds of things have to be done carefully
so you’re using resources properly. Even owners and developers are realizing that that has real
value to them in the long run. All of our owners and developers are looking at how to be more
responsible in terms of material and energy use. Sustainable and green efforts are especially
appealing to owners because improved energy efficiency can save on costs and draw renters;
however, in this economy, owners must make sure the return on investment is worth it when
choosing sustainable systems and materials. A lot of the developments we looked at were
accommodating with energy efficiency, and they were looking at newer systems and things like
LEED certification and a much more sophisticated system to control costs.

Financing and cost are issues that owners and managers of mixed-use buildings face when
upgrading for greater energy efficiency. Financing is more difficult, and it may be a more
expensive outlay to put in new systems or a more sophisticated system. They do want to

13
accommodate energy savings, but they’re struggling with how to work out the finances. When it
comes to financing energy-efficiency projects, any developer has to make his/her pro forma work,
or the project isn’t going to work. They’re certainly going to consider first cost, but also operational
costs and ongoing maintenance and replacement. Certainly, choosing durable materials and
durable systems, where the maintenance costs and the replacement costs are going to be
dramatically reduced, is a huge advantage. And sometimes that requires a very big shift from first-
cost thinking to life-cycle cost thinking. Life-cycle cost thinking can not only help reduce
operating costs, but also helps attract tenants – a very important point for owners and managers of
mixed-use facilities. Often, with a triple net lease, the operational costs are passed on to the tenant,
so it’s not as much of a direct incentive to the developer because those costs aren’t going to be
paid by them directly. But, despite that, tenants are beginning to see the value in long-term life-
cycle thinking, and, therefore, it’s trickling up.

It reduces the capital cost because you don’t have to pay to put another finish on top of the exposed
concrete. It reduces the environmental impact because it’s a more efficient use of materials; you’re
not doubling up where you don’t need to. It helps with conditioning the building, and helps
stabilize the internal temperature – the spaces don’t heat up as quickly on hot days or cool down
as quickly on cold days. It also reduces maintenance costs – none of these exposed concrete floors,
and, in some places, none of the concrete columns and walls, and none of the ceilings ever have
to be painted or ever have to be maintained.

Scheduling maintenance can be one of the biggest problems in mixed-use buildings. This is
because different parts of the building are accessible and occupied during different times of the
day. When repairs need to be done, trying to work out the logistics of access, particularly if it’s for
a system that spans multiple occupancies or tenancies, and you need to get into all of them, can be
a challenge.

Additional problems that arise involve trash, smells, traffic, and noise transferring from one use
of the building (a bustling restaurant or store) to another (apartments). You have to bring in a good
acoustical consultant that has to be done upfront. And you really have to be sophisticated –

14
especially with restaurants in the same building – about eliminating odors from trash and from
accommodating intake of smell.

Parking is another common issue that arises for mixed-use facilities. We’re finding that shared
parking, whether it’s on-grade or in the building, has to be separated, and you have to be vigilant
about policing. Parking is just part of the relationship between residences and retail that can be a
challenge. Balance is the key in managing these relationships. It’s the right mixture in the right
locations and the right types of retail and residential uses.

Despite these challenges, In general, mixed-use buildings are a very productive thing. They’re
good for the neighborhood because they bring activity and energy to the streets day and night. It’s
a good thing to bring people to live where they work – it takes cars off the streets, and it does very
positive things to our lives.

2.5 Conceptual framework

2.5.1 Green building practices

Green building practices been adopted, can help maximize both economic and environmental
performance because the built environment has a vast impact on the natural environment, human
health, and the economy. Green practices are goals and mechanisms that are developed to reduce
waste and conserve energy in the work place or home. Green construction methods can be
integrated into buildings at any stage, from design and construction, to renovation and
deconstruction. However, the most significant benefits can be obtained if the design and
construction team take an integrated approach from the earliest stages of a building project (U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 2012). In this section the different green practices are
highlighted and discussed. They include greening of roofs and walls, energy efficiency, combined
heat and power generation, LED lighting, evaporative coolers, solar panels, improved insulation,
wind energy, water efficiency, waste reduction and air quality.

15
2.5.2 Green rooftops and its benefits

Green rooftops are surfaces of living vegetation fitted atop buildings, ranging from small garages
to large industrial buildings (Metropolitasn Council, 1998). Cities have millions of square meters
of vacant and unattractive roofs that present wasted opportunities to enhance the quality of city
life. “Roofs present by far the most significant opportunities for the greening of buildings”
(Johnston and Newton, 2004: 45). The green rooftops have environment and technical benefits.

Environmental Benefit: Green roofs are particularly effective in short duration storms, and it has
been shown that 50% of cumulative annual runoff in temperate climates is reduced (Metropolitan
Council, 2012). Green roofs help manage storm water by imitating a variety of hydrologic
processes associated with open space. The plants capture rainwater on their leaves and absorb it
in their root zone (Metropolitan Council, 2012). Studies in Berlin have shown that green roofs
absorb 75% of participation, so immediate discharge is reduced to 25%of normal levels (Johnston
and Newton, 2004). The water that is absorbed stimulates evapo-transpiration and prevents much
of the storm water to enter the runoff stream. The water that does exit the roof is slowed and kept
cool, which is beneficial for downstream water bodies.

2.5.3 Technical Benefit

Green buildings provide technical advantages to developer, planners, and clients and to those who
live and work in city buildings. One technical benefit is the protection given to roofing materials.
The layer of soil and plants keeps destructive impacts away from the roof surface. An example of
this is the roof garden on the Kensington High Street building in England. The roof was installed
in 1938, the roof materials were examined 50 years later and it was found that the roof surface was
in excellent condition, on average flat roofs have a life span of 10 to 15 years (Johnston and
Newton, 2004). The most significant technical advantage of vegetation on rooftops is the
protection against ultra-violet radiation. Uncovered surfaces asphalt will heat up much more than
areas that are covered by vegetation. Studies have shown that an area of a black roof can heat up
to 80 degrees Celsius, whereas an equivalent area that is covered by vegetation only reaches 27
degrees Celsius. Temperatures between gravel and grass covered areas are less, but nonetheless

16
still noteworthy. On average a gravel roof will be 3 degrees warmer in summer (Kohler and Baier,
1989). A layer of vegetation also protects roofs from physical damage such as punctures and cracks
that occur when betumic materials are softened by heat (Johnston and Newton, 2004). Green roofs
also increase the insulation value of roofs by as much as 10% (Gotze, 1988). Insulation values of
different vegetation types vary. Grass mixtures have been found to be the best insulators during
winter months (Kolb, 1986).

2.5.4 Categories of green rooftops

Greening of roofs can be categorized into two groups: intensive and extensive methods. These two
methods are used to differentiate the different aims, methods and applications of green roofs. There
are various considerations that will determine which method would be the beat to apply (Johnston
and Newton, 2004).

Intensive method: Intensive roof gardens have need of intensive management. They
characteristically have thick growing medium, at least 200mm of soil, an artificial watering system
and various plants species, mostly garden varieties. The main objective of intensive roof gardens
is to provide open spaces for people. They usually incorporate areas of paving and seating
(Johnston and Newton, 2004). Roof gardens can vary. Given sufficient lighting, irrigation and
shelter most types of garden can be grown: “formal and informal, exotic and native, vegetable and
herbaceous” (Johnston and Newton, 2004: 53). All types of roof gardens will be beneficial to
wildlife; certain plants can be selected specifically for this purpose.

Extensive method: The extensive method is used on large roofs and existing structures because
of the light weight demands. It is perfect for inner city areas where there is little scope for
development. The method provides less insulation value than that of the thicker growing mediums
of the intensive roof; it has the advantage of flexibility, being suitable for roofs that have a slope
of up to 30 degrees (Johnston and Newton, 2004).

Extensive green roofs are mostly developed for ecological or aesthetic reasons. Extensive green
roofs require little maintenance. They are mostly self-sustaining; they require little water and

17
fertilizer. The growing mediums on extensive roofs are much thinner than that of intensive green
roofs, as little as 50mm. Plants for these roofs are chosen for their natural ability to adapt and
survive in the particular environment on the roof. They are generally not used for recreation
(Johnston and Newton, 2004).

18
 References

PassiveSolarDesign.RetrievedJuly26,2011,from
http://www.egreenideas.com/glossary.php?group=p Gtower Sbd Bhd.(Inc).

principles of sustainable architecture. Retrieved August 4,

2011from,http://www.greenhomebuilding.com/weblog/2006/04/13-principles-of-sustainable.htm
Hilton Worldwide Inc. (2011).

2011). Solar Water Heaters. Retrieved July 30, 2011, from http://toolbase.org/technology-
inventory/plumbing/solar-water-heaters.

Iloeje, N. P. (1981). A New Geography of Nigeria. Great Britain: Longman James, W.(2000).
Green Architecture. Retrieved July 25, 2010, from

http://www.greenhomebuilding.com/sustainable_architecture.htm

Keeffe, G. (n.d). The Passive House: Issues of Cooling: Form, Shading, Ventilation. Head of
Design Manchester School of Architecture, Manchester UK

McLaren, W. (2009). US buildings Account for 40% of Energy and Material Use. Retrieved July
26, 2011, from http://www.treehugger.com/sustainable-product-design.html.

Oikos. (2010). Green Building Library. Retrieved June 22, 2011, from
http://oikos.com/library/index.html

Public Technology Inc. (1996). Sustainable Building: Technical Manual, Green Building Design,
Construction and Operations. Public Technology Inc PP 3-27, 89-99

19
 CHAPTER 3: DESIGN EMPHASIS ECOLOGY

3.1 Ecology
Every agenda formed around ecology and environmentalism has reflections on architecture.
During this process, while traditional methods and natural materials were being used after the
industrialization with the technological developments forcing industrial production in
architecture, anti-technology designs advocating traditional Methods have appeared. For a time
period, designs with healthy building physics reflecting human centered view formed the main
context of ecological and sustainable architecture. Crisis in energy and politics have led the
ecological discussion from “healthy buildings” to “autonomous – energy efficient designs” level.
To apply sustainable design principles in design and architecture became not only a necessity but
a fashion in a way. Today we live in such an epoch that almost every architecture and
engineering firm advocate that they practice “sustainable design” and “green architecture” to a
certain extent and use these terms as a label. Doubtless to say, the degree of sustainability of
most of the buildings advertised to be sustainable / green ecological is a disputable subject:
“sustainability exists at level of connotation as signs and symbols attached to various features.”
Whatever reason is the current state of the world in one hand and the fact that ecologic
sustainability becoming a marketing tool in the other, the concept has gained directly an
important spot in architectural agenda. Beside the fact that this concept’s superficial usage is
criticized, this pluralist milieu is inevitable and can be causing the society to become conscious
in some way. But in an ideal way: “Beyond measureable results, Green (-architecture) is political
responsibility, equal rights, equal treatment. We need to have the bigger picture in mind. It’s not
just about saving energy.” Sustainable architecture has to have some properties but for sure but it
is not a prescription. It’s an approach, an attitude. “It shouldn’t really even have a label. It should
just be architecture.” It is a philosophy “that simply asks ’what is the most we can do on a given
project to enhance the quality of the built environment while minimizing or eliminating the
impact to the natural environment.”

3.2 Relationship between ecology and mixed-use building

Mixed-use-is the close physical integration of places for work, living, recreation, entertainment
and relaxation—is an essential ingredient in creating sustainable communities. In a broader
sense, mixed-use is also a tool for cohesive and lasting community building. It brings people in
pedestrian environments together and allows them to interact face-to-face both socially and
professionally. It creates the “in-between” spaces that link working, living, and relaxing, and also
emphasizes a public domain that is shared by all members of a community.
Obesity, diabetes, heart problems, diminution of bone density, and joint deterioration are all
reduced when people walk regularly throughout their lives, a pattern that is natural and pervasive
20
in mixed-use environments, but often absent in auto centric environments. True sustainable
design requires long-term social, economic, and physical health in a community as well as long-
term environmental stability; the patterns of development created in quality mixed-use
environments are great contributors to that health. Planners and designers begin by seeing what
is natural and sustainable in order to orchestrate land uses that reduce transportation costs; make
high-density projects livable; integrate architecture with the landscape in ways that optimize
natural heating and cooling; save on the use and costs of water, energy, and other resources;
create green environments that provide social amenities; and conserve natural open space for the
future.

3.3 Architectural solutions and strategies to ecology

The earth is an emotional entity and nature, the result of its emotions. Man-made and natural
disasters are the means of expression of sadness or pain that the earth feels, thus when the earth
hurts, Nature cries, likewise when the Earth is in health, Nature smiles. Man’s activities through
time produce adverse effects to the health of the earth and its expression through nature and since
we are all property of the earth and not left out when nature cries, it is then mandatory for man to
learn means of appeasing the earth by means of harmonizing his activities with earth’s most
cherished progeny… nature.
The quest for an ecological understanding and approach in all of man’s endeavors and activities,
has become a challenge to all that care about nature as it is obviously a systematic method of
restoration back to nature, hence a more healthy earth. It is a call that should be answered totally
by all professional disciplines, as one un ecological activity can prove retrogressive to the efforts
of so many. Since architecture contribute in making the built environment, ecology should then
be employed as one of its vital tools or element of architectural designs. Our design and
construction trend, has witnessed changes and transformations from industrialization to
mechanism, a trend which in recent times is characterized as unfriendly to nature. Designing and
building with or in harmony with nature is the one efficient concept which works towards
integrating the elements of balance between the built environment and nature.
Building designs and construction take up natural foliage spaces or natural landforms. These
natural landforms or foliage that supports some useful ecological organisms should be replaced
systematically in order to ensure resuscitation of displaced plants and organisms which are also
necessary for an ecological balance. The percentage of replacement may depend on the function
of the structure or architecture and also on the construction techniques employed. Such
replacements, enhances the energy efficiency and overall thermal and environmental comfort of
the area involved.
Designing with nature entails managing the three basic nature-resources of air, land and water.
This also involves utilizing design elements and ideas that will make best use of these nature
resources and their extended influences that may be human friendly or otherwise. Careful
consideration is needed in the choice of topography and terrain and the management of climate
and energy.

21
3.3.1 Orientation and choice of building site: A building site is the closest environment to any
proposed building plan; it forms the immediate atmosphere for the occupants of such a building
and it is expected to satisfy the desires of the proposed occupants as well as satisfying the
environment that will host it. Designing with nature begins with an intimate understanding of
place. With active sensitivity to the nuances of place, we can inhabit without destroying it, be it a
plain, undulating or steeply terrain, the landform is to be carried along in the design concept. A
careful design plan and construction technique will see to less damage to the topographical
structure of the building site. Understanding place helps determine design practices such as solar
orientation of a building on the site, designing with existing topography pattern and finally the
preservation of the natural environment, whether the design site is a building in the inner city or
in a more natural setting, connecting with nature brings the designed environment back to life.
Effective design helps inform us of our place within nature.
Regional climatic conditions or local climate which define the choices of building orientation
when rightly managed and effectively considered in building design and orientation forms a
source of energy conservation and management. Advanced climatic research identifies that most
tropical building designs gain more in energy conservation by the use of the south/north or north-
east/south-west orientation as against the east/west orientation for purposes of better wind flow,
ventilation and sun shading, likewise temperate designs with the south/north alternative for the
major purposes of winter heat gains. This then indicates that choice of building orientation can
make best use of the natural conditions of a place to achieve the desired thermal comfort with or
without a combined use of other sustainable energy sources like the solar photovoltaic or the
wind energy generators.
3.3.2 Designing with climate: Climate is an inevitable member of nature and its effects some
times are unpredictable. The Sun, land and water interact in complicated ways throughout each
day and throughout the year and the result is what we commonly refer to as weather. These
interactions produce daily as well as seasonal temperature, humidity and wind patterns that can
vary substantially between locations in close geographic proximity. A Climate integrated design
is a strategy that seeks to take advantage of the positive climate attributes of a particular location,
while minimizing the effects of attributes that may impair comfort or increase energy
requirements. A climate integrated design should consider the following points.

• Understand climatic zones and microclimates.

• Understand the basic physiology of human thermal comfort.
• Control the sun to reduce loads and enhance visual comfort.
• Use thermal mass to improve comfort and efficiency
• Utilize the local winds and breezes as much as can be harnessed for improved comfort.
• Finally, effective choice of material and design technique for optimized results.

22
The microclimate of a building site can make or break a climate responsive design, for instance
to better harness the solar rays for a passive design or a solar energy design, the solar path needs
to be evaluated, as shadows cast by nearby buildings, trees, or hills are important considerations
in orienting a solar collector or designing a passive solar building. The proper study of the solar
path can also effectively provide options of building materials or techniques for better sun
shading or solar access.

3.3.3 Sustainable architecture strategies

1. Passive Sustainable Design. Passive strategies, such as considering sun orientation and climate
when siting and being thoughtful about window placement and operation, are used to best
manage daylighting and natural ventilation and go a long way in reducing energy requirements
for the building. In certain climates, thermal mass techniques can be used to harness solar
energy. In such cases, thick walls absorb heat from the sun during the day and release it into the
building at night.
2. Active Sustainable Design. Architects consult with mechanical and electrical engineers to
implement high-efficiency electrical, plumbing, HVAC, and other systems, which are designed
to have small environmental footprints.
3. Renewable Energy Systems. Renewable energy systems, including those that harness solar
and wind energy, are also great options for some buildings. These systems are often used in
conjunction with passive design strategies.
4. Green Building Materials and Finishes. By making it a priority to purchase steel, lumber,
concrete, and finishing materials, such as carpet and furnishings, from companies that use
environmentally responsible manufacturing techniques or recycled materials, architects up the
ante on sustainability.
5. Native Landscaping. Landscaping choices can make a big impact in civic building water
consumption. By using trees, plants, and grasses that are native to the area, architects can greatly
reduce irrigation needs. Landscaping can also be used as part of a passive energy strategy. By
planting trees that shade the roof and windows during the hottest time of the day, solar heat gain
inside the building can be reduced.

23
 References
 Stone, J. L. (2011). Solar Photovoltaic Fully Explained. Retrieved July 30, 2011, from
http:/www.thesolarguide.com/ Texas Solar Energy Society : 19 Years of Online Green
Building Information. (2011). Passive Design. Retrieved July 30, 2011, from
http://passivesolar.sustainablesources.com/

 Tree Media Group. (2004). Why Build Green. Retrieved July 30, 2011, form
http://www.globalgreen.org/greenbuilding2.htm The Vanguard Newspaper. (2008).
Challenges and Benefits of going Green in Nigeria

 2011, from http://www.epa.gov/greenbuilding/pubs/about.htm Vale, B., & Vale, R.

(1991). Green Architecture: Design for a sustainable future. London: Thames and
Hudson Ltd, London. Velazquez, L. (2010). Songjiang Hotel. Retrieved January 24, 2011

 World Interior Design Network. (2010). G-Tower in Malaysia Wins Green Mark Gold
Award From Singapore BCA. Retrieved January 19, 2011, from
http://www.worldinteriordesignnetwork.com/g-tower.
 Ben-Gal I, Katz R and Bukchin J 1988. Robust Eco-Design: A New Application for Quality

 Boyle C.A 2005. Sustainable Buildings. Engineering sustainability, 58: 41-48

 Brenner K 2010. From Grey to Green: Urban Green Infrastructure. Sustainablog 27 April:
1-3

 Bridgman H., Warner R. and Dodson J 1995. Urban Biophysical Environments. Oxford:

Oxford University Press.

24
 CHAPTER FOUR
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
METHOD OF STUDY
4.1 Introduction
The effect of research method on the possible outcome of any research endeavour can never be
overstated. When undertaking research it is important to choose the correct methodology, to
ensure that the research objectives can be met and that the findings can be validated. The nature
of a research topic, its aims and objectives and the resources available largely determine its
design. These criteria largely clued-up the research method developed for carrying out this
research. The research phase was achieved through deductive reasoning combined with extensive
and critical reviews of a large body of literature, web pages, internet discussion forums and
expert focus group approach. These helped to build up a theoretical background to the subject
area, providing a foundation for achieving the research aim and insight into many of the major
issues concerning the concept of green architecture. This chapter discusses the research
methodology adopted, in this case a quantitative methodology. Miles and Huberman (1994)
describe qualitative analysis as a continuous, iterative process that consists of the following
concurrent flows of activity: data reduction, which refers to the process of selecting, focusing,
simplifying, abstracting and transforming the data; data display, which is an organised,
compressed assembly of information that permits conclusions to be drawn and action; and
Conclusion-drawing and verification, which refers to the decision about what things mean and
how the meanings that emerge from the data have to be tested for their validity.

Case Studies
The adopted case studies carried out in this research were based on the purposive sampling of
selected buildings both locally and internationally, where the principles of green architecture
were applied and also mixed-use building to examine the spatial organization and space
requirements.

4.1.1 CASE STUDIES ONE (LOCAL)

Name: Eko Towers II;

Location: Adetokunbo Ademola Street, Victoria Island – Lagos;

Floors: 27;

Contractor: Cobel Construction;

25
Architects: Enia Architects;

Client: Eko Hotels Limited;

Use: Mixed (Medical and Social Centre, Guesthouse, Accommodation unit, Restaurants and
Bars, Conference Centre).

Fig. 4.1.1 Showing ext. veiws Fig. 4.1.2 Showing ext. veiws

APPRAISAL

MERITS

1. Adequate natural lighting

2. Adequate natural ventilation

3. Sufficient parking space

4. Good site planning

DE - MERITS

1. Insufficient vegetation on site.

2. Insufficient space for circulation.

26
4.2 CASE STUDY TWO (LOCAL)

Name: World Trade Center, Abuja (WTC)

Location: Constitution Avenue, Central Business District, Abuja

Use: Office, Residential, Retail, Hospitality

Developer: Churchgate Group

Fig. 4.2.1 Showing ext. veiws Fig. 4.2.2 Showing ext. veiws
APPRAISAL

Merits

1. Good building orientation

2. Good site location

3. Sufficient lighting for the building

4. Adequate air spaces

5. Adequate circulation space

6. Good use of materials

7. Good use of colors

De - merits

1. Insufficient parking space

27
CASE STUDY THREE (MARINE GATEWAY)
THE BRIEF
Marine Gateway is a mixed-use development in south Vancouver that has reinvented the concept
of transit-oriented development (TOD) to one that is transit-integrated. Unlike typical TODs that
are designed around or near a central transit hub, Marine Gateway seamlessly integrates a transit
hub into the design of the community itself, creating convenient access.
“As our cities and technologies evolve, and as the issue of mobility in urban environments
continues to demand innovative solutions, our architecture must respond in a complementary
manner,” says Ryan Bragg, principal at Perkins+Will.

The first phase of a larger development, Marine Gateway is comprised of two neighborhood
plazas, 15-storeys of office space, a 3-storey retail podium, an 11-screen cinema, and two
residential towers at 25 and 35-storeys. Integral to the design is the integration of a Rail Rapid
Transit station and bus loop exchange that provides convenience of mobility for residents,
workers, shoppers, and visitors. The project focuses around a pedestrian-dedicated ‘high street’
that offers retail, entertainment, and convenience shopping. The design of the high street and
public plazas were one of the most important aspects to the project’s success by bringing people
into the pedestrian environment and into the retail spaces

GENERAL INFORMATION
Marine Gateway / Perkins+Will
Architects Perkins+Will
Location Vancouver, BC, Canada
Category Mixed Use Architecture
Architect in Charge Ryan Bragg
Project Year 2016
Photographs Andrew Latreille , Ed White
Manufacturers Vitrum, Keith Panel Systems, Alucobond
Structural Glotman Simpson Mechanical MCW
Engineering Electrical Nemetz S/A & Associates
Landscape PWL PartnershipContractor Ledcor Group

28
Acoustic Brown Strachan
Geotechnical/Traffic MMM Group Wind/Odour RWDI

FIGURE 4.4.1. SHOWING THE EXTERIOR OF THE BUILDING

FIGURE 4.4.2. SHOWING THE

EXTERIOR OF THE BUILDING

29
 FIGURE 4.4.3. SHOWING THE EXTEROIR OF THE BUILDING

FIGURE 4.4.4. SHOWING THE EXTERIOR OF THE BUILDING

30
FIG. 4.4.5. SHOWING THE SITE PLAN OF THE BUILDING

FIGURE 4.4.6. SHOWING THE GROUND FLOOR PLAN OF THE BUILDING

31
FIG. 4.4.7. SHOWING THE OFFICE FLOOR PLAN OF THE BUILDING

FIG. 4.4.8. SHOWING THE SECTION OF THE BULDING

32
FIG. 4.3.1. SHOWING THE SURROUNDNGS OF THE BUILDING

33
 FIG. 4.3.2. SHOWING THE BUILDING

FIG. 4.3.3. & FIG. 3.4.4. SHOWING THE BUILDING

FIG. 4.3.4. SHOWING THE INTERIOR OF THE BUILDING

34
FIG. 4.3.5. SHOWING THE INTERIOR OF THE BUILDING

FIG. 4.3.6. SHOWING THE INTERIOR OF THE BUILDING

35
FIG. 4.3.7. SHOWING THE GROUND FLOOR PLAN OF THE BUILDING

FIG. 4.3.8. SHOWING THE TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN OF THE BUILDING

36
FIG. 4.3.9. SHOWING THE ROOF PLAN OF THE BUILDING

FIG. 4.3.10. SHOWING THE 3D SECTION OF THE BUILDING

37
APPRAISAL
Merits
1. Good building orientation
2. Good site location
3. Sufficient lighting for the building
4. Adequate air spaces
5. Adequate circulation space
6. Good use of materials
7. Good use of colors
De - merits
1. Insufficient parking space

38
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Site selection criteria

Site selection is the first step in the sustainable design process. The site must be compatible with
the purpose of the proposed development and be suitable for building. Three (3) alternative sites
were chosen for this research, based on purposive sampling. And this particular site was selected.
The criteria used for the selection of the site were:

(a) Location: The site has a very good location; it is in the heart of Lagos Island. It will be used
by both the mainland and the island community. Also, it is in a very conspicuous location and will
not be difficult to locate. It is also located at the central commercial and business district.

(b) Access: The site is close to a major road therefore there is good access to the site.

(c) Geology: The site is located on the island which gives a very beautiful view. It can also be used
for sports and other leisure activities in the building.

(d) Nearness to other existing building: Even though the site is in a new layout, it is very close
to old buildings. This means that the site is near existing infrastructures like water, electricity etc.

(e) Target market: Located in the commercial district, the building will attract business men and
nearness to the city will make it a very good convention center.

39
Fig. 5.0.1 Location Plan

Fig. 5.0.2 Vicinity Plan

40
 Fig. 5.0.3 Site Analysis

Fig. 5.0.4 Conceptual Analysis

41
Fig. 5.0.5 Site Zoning

5.1 PRINCIPLES OF GREEN ARCHITECTURE APPLIED IN THE DESIGN

Passive cooling techniques

Natural ventilation: there is ample natural ventilation in the building especially in the residential
rooms because there are openings on either side of the room enhancing cross ventilation. Wide
openings from the balcony brings in cool air from the outside.

Evaporative Cooling: There are water bodies outside the building (swimming pool and fountain)
which also provide evaporative cooling

42
Shading: Balconies in the rooms, which are singly banked, overhangs on the north and south
facing openings, and shading devices help block unwanted sun and glare. And at the same time
supports daylighting balconies in the rooms that provide shading

Landscaping: Passive cooling is achieved through the extensive use of greenery. Vertical
greenery helps reduce heat absorption from walls and reduce noise and pollution. Walk ways and
roads are shaded by trees.

Shaded walkways: Author‘s design Orientation: the longer side of the building is facing the
north-south axis, the shorter side facing the east-west. This reduces the total area of the building
that receives direct sunlight. The side are also insulated with vertical greenery. Openings are
positioned so that they allow wind in to the building. The areas of the building that have direct
contact with the sun have shading devices to help reduce the heat radiation and also, services such
as lifts and stair cases are positioned on the part of the building with most contact with the sun.

Building Orientation Form: Forms with large surface areas were used as against compact forms,
and the plan is a narrow.

(i) Daylighting: The traditional daylighting strategy used in the rooms is windows and side
lighting. Vertical openings allow light into the building at different time of the day and year.

(ii) Photovoltaic: The traditional passive cooling methods alone will not satisfy the thermal
comfort in the hotel therefore mechanical methods need to be employed. Photovoltaic used on the
building façade use the energy from the sun to produce electricity, reducing the consumption on
the national power grid and generators. The photovoltaic cover about 4000 sq metres. The
photovoltaic panels form a skin on top of the building as well as on the balustrade of the balconies.
An array of solar tubes on the roof heat rainwater captured to reduce demand for electricity for
water heating in the apartments.

Water Efficiency: The roof is used for rainwater harvesting. From the sloping roofs, the water is
collected in tanks through pipes where it is treated and sent for reuse.

43
Concrete tiles are used for as the roofing material because it is best for rainwater harvest. The
average water use is around 150 liters of water per person a day (department of environment, food
and rural studies, UK). The mixed-use building has a total of 22 apartments and 7 lettable spaces;
therefore a water tank of 100,000 liters is designed to serve the building. Through the cold water
inlet, the rainwater is supplied to the evacuated solar tubes on the roof. The evacuated solar tubes
are suspended on the roof to allow rainwater capture at the same time. The water is heated as it
goes through channels of heating pipes and supplied fitting below through the hot water outlet.

Hot water is commonly the second largest single end use for energy accounting for up to 15% of
the total energy demand in a building. Thus, by using the solar hot water systems, total energy
used in the building is cut down by 15%.

In order to minimize wastage of water, greywater from sinks, showers and bath, laundry is
recycled and use for irrigation and for flushing of toilets. Siting and Structure Design Efficiency
In choosing a site to build a green design, the first consideration is the understanding of the climate
of the region and site. Designing with the environment is therefore necessary. Verticality is
encouraged in the design and so the physical footprint of the building is reduced. The natural
characteristics if the site is minimally affected. The greenery makes up for the ground lost for the
building. This helps to reduce the urban air temperatures.

Porous paving is used to landscape the site, for walk ways and car parks. This allows rainwater to
penetrate into the soil rather than run off. The used of asphalt is greatly reduced as it is
impermeable and absorbs a lot of heat.

5.2 Conceptual approach to the design of a mixed-use building

Mixed-use buildings are known to be the best buildings of their areas. Because of its economic
significance, the building is loaded throughout the year. It holds many public & private functions in-
addition to the rentable spaces. Hence because of its sheer mass and importance it becomes a node
and an unmistakable landmark of a region. It is always the most prominent building of its area and
has great symbolic value as it is a work-live structure. The design stage considers the relationships of
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different parts of the Mixed-use buildings and how the principles of green architecture can be
applied.

Design Brief
This thesis is aimed at designing a Mixed-use buildings with the principles of green architecture
applied to it to create a more environmental friendly environment. Building which its main function is
to provide workers with accommodation which also comprise of other functional spaces and facilities.
These facilities include: restaurants and bars, gym and spa, swimming and leisure activities,
administrative offices, services and maintenance offices, and light shopping.

Fig 5.5.1 Conceptual Analysis

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S.NO SPACE AREA
1 ACCOMODATION
3 Bedroom Apartment ( no 18,500sqm
24)
2 Bedroom Apartment( no 12,000sqm
16)

2 ADMINISTRATIVE
Front Desk Office 400sqm
Administrative services 900sqm
Accounts and audit office 600sqm
Facility Manager’s office 680sqm
Maintenance

Lettable Office space 10,000sqm

3 Convenience 1,000sqm
Bank 2,000sqm
Supermarket
Laundry

4 RESTAURANT 300 sqm

Gymnasium 115sqm
Bar 80sqm
Swimming pool 160sqm

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Fig 5.2.2 Site Plan

Fig 5.2.3 Ground Floor Plan

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Fig 5.2.4 1st-3rd Floor Plan

Fig 5.2.5 4th-5th Floor plan

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Fig 5.2.6 Retail Floor

Fig 5.2.7 Relaxation Floor

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Fig 5.2.8 9th-14th Floor

Fig 5.2.9 14th-16th Floor

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Fig 5.2.10 Front View

Fig 5.2.11 Right side view

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Fig5.2.12 Rear View

Fig5.2.13 Left side view

52
 Fig 5.2.14 Section A-A

Fig 5.2.15 Section B-B

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 Fig5.2.16 3D View

Fig 5.2.17 3D View 2

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5.3 Conclusion

The present state of architecture and development continues to be responsible for the inward
twisting of high levels of resource consumption, pollution and wastefulness that have
characterized the 21st century. At this present moment in history, humankind has the ability to
affect the environment on an unprecedented level. The urgency exists for all to realize that, if we
are not part of the solution, then we are part of the problem. In order to do this; development must
begin by reflecting on the totality of its effects throughout its various life cycles. However, it is
very important to realize that Ecology can demonstrate a vision, and become an inspiration for
what a society may entail. In trying to move construction to work with the forces of nature, a far
greater equity will be possible within society. This will lead to fairer access to resources, better
health, improved productivity levels, and decreased running costs, and increased property values,
while ensuring that resources and planetary systems are protected for future generations to come.
The objective of the research is to apply the principles of ecology in a Nigerian mixed-use building
so as to create a better and healthier environment. And from the case studies carried out, it is
evident that internationally, there are very few mixed-use buildings that apply the principles of
ecology, and none in Nigeria. The research was concluded by proposing a befitting design for the
mixed-use building which adopted some principles of ecology like passive solar design such as
building form, orientation, green roofs and shading devices, photovoltaic and rain water
catchment.

5.4 Summary of Finding

From the research, some of the following findings were identified. The use of large openings for
sufficient ventilation, shading devices, overhangs, green roof reduces heat generation in a build
which results to little or no need for artificial cooling and lighting. This makes the building more
energy efficient. Rain water catchment and recycling of grey water makes the hotel water efficient.
Verticality is used against horizontality and the use of porous paving allows rain water to penetrate
into the ground.

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5.5 Recommendations

The conclusion drawn from these findings are:

1. If mixed-use buildings are designed with principles of ecology applied, it will be a more human
friendly environment and this will make the occupants more comfortable resulting to better overall
output.

2. Cost of running and maintaining the mixed-use building will be cheaper and the building will
have a longer life span. This automatically will make the prices of mixed-use buildings cheaper.

3. The value of the property (mixed-use building) will increase.

4. The world will be less polluted and so reducing the effect of global warming.

5. And most importantly green ratings should be made mandatory as part of the planning process.

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