1.

Prove that 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 is harmonic and find its harmonic

conjugate.
Sol: Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑦.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2, = −2𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 3,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
= 2, = −2.
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
2
+ = 2-2=0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2

∴ 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 is harmonic.
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 be analytic function with
𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑦.
Then 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) is know as harmonic conjugate of 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦).
Since 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic, C-R equations are satisfied.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
i.e = and =−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
=− = 2𝑦 + 2𝑥 − 3…(1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
= = 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2 …(2)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

By integrating (1) partially w.r.t 𝑥, we get

𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑦).
By differentiating partially w.r.t 𝑦, we get
𝜕𝑣
= 2𝑥 + 𝑓′(𝑦) …(3)
𝜕𝑦

From (2) & (3) 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2 = 2𝑥 + 𝑓′(𝑦))

⟹ 𝑓 ′ (𝑦) = −2𝑦 − 2 ⟹ 𝑓(𝑦) = −𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 𝑐
∴ 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 𝑐.
Thus the harmonic conjugate of 𝑢 is 𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 𝑐.
2. Find the conjugate harmonic of 𝑢 = −𝑟 3 cos 3𝜃 and find the analytic
function𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣.
Sol: Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 be analytic function with 𝑢 = −𝑟 3 cos 3𝜃.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= −3𝑟 2 cos 3𝜃, = 3𝑟 3 sin 3𝜃
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃

Since 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic, C-R equations are satisfied.

𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
i.e = and = −𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑢
=− = −3𝑟 2 sin 3𝜃…(1)
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
=𝑟 = −3𝑟 3 cos 3𝜃…(2)
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟

Integrating (1)partially w.r.t 𝑟, we get

𝑣 = −𝑟 3 sin 3𝜃 + 𝑓(𝜃)
Differentiating w.r.t 𝜃, we get
𝜕𝑣
= −3𝑟 3 cos 3𝜃 + 𝑓′(𝜃) …(3)
𝜕𝜃

From (2) and (3) −3𝑟 3 cos 3𝜃 + 𝑓 ′ (𝜃) = −3𝑟 3 cos 3𝜃

⟹ 𝑓 ′ (𝜃) = 0 ⟹ 𝑓(𝜃) = 𝑐
∴ 𝑣 = −𝑟 3 sin 3𝜃 + 𝑐
The analytic function 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = −𝑟 3 cos 3𝜃 − 𝑖𝑟 3 sin 3𝜃 + 𝑖𝑐
= −𝑟 3 (cos 3𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 3𝜃) + 𝑖𝑐
= −𝑟 3 𝑒 𝑖3𝜃 + 𝑖𝑐
3
= −(𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) + 𝑖𝑐 = −𝑧 3 + 𝑖𝑐.
3. Find analytic function 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑟, 𝜃) where
𝑣(𝑟, 𝜃) = 𝑟 2 cos 2𝜃 − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 2.
Sol: : Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 be analytic function with
𝑣 = 𝑟 2 cos 2𝜃 − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 2..
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
= 2𝑟 cos 2𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃, = −2𝑟 2 sin 2𝜃 + 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃.
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃

Since 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic, C-R equations are satisfied.

𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
i.e = and = −𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟
 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑣
= = −2𝑟 sin 2𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃.…(1)
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= −𝑟 = −2𝑟 2 cos 2𝜃 + 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃…(2)
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟

Integrating (1)partially w.r.t 𝑟, we get

𝑢 = −𝑟 2 sin 2𝜃 + 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑓(𝜃)
Differentiating w.r.t 𝜃, we get
𝜕𝑢
= −2𝑟 2 cos 2𝜃 + 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑓′(𝜃) …(3)
𝜕𝜃

From (2) and (3) −2𝑟 2 cos 2𝜃 + 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑓′(𝜃) = −2𝑟 2 cos 2𝜃 + 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
⟹ 𝑓 ′ (𝜃) = 0 ⟹ 𝑓(𝜃) = 𝑐
∴ 𝑢 = −𝑟 2 sin 2𝜃 + 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑐
The analytic function 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
= −𝑟 2 sin 2𝜃 + 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑐 + 𝑖(𝑟 2 cos 2𝜃 − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 2)
= −𝑟 2 sin 2𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑟 2 cos 2𝜃 + 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑐 + 2𝑖
= 𝑖(𝑟 2 cos 2𝜃 + 𝑖𝑟 2 sin 2𝜃) − 𝑖 (𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) + 𝑘
= 𝑖𝑟 2 (cos 2𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃) − 𝑖𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃) + 𝑘
= 𝑖𝑟 2 𝑒 𝑖2𝜃 − 𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑘
= 𝑖(𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )2 − 𝑖(𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) + 𝑘
= 𝑖𝑧 2 − 𝑖𝑧 + 𝑘
Construction of Analytic function by Milne – Thomson Method:
This method determines the analytic function when ‘u’ or ‘v’ is given.
Let w = f ( z) = u + i v be an analytic function.
Let its real part ‘u’ may be given.
Our aim is to find its imaginary part ‘v’ and the analytic function w = f ( z) = u + i v
Since z = x + i y  z = x − i y

z+z z −z
 x= , y=
2 2i
Now w = f ( z ) = u + i v = u( x, y) + i v ( x, y) → (1)
 z +z z −z   z + z z −z 
 f ( z) = u  ,  +iv  , 
 2 2i   2 2i 

Consider this as an identity in two independent variables z , z

Putting z = z

We get f ( z) = u ( z , 0) + i v ( z, 0) → (2)
(2) is obtained from (1) by replacing ‘x’ by ‘z’ and ‘y’ by 0.

Model 1: When the real part 𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑦) is given

Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 be analytic function
Since 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic, C-R equations are satisfied and so
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= and =−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
We know that 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = +𝑖
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= (𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑖 (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

= 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝜓(𝑥, 𝑦) say

By Milne-Thomson method replace 𝑥 by 𝑧 and 𝑦 by 0.
We get 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝜙(𝑧, 0) + 𝑖𝜓(𝑧, 0)
By integrating w.r.t 𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) = ∫(𝜙(𝑧, 0) + 𝑖𝜓(𝑧, 0))𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐.
Model 1: When the imaginary part 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) is given
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 be analytic function
Since 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic C-R equations are satisfied and so
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= and =−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
We know that 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = +𝑖
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
= (𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖 (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
 = 𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝜓(𝑥, 𝑦) say
By Milne-Thomson method replace 𝑥 by 𝑧 and 𝑦 by 0.
We get 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝜙(𝑧, 0) + 𝑖𝜓(𝑧, 0)
By integrating w.r.t 𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) = ∫(𝜙(𝑧, 0) + 𝑖𝜓(𝑧, 0))𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐
1. Find analytic function whose imaginary part is log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑥 − 2𝑦
By Milne-Thomson method.
Sol: Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 be analytic function with 𝑣 = log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑥 − 2𝑦
Since 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic, C-R equations are satisfied and so
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= and =−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
We know that 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = +𝑖
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑣 2𝑥 𝜕𝑣 2𝑦
= +1, = −2
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

2𝑦 2𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = −2+𝑖( + 1)
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

By Milne-Thomson method, replace 𝑥 by 𝑧 and 𝑦 by 0.

0 2𝑧
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = −2+𝑖( + 1)
𝑧 2 +0 𝑧 2 +0
2
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = −2 + 𝑖 + 𝑖
𝑧

By integrating w.r.t 𝑧, we get

𝑓(𝑧) = 2𝑖 log 𝑧 + (𝑖 − 2)𝑧 + 𝑐
The analytic function is 𝑓(𝑧) = 2𝑖 log 𝑧 + (𝑖 − 2)𝑧 + 𝑐.

2. By Using Milne-Thomson method find analytic function whose imaginary

𝑥−𝑦
part is 2 2 and also find its harmonic conjugate.
𝑥 +𝑦
𝑥−𝑦
Sol: Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 be analytic function with 𝑣 =
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

Since 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic, C-R equations are satisfied and so

 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= and =−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
We know that 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = +𝑖
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑣 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ).1−(𝑥−𝑦)2𝑥 𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑦
= (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )2
= (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )2
,
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑣 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ).(−1)−(𝑥−𝑦)2𝑦 𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 −2𝑥𝑦
= (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )2
= (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )2
,
𝜕𝑦

𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 −2𝑥𝑦 𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑦
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )2
+𝑖( (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )2
)

By Milne-Thomson method, replace 𝑥 by 𝑧 and 𝑦 by 0.

0−𝑧 2 −0 0−𝑧 2 +0 𝑧2 𝑧2 1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = (𝑧 2 2
+ 𝑖 ((𝑧 2 )=− 𝑧 4 − 𝑖 𝑧 4 = − 𝑧 2 − 𝑖 𝑧 2
+0) +0)2

By integrating w.r.t 𝑧, we get

1 1
𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ (− − 𝑖 2) 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐
𝑧2 𝑧
1 𝑖
= + +𝑐
𝑧 𝑧

To find harmonic conjugate:

1+𝑖
The analytic function is 𝑓(𝑧) = + 𝑐.
𝑧
1+𝑖 1+𝑖 𝑥−𝑖𝑦
𝑓(𝑧) = +𝑐 = +𝑐
𝑥+𝑖𝑦 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 𝑥−𝑖𝑦

𝑥+𝑦+𝑖(𝑥−𝑦)
= +𝑐
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
= +𝑐+𝑖
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝑥−𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
Hence the harmonic conjugate of is + 𝑐.
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

2 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦
3. Find analytic function whose imaginary part is
cos 2𝑥+cosh 2𝑦

2 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦
Sol:: Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 be analytic function with 𝑣 =
cos 2𝑥+cosh 2𝑦

Since 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic, C-R equations are satisfied and so

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= and =−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
We know that 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = +𝑖
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑣 (cos 2𝑥+cosh 2𝑦).2 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦−(2 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦)(−2 sin 2𝑥)
= (cos 2𝑥+cosh 2𝑦)2
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑣 (cos 2𝑥+cosh 2𝑦).2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦−(2 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦)(2 sinh 2𝑦)
= (cos 2𝑥+cosh 2𝑦)2
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = +𝑖
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

(cos 2𝑥+cosh 2𝑦).2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦−(2 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦)(2 sinh 2𝑦)
= (cos 2𝑥+cosh 2𝑦)2

(cos 2𝑥+cosh 2𝑦).2 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦−(2 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦)(−2 sin 2𝑥)
+𝑖 (cos 2𝑥+cosh 2𝑦)2

By Milne-Thomson method to get 𝑓 ′ (𝑧), replace 𝑥 by 𝑧 and 𝑦 by 0.

(cos 2𝑧+1).2 sin 𝑧−0 0 2 sin 𝑧
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = (cos 2𝑧+1)2
+ 𝑖 ((cos )=1+cos 2𝑧
2𝑧+1)2

2 sin 𝑧
= = tan 𝑧 sec 𝑧
2 cos 2 𝑧
By integrating w.r.t 𝑧, we get
𝑓(𝑧) = ∫(tan 𝑧 sec 𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐
= sec 𝑧 + 𝑐