Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09952-w

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)‑based flow between two spinning discs

with porous medium, Cattaneo–Christov (non‑Fourier) model
and convective thermal condition
B. Kumar1 · G. S. Seth1 · M. K. Singh1 · A. J. Chamkha2,3

Received: 20 December 2019 / Accepted: 12 June 2020

© Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2020

Abstract
Inspired by various applications (ocean’s renewable power technologies, spinning disc reactor, engineering systems, etc.)
of fluid flow between rotating disc, we have investigated magnetohydrodynamic flow of multi-wall and single-wall carbon
nanotubes (MWCNTs and SWCNTs)-based fluid between two rotating, coaxial and parallel stretching discs with porous
medium and convective thermal condition. The non-vanishing relaxation time in the dissipative process is assumed. The
energy equation is developed by using Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model. ND-Solve command of MATHEMATICA software
is used for the numerical solution of the governing equations. The physical behaviour of axial, radial and tangential velocity
along with temperature of nanofluid is discussed in detail. When porous permeability parameter is small, then tangential
velocity of MWCNTs-based fluid is higher than that of the SWCNTs-based fluid. Moreover, when porous permeability
parameter is small, the Reynolds number retards the tangential velocity but when porous permeability parameter is large,
Reynolds number boots the tangential velocity up.

Keywords  Porous medium · Carbon nanotubes · Cattaneo–Christov heat flux · Rotating discs

List of symbols k0 Permeability of porous medium

a1 , a2 Stretching rates of lower and upper disc, knf Thermal conductivity of nanofluid
respectively Nu1 , Nu2 Nusselt numbers at lower and upper discs
B1 , B2 Ratio of stretching rate to angular velocity Pr Prandtl number
C1 , C2 Skin friction coefficients at lower and upper Re Reynolds number
disc, respectively T Fluid temperature
h1 , h2 Convective heat transfer coefficients at lower T0 , T1 Temperature at lower and upper discs,
and upper disc, respectively respectively
𝛾1 , 𝛾2 Thermal Biot numbers at lower and upper disc
𝜐nf Kinematic coefficient of viscosity
* B. Kumar (𝜌cp )nf Heat capacity of nanofluid
chauhanbhuvan6@gmail.com 𝜔1 , 𝜔2 Angular velocity of lower and upper disc,
G. S. Seth respectively
gsseth_ism@yahoo.com 𝜆 Thermal relaxation parameter
M. K. Singh 𝛽 Porous permeability parameter
drmks29@iitism.ac.in 𝜙 Nanoparticle solid volume fraction
A. J. Chamkha Ω The rotation parameter
alichamkha@duytan.edu.vn
1
Department of Mathematics and Computing, Indian Institute
of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004, India Introduction
2
Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University,
Da Nang 550000, Vietnam Nanofluids are the sort of liquids that contain small volu-
3
Institute of Theoretical and Applied Research (ITAR), Duy metric amounts of nanometer-sized non-metallic ( Al2 O3 ,
Tan University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam CuO  , TiO2  , SiO2 ) or metallic (Au, Cu, Fe, Ag, Ti, Hg,

13
Vol.:(0123456789)

etc.) particles known as nanoparticles. The heat transfer
properties of nanofluids normally depend on nanoparticles
volume fraction and thermo-physical attributes of nano-
particles. The strange enhancement in the heat transfer
of base fluid with the insertion of nanoparticles is firstly
observed by Masuda et al.[1]. Kumar et al. [2, 3] have
investigated MHD stagnation point nanofluid flow over
a sheet. Ghalambaz et al. [4] have studied the conjugate
free convection inside a porous square cavity occupied
with Ag–MgO hybrid nanofluid. Mehryan et al. [5, 6] have
dedicated their work to investigate hybrid nanofluid mod-
els. Tahmasebi et al. [7] have analysed the heat transfer of
nanofluids in a cavity partially filled with porous media.
Menni et al. [8–10] have performed a review on nanofluid
flow. Due to the various shapes, properties and size of
nanomaterials, it is characterized into different classes.
Common types of nanomaterials include carbon nano-
tubes (CNTs), quantum dots, carbides, dendrimers, and
fullerenes. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are carbon allotropes
(Diamond, Graphite, Lonsdaleite). CNTs have hexagonal
arrangement of hybridized carbon molecules. CNTs have
extraordinary optical, electrical, mechanical and thermal
properties. CNTs are of two types, one is single-wall car-
bon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and other is multi-wall car-
bon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Some of the applications of
CNTs are in damping, energy storage, thermal stability,
electromagnetic interference and fracture toughness stiff-
ness. As per the depiction given by the CNTs production
organization NTI, the CNT particles have fifteen-fold
thermal conductivity than copper. Moreover, the utiliza-
tions of CNTs are not destructive to the earth. Hayat et al.
[11] have studied the effect of CNTs on stagnation point
flow of a fluid over a sheet. Recently Mohd-Ghazali et al.
[12] have presented a carbon nanotube model and studied
hydrodynamic and thermal performance of a microchannel
heat sink. Pamies et al. [13] have analysed the dispersions
of carbon nanotubes in the ionic liquid (1-Ethyl-3-Meth-
ylimidazolium). Khan et al. [14] have also investigated
entropy optimized CNTs-based flow. Some other relevant
studies are due to articles [15–31].
In industrial and scientific sectors, heat transfer phenome-
non plays very crucial role. It includes microelectronics, fuel
cells, heat exchanger, etc. Initially, Fourier’s law [32] (heat
flux is proportional to the negative of the temperature gradi-
ent) is used to study the heat transfer characteristics. Various
fields (modern surgery, medical treatments) involve higher
energy fluxes and progressively smaller time scales, so due
to small time scale, the thermal equilibrium of the system
can not be reached. Therefore, Cattaneo [33] presented a
modified version of Fourier’s law by using a non-vanishing
relaxation time in the dissipative process. Later, Christov
[34] has extended Cattaneo’s model. Hayat et al. [35] studied
the Jeffrey fluid flow by considering the Cattaneo–Christov
13
B. Kumar et al.
heat flux model and concluded that ratio of relaxation to
retardation times have opposite effect on fluid velocity.
Mustafa [36] has also used the Cattaneo–Christov heat flux
model to analyse rotating flow of Maxwell fluid.
Due to various prominent applications of fluid flow
between rotating disc, the various researchers are attracted to
investigate flow of fluid between rotating disc. Karman [37]
approached to such model first. Rajagopal [38] studied the
flow of fluid between rotating disc. He has obtained asym-
metric and symmetric solutions in viscoelastic fluid and vis-
cous fluid. Turkyilmazoglu [39] has studied heat transfer due
to a rotating disc moving vertically downward or upward.
Recently, Gholinia et  al. [40] investigated the flow of
Eyring–Powell nanofluid due to rotating disc with slip flow,
homogeneous–heterogeneous reactions and magnetic field.
They have found that temperature of fluid is increased with
increasing thermophoresis parameter and is decreased with
increasing Prandtl number. Imtiaz et al.[41] have described
the MHD flow of a second-grade fluid due to a rotating disc
with Joule heating and thermal radiation. They have found
that Hartman number decreases the velocity field.
Flow through porous medium is a subject of common inter-
est because of its use in many naturally-occurring (biological
tissues, petroleum reservoirs, soil and rocks) and engineered
systems. Ellahi et al. [42] have studied the influence of MHD
on the peristaltic flow of Jeffrey fluid in a porous medium with
long wavelength and low Reynold number. Kumar et al. [43]
have analysed stagnation point flow of micropolar nanofluid in
the porous medium. Sibanda and Makinde [44] have studied
the flow past a rotating disc in a porous medium with viscous
dissipation and Ohmic heating. They have observed that skin
friction increases with Eckert number. Recently, Rauf et al.
[45] analysed rotating disc model in porous medium with pas-
sive and active control of nanoparticles.
Being roused from the above-mentioned applications, we
have analysed the flow of water-based MWCNTs and SWC-
NTs within two disparate rotating, coaxial and parallel discs
by using Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model. The porous
medium between discs is also taken into account. As per the
authors concern, this model along with carbon nanotubes,
Cattaneo–Christov model, porous medium and convective
boundary condition is not discussed so far. This model has
a large potential to deal with many industrial and real-life
problems, e.g. production of nanowires, production of volt-
age/current, energy storage, thermal stability and damping.
Formulation part
The steady and axisymmetric flow of electrically conduct-
ing and incompressible fluid is considered between two con-
tinuously rotating coaxial and parallel stretchable discs (see
Fig. 1). The porous medium, having permeability k0 is also
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)‑based flow between two spinning discs with porous medium, Cattaneo–…

z 𝜕w 𝜕w w
(
1 𝜕w 𝜕 2 w 𝜕 2 w
)
1 𝜕p
w +u = −𝜈nf + 𝜈nf + 2 + 2 − ,
∂T
𝜕z 𝜕r k0 r 𝜕r 𝜕r 𝜕z 𝜌nf 𝜕z
krf  = – h2(T–T1) (4)
∂z
𝜕T 𝜕T
( )
rω2 (𝜌cp )nf w +u = −𝛁.𝐪, (5)
𝜕z 𝜕r
r with the boundary conditions

ra2 𝜕T
knf = −h1 (T0 − T), u = ra1 , v = r𝜔1 , w = 0, at z = 0,
𝜕z
h Fluid 𝜕T
knf = −h2 (T0 − T1 ), u = ra2 , v = r𝜔2 , w = 0, at z = h,
w 𝜕z
∂T
krf  = – h1(T0–T)
(6)
∂z
where T is the nanofluid temperature, 𝜌nf is the density
(nanofluid), 𝜈nf is the kinematic coefficient of viscosity, knf
rω1
is the thermal conductivity (nanofluid), (𝜌cp )nf is the heat
u capacitance (nanofluid), h2 and h1 are the convective heat
v
transfer coefficients at upper and lower discs, respectively,
ra1
and 𝐪 is the heat flux. According to Cattaeno-Christov model
[33, 34], we have-
( 𝜕𝐪 )
𝐪 + 𝛾 − 𝐪.𝛁𝐕 + + 𝐕.𝛁𝐪 + (𝛁.𝐕).𝐪 = −knf (T)𝛁T,
𝜕t
Fig. 1  Geometry of model (7)
where 𝛾 is the thermal relaxation time, knf represents time-
dependent thermal conductivity.
taken into account. SWCNTs and MWCNTs walls are taken as When we consider thermal relaxation time in heat flux,
nanoparticles and water as a base fluid. The position of lower equation of hyperbolic kind is developed in general. Solu-
disc is assumed at z = 0 . Both the discs have distance h from tion for this kind of expression finds correspondence to that
each other. The angular velocity of lower discs is 𝜔1 and the of thermal waves. Whenever there happens an enhancement
upper disc is 𝜔2 . a1 and a2 are the stretching rate of lower and in the thermal relaxation time, a decaying characteristics of
upper discs, respectively. The temperatures of lower and upper such waves is perceived through amplitude. This phenomenon
discs are assumed as T0 and T1 respectively. To study the heat escapes the argument via heat conduction paradox. This exclu-
transfer phenomenon, the Cattaneo–Christov model is used. sive quality of Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model makes it
It is assumed that the influence of polarization is negligible totally distinctive than the Fouriers law of heat conduction. In
because of the absence of external electric field. The notation the Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model, non-vanishing relax-
of cylindrical coordinate system is (r, 𝜃, z) and the notation of ation time in the dissipative process is used. When thermal
velocity is 𝐕 = [u(r, 𝜃, z), v(r, 𝜃, z), w(r, 𝜃, z)]. relaxation time is zero then Cattaneo–Christov (non Fourier)
The governing equations [14, 46] are: model reduces to classical Fourier’s law. Due to steady and
𝜕w 𝜕u u incompressible flow, Eq. (7) takes the following form-
+ + = 0, (1)
𝜕z 𝜕r r ( )
𝐪 + 𝛾 − 𝐪.𝛁𝐕 + 𝐕.𝛁𝐪 = −knf (T)𝛁T. (8)
𝜕u 𝜕u v2 u After eliminating 𝐪 from Eqs. (5) and (8) we get-
w +u − = −𝜈nf
𝜕z 𝜕r r k0
(
u 𝜕 2 u 1 𝜕u 𝜕 2 u
)
1 𝜕p 𝜕T 𝜕T knf ( 𝜕 2 T 𝜕 2 T 1 𝜕T )
+ 𝜈nf − 2 + 2 + + 2 − , w +u = + 2 +
r 𝜕r r 𝜕r 𝜕z 𝜌nf 𝜕r (2) 𝜕z 𝜕r (𝜌cp )nf 𝜕r2 𝜕z r 𝜕r
2 2 𝜕2T
𝜕 T 𝜕 T
[
− 𝛾 u2 2 + 2uw + w2 2
𝜕v 𝜕v uv v
(
v 𝜕 2 v 1 𝜕v 𝜕 2 v
) 𝜕r 𝜕z𝜕r 𝜕z
w +u + = −𝜈nf + 𝜈nf − 2 + 2 + + 2 , (
𝜕u 𝜕u 𝜕T
) (
𝜕w 𝜕w 𝜕T
) ]
𝜕z 𝜕r r k0 r 𝜕r r 𝜕r 𝜕z + w +u + w +u .
(3) 𝜕z 𝜕r 𝜕r 𝜕z 𝜕r 𝜕z
(9)
Xue [47] gave the following relations-

13
 B. Kumar et al.

𝜇f 𝜔1 h2
where Re = is the Reynolds number, Ω = is the rota-
𝜔2
𝜇nf =
(−𝜙 + 1)2.5
, (10) 𝜈f 𝜔1
𝜈f (𝜌cp )f
tion parameter, Pr = kf
denotes the Prandtl number,
is porous permeability parameter, B2 = and
𝜔 k a2
𝛽 = 𝜈1 0
(𝜌cp )nf = (𝜌cp )f (1 − 𝜙) + (𝜌cp )CNT 𝜙, (11) nf 𝜔1
are ratios of stretching rates to angular velocities,
a
B1 = 𝜔1
1
𝜆 = 𝛾𝜔1 is the thermal relaxation parameter, 𝛾1 = and
h1 h
𝜌nf = 𝜌f (−𝜙 + 1) + 𝜌CNT 𝜙, (12) kf
stand for the thermal Biot numbers for lower and
h2 h
𝛾2 = kf ( )
𝜌
knf
k
(−𝜙 + 1) + 2𝜙 k CNT−k ln CNT f k +k
upper disc, respectively, A1 = (−𝜙 + 1)2.5 − 𝜙 + 1 + CNT
𝜌
𝜙  ,
2kf f
(13)
CNT f
𝜙 , A2 = 1 − 𝜙 + 𝜙 , and A4 = knf .
= , (𝜌cp )CNT 𝜌CNT
kf k k +kf A3 = 1 − 𝜙 +
(1 − 𝜙) + 2𝜙 k f−k ln CNT
2k
(𝜌cp )f 𝜌f kf
CNT f f
To get rid of 𝜀 , differentiating Eq. (15) with respect to 𝜉 ,
where 𝜙 is the nanoparticles solid volume fraction. The sub- we get-
script nf stands for nanofluids, f for base fluid and CNT is (
1
)
used for carbon nanotubes. The properties (thermophysical) f iv + A1 Re 2gg� − f �� + 2ff ��� = 0. (20)
𝛽
of nanotubes and water are also shown in table 1.
The similarity transformations are given by The 𝜀 (pressure parameter) is given by:
v = r𝜔1 g(𝜉), u = r𝜔1 f � (𝜉), w = −2h𝜔1 f (𝜉),
( )
1 A
𝜀 = −A2 Re (f � (0))2 + f � (0) − (g(0))2 + 2 f ��� (0). (21)
( 2
1r
)
z T − T1 (14) 𝛽 A1
p = 𝜌f 𝜈f 𝜔1 𝜀 + P(𝜉) , 𝜉 = , 𝜃(𝜉) = .
2 h2 h T 0 − T1
Integrating Eq. (17) w.r.t. 𝜉 (limit 0 to 𝜉 ), we get the follow-
By using similarity transformation (14) in Eqs. (2)-(4) and ing expression for pressure term-
(9), we get: 𝜉
A 2ReA2 A
∫
A1 (
1
) P = −2 2 f � + fd𝜉 + 2 2 f � (0) − 2ReA2 f 2 . (22)
f ��� − 𝜀 + A1 Re − f �2 + 2ff �� − f � + g2 = 0, (15) A1 𝛽A1 A1
A2 𝛽 0

Shear stress at lower rotating disc in radial ( 𝜏zr ) direction is-

1
( )
�� �
g + 2A1 Re − f g − g + fg� = 0, (16)
2𝛽 𝜕u || 𝜇f r𝜔1
𝜏zr = 𝜇nf = f �� (0). (23)
𝜕z |z=0 (1 − 𝜙)2.5 h
|
A2 �� 2ReA2
P� + 2 f − f + 4A2 Reff � = 0, (17) Shear stress at lower rotating disc in tangential ( 𝜏z𝜃 ) direc-
A1 𝛽A1 tion is-

A4 �� 𝜕v || 𝜇f r𝜔1
g� (0). (24)
( )
𝜃 − 4𝜆A3 Re ff � 𝜃 � + f 2 𝜃 �� + 2A3 Ref 𝜃 � = 0. (18) 𝜏z𝜃 = 𝜇nf =
Pr 𝜕z ||z=0 (1 − 𝜙)2.5 h

The transformed boundary constraints are Total shear stress is defined by

1
( ) √ 𝜇f r𝜔1 [ �� ]1∕2
f (0) = 0, g(0) = 1, f � (0) = B1 , 𝜃 � (0) = −
𝛾1 1 − 𝜃(0) , 𝜏w = 𝜏zr2 + 𝜏z𝜃2
= (f (0)) 2
+ (g �
(0)) 2
.
A4 (1 − 𝜙)2.5 h
� � 1 (25)
f (1) = 0, g(1) = Ω, f (1) = B2 , 𝜃 (1) = − 𝛾2 𝜃(1), P(0) = 0,
A4 The local skin friction coefficients C2 and C1 at the upper
(19) and lower discs are

𝜏w ||z=0 1
[
�� 2 � 2
]1∕2
C1 = = (f (0)) + (g (0)) ,
𝜌f (r𝜔1 )2 Rer (1 − 𝜙)2.5
Table 1  Important properties [14] of CNTs and water (26)
Properties Unit Water SWCNT MWCNT 𝜏w ||z=h 1
[
�� 2 � 2
]1∕2
C2 = = (f (1)) + (g (1)) ,
𝜌f (r𝜔2 )2 Rer (1 − 𝜙)2.5
Heat capacitance J kg−1 K−1 4179 425 796
(27)
Thermal conductivity Wm−1 K−1 0.613 6600 3000
where Rer = is the local Reynolds number.
r𝜔1 h
Density kg m −3 997.1 2600 1600 𝜈f

13
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)‑based flow between two spinning discs with porous medium, Cattaneo–…

The local Nusselt number at both discs are given by: Here z corresponds to 𝜉 variable and h corresponds to 𝜃 . The
following expressions are used to calculate values of local
hqw hqw
skin friction coefficient and Nusselt numbers:
| |
Nu1 = | , Nu2 = | , (28)
kf (−T1 + T0 ) |z=0
| kf (−T1 + T0 ) ||z=h
P2 = Evaluate[{(f �� [0]∗ f �� [0]+g� [0]∗ g� [0])0.5 ∗ (1∕(1 − 𝜙)2.5 )}∕.sol]
where the wall heat flux ( qw ) is given by P3 = Evaluate[{(f �� [1]∗ f �� [1]+g� [1]∗ g� [1])0.5 ∗ (1∕(1 − 𝜙)2.5 )}∕.sol]
𝜕T || 𝜕T || P4 = Evaluate[{−(A4) ∗ h� [0]}∕.sol]
qw ||z=h = −knf , qw ||z=0 = −knf . (29)
𝜕z |z=h
| 𝜕z ||z=0 P5 = Evaluate[{−(A4) ∗ h� [1]}∕.sol]

The Nusselt numbers are given by following expression-

Nu2 = −A4 𝜃 � (1), Nu1 = −A4 𝜃 � (0). (30) Validation of results

Solution methodology
In order to solve Eqs. (16), (18) and (20) along with boundary
conditions (19), ND-Solve command of MATHEMATICA
software [48, 49] is used. This command has the wonder-
ful advantage to minimize the error and reduce CPU time.
ND-Solve uses finite difference and finite element technique
for discretizing and solving differential equations. The finite
element method is a numerical method to solve differential
equations over arbitrary-shaped domains. The finite element
method is implemented in ND-Solve as a spatial discretization
method. The following sample codes in MATHEMATICA
framework are used to plot various graphs:
After adapting our model according to Imtiaz et al. [46], we
have compared skin friction coefficient for various param-
eters and found that they are in a very good agreement (See
Table 2).
Results
This section is provided to unfold the behaviour of various
parameters on velocity (axial, radial tangential), temperature,
the rate of heat transfer and skin friction. All graphs contain
two types of lines, i.e. dotted and plane line. Plane lines are
for SWCNTs nanofluid and dotted lines are for MWCNTs

Re = 0.9; Pr = 6.2; 𝜙 = 0.2; B1 = 0.7; B2 = 0.8; 𝛾1 = 0.4; 𝛾2 = 0.5;

Ω = 0.8; 𝜆 = 0.2; 𝛽 = 0.5; knf = 6600; kf = 0.613; 𝜌CNT = 2600; 𝜌f = 997.1;
(cp )CNT = 425; (cp )f = 4179;
eqs1 = f ���� [z] + 2 ∗ A1 ∗ Re ∗ f [z] ∗ f ��� [z] + g[z] ∗ g� [z] − (1∕𝛽) ∗ f � [z] = 0;
( )

eqs2 = g�� [z] + 2 ∗ A1 ∗ Re ∗ f [z] ∗ g� [z] − f � [z] ∗ g[z] − (1∕(2 ∗ 𝛽)) ∗ g[z] = 0;
( )

eqs3 = A4 ∕Pr ∗ h�� [z] + 2 ∗ Re ∗ A3 ∗ f [z] ∗ h� [z]

( )

− 4 ∗ 𝜆 ∗ Re ∗ A3 ∗ (f [z])2 ∗ h�� [z] + f [z] ∗ f � [z] ∗ h� [z] = 0;

( )

sol = NDSolve[{eqs1,eqs2,eqs3, f [0] = 0, f � [0] − B1 = 0, g[0] − 1 = 0,

h� [0] + 1∕A4 ∗ 𝛾1 ∗ (1 − h[0]) = 0, f [1] = 0, f � [1] − B2 = 0, g[1] − Ω = 0,
h� [1] + 1∕A4 ∗ 𝛾2 ∗ h[1] = 0}, {f , g, h}, {z, 0, 1}];
p1 = Plot[Evaluate[ f � [z] ∕.sol], {z, 0, 1}, PlotRange → {{0, 1}, {−0.9, 2}},
{ }

PlotStyle → {Blue}, Frame → True,Axes → False]

Table 2  Comparison of skin 𝜙 B1 B2 Ω SWCNTs MWCNTs

friction coefficient (present
result) with Imtiaz et al. [46] Imtiaz et al. [46] Present result Imtiaz et al. [46] Present result
Rer C1 Rer C2 Rer C1 Rer C2 Rer C1 Rer C2 Rer C1 Rer C2

0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 4.0535 4.1084 4.0531 4.1083 4.0554 4.1055 4.0553 4.1055
0.1 0.1 0.5 0.1 2.1194 3.1319 2.1193 3.1328 2.1234 3.1285 2.1231 3.1286
0.1 0.5 0.4 0.1 3.8096 3.6080 3.8096 3.6082 3.8111 3.6056 3.8113 3.6057
0.1 0.5 0.5 0.3 3.9883 4.0397 3.9883 4.0397 3.9901 4.0370 3.9900 4.0373
0.1 0.5 0.5 0.5 3.9416 3.9845 3.9415 3.9847 3.9430 3.9822 3.9432 3.9821

13

nanofluid. The default values of parameters are taken as
Re = 0.9, 𝜙 = 0.2, Pr = 6.2, B1 = 0.7, 𝛾1 = 0.4, B2 = 0.8, 𝛾2
= 0.5, 𝛽 = 0.5, Ω = 0.8 and 𝜆 = 0.2 , until otherwise speci-
fied thereat.
Axial velocity distribution
Figures 2 and 3 are plotted to notice nature of parameters B1
and B2 on axial velocity. Figure 2 indicates that enhancement
in B1 increases the radial velocity near the lower disc but
radial velocity decreases in magnitude near upper disc. Since
B1 corresponds to ratio of stretching rate to angular velocity
of lower disc therefore increment in B1 means increase in
stretching rate of lower disc. So, this phenomenon is noticed.
Figure 2 shows that the parameter B2 has exactly opposite
nature on axial velocity in compare to parameter B1 . It is
clear from the definition of parameter B2 that increase in this
parameter results increase in stretching rate of upper disc.
So, axial velocity increases near upper disc in magnitude and
decrease near lower disc. It is observed from Figs. 2 and 3
that for both cases, i.e. MWCNTs and SWCNTs nanofluid,
the dotted and plane lines are overlapped. It means that in
both cases approximately same phenomenon is observed.
Radial velocity distribution
To notice the influence of parameters B1 , B2 and 𝛽 on radial
velocity, Figs. 4–6 are drawn. Figure 4 shows that radial
velocity near lower disc is exactly opposite than that of
radial velocity near upper disc for parameter B1 . More pre-
cisely, parameter B1 boots the radial velocity up near the
lower disc and it retards radial velocity near upper disc.
Parameter B2 has tendency to decelerate radial velocity near
lower disc and accelerate it near upper disc due to increment
in stretching rate of upper disc. The effect of porous perme-
ability parameter on radial velocity is displayed in Fig. 6. It
is evident here that radial velocity decreases in magnitude
near lower disc and it increases in magnitude near upper disc
due to parameter 𝛽 .
Tangential velocity distribution
The variation of tangential velocity due to parameters 𝛽, Ω
and Re are displayed by Figs. 7–9. It is visible from all these
figures that when porous permeability parameter is low, the
graph for SWCNTs-based fluid is lower than MWCNTs-
based fluid but for higher permeability, this case is reversed.
It means that when permeability parameter is low then tan-
gential velocity of MWCNTs-based fluid are higher than that
of SWCNTs-based fluid. On the other hand, when porous
13
B. Kumar et al.
permeability is high then tangential velocity of SWCNTs-
based fluid are higher than MWCNTs-based fluid. Figure 7
shows that parameter 𝛽 has tendency to increase tangen-
tial velocity. This result has very good agreement with the
result of Hayat et al. [50]. From Fig. 8, it is evident that
parameter Ω increases the tangential velocity. Since rota-
tion parameter is the ratio of angular velocity of upper disc
to angular velocity of lower disc, therefore increment in Ω
corresponds to increase in angular velocity of upper disc.
Hence, this behaviour of parameter Ω on tangential velocity
is observed. The variation of tangential velocity with respect
to parameter Re is displayed by Fig. 9. It is clear from the
expression of Re that parameter Re is directly proportional
to angular velocity of lower disc. Dual nature of parameter
Re is observed on tangential velocity for different values of
porous permeability parameter. Moreover, when porous per-
meability parameter is low ( 𝛽 = 0.1 ), parameter Re retards
the tangential velocity but when permeability parameter is
high ( 𝛽 = 5 ), parameter Re boots tangential velocity up. The
physical justification behind this fact is that as Reynolds
number increases, the inertial effect because of the rota-
tion of lower disc increases and hence this phenomenon is
observed.
Temperature distribution
The temperature distributions for parameters 𝛽  , 𝛾1 , 𝛾2 , 𝜆 , Pr
and Re are demonstrated by Figs. 10 to 15. Figure 10 indi-
cates that temperature is higher near lower disc than that
of upper disc and porous permeability parameter reduces
it significantly. It is visible from Fig. 11 that parameter 𝛾1
has positive tendency for temperature distribution. It means
that increment in 𝛾1 increases temperature profile which is
due to strong convection phenomenon at lower disc. Salient
features of parameter 𝛾2 on thermal field is shown in Fig. 12.
It is noticed here that 𝛾2 shows exactly opposite nature than
that of 𝛾1 on temperature profile. The temperature decay of
fluid with parameter 𝛾2 is found. Influence of parameter 𝜆 on
temperature profile is displayed by Fig. 13. It is clear from
the graph that thermal relaxation parameter has tendency to
decrease the fluid temperature. Increase in thermal relaxa-
tion parameter implies particles need more time to transfer
heat to neighbouring particles and hence the temperature
of the system falls. It is also interesting to note here that
MWCNTs-based nanofluid have higher temperature near
the lower disc than that of SWCNTs-based nanofluid but
near the upper disc this phenomenon get reversed. Figure 14
indicates that parameter Pr enhances the temperature profile.
Since Prandtl number signifies that how fast the thermal dif-
fusion takes place in comparison to momentum diffusion,
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)‑based flow between two spinning discs with porous medium, Cattaneo–…

Table 3  Skin friction coefficient Re B1 B2 Ω 𝛽 Rer C1 (SWCNTs) Rer C1 (MWCNTs) Rer C2 (SWCNTs) Rer C2 (MWCNTs)
at lower and upper discs
0.1 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.5 7.70601 7.70415 8.04304 8.04303
1 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.5 7.86813 7.83441 8.08649 8.07387
0.9 0.1 0.8 0.8 0.5 3.66171 3.62943 6.07741 6.04943
0.9 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.5 6.42655 6.40038 7.41793 7.40094
0.9 0.7 0.1 0.8 0.5 5.48084 5.43467 3.09916 3.09709
0.9 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.5 6.83618 6.7996 5.92429 5.9216
0.9 0.7 0.8 0.1 0.5 8.03007 7.9978 8.19658 8.19512
0.9 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.5 7.90116 7.87075 8.09204 8.08833
0.9 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.1 8.98937 8.75851 8.4119 8.30956
0.9 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.6 7.81073 7.78863 8.08026 8.07119

Pr is the Prandtl number. Re is the Reynolds number. SWCNTs refer to single wall carbon nanotubes and
MWCNTs refer to multi wall carbon nanotubes
Bold value indicates the variation of corresponding parameters while the other parameters are fixed

Table 4  Nusselt numbers at Re 𝜆 Pr 𝛾1 𝛾2 Nu1 (SWCNTs) Nu1 (MWCNTs) Nu2(SWCNTs) Nu2 (MWCNTs)

both disc for various parameters
0.1 0.2 6.2 0.4 0.5 0.213131 0.212429 0.213488 0.212817
1 0.2 6.2 0.4 0.5 0.211804 0.211011 0.215539 0.215048
0.9 0.1 6.2 0.4 0.5 0.211967 0.211185 0.215301 0.21479
0.9 1 6.2 0.4 0.5 0.211891 0.211097 0.215314 0.214807
0.9 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.213123 0.212421 0.213498 0.212827
0.9 0.2 6.2 0.4 0.5 0.211959 0.211175 0.215302 0.214792
0.9 0.2 6.2 0.1 0.5 0.0818471 0.0817301 0.0831382 0.0831298
0.9 0.2 6.2 0.2 0.5 0.138544 0.138209 0.14073 0.140576
0.9 0.2 6.2 0.4 0.1 0.0778568 0.0776855 0.0790849 0.079016
0.9 0.2 6.2 0.4 0.2 0.128779 0.128423 0.130811 0.130622

Pr is the Prandtl number. Re is the Reynolds number. SWCNTs refer to single wall carbon nanotubes and
MWCNTs refer to multi wall carbon nanotubes
Bold value indicates the variation of corresponding parameters while the other parameters are fixed

0.3 0.3
SWCNTs-water SWCNTs-water
0.2 MWCNTs-water 0.2 MWCNTs-water
B2 0.1, 0.5, 1
0.1 0.1
/

0.0 0.0

– 0.1 B1 0.1, 0.5, 1 – 0.1

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Fig. 2  Axial velocity profile for B1

Fig. 3  Axial velocity profile for B2

13
 B. Kumar et al.

2.0 1.0
0.10 0.10
SWCNTs-water 0.8
0.05 0.05
0.00 0.00
1.5 0.05 0.05
MWCNTs-water 0.10 0.10
0.6 0.15 0.15
0.20 0.20
1.0 0.25
0.25
0.70 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.80
0.4 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30
B1 0.1, 0.5, 1
/

0.5

/
0.2 0.1, 0.6, 1.2

0.0 0.0
SWCNTs-water
MWCNTs-water
– 0.2
– 0.5
– 0.4
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Fig. 4  Radial velocity profile for B1 Fig. 6  Radial velocity profile for 𝛽

2.0
SWCNTs-water 1.4
SWCNTs-water
1.5
MWCNTs-water 1.2 0.1, 0.6, 1.2 MWCNTs-water
1.0
1.0
B2 0.1, 0.5, 1
0.8
/

0.5
/

0.6
0.0

0.4
– 0.5
0.2

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Fig. 5  Radial velocity profile for B2

therefore with increment in Prandtl number thermal diffu-
sivity declines and fall in the temperature is noticed. It is
evident from Fig. 15 that the parameter Re also increases
the fluid temperature. The physical justification behind this
result is that the inertial force increases with increment in
parameter Re which boots temperature profile up.
Nusselt number and skin friction coefficient
Tables 3 and 4 are provided to notice the effect of involved
parameters on skin friction and Nusselt number at both discs.
Table 3 suggests that parameters Ω and 𝛽 have tendency
Fig. 7  Tangential velocity profile for 𝛽
to retard skin friction at lower and upper discs but param-
eters Re, B1 and B2 do the vice versa. Table 4 indicates that
parameters 𝛾1 and 𝛾2 increase the Nusselt number at lower
and upper disc. On the other hand, parameters Re, 𝜆 and Pr
reduce the Nusselt number at lower disc and enhance it at
upper disc. It is also interesting to observe from Tables 3 and
4 that the skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number for
MWCNTs-based nanofluid are less than that of SWCNTs-
based nanofluid.

13
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)‑based flow between two spinning discs with porous medium, Cattaneo–…

0.48
1.4 SWCNTs-water SWCNTs-water
MWCNTs-water 0.47
1.2
MWCNTs-water
1.0
0.46 0.1, 0.6, 1.2
0.8
0.45
/

/
0.44 0.440
0.6 0.438
0.436
0.4 0.43 0.434
0.1, 0.5, 1 0.432
0.430
0.2 0.42 0.428
0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
0.0 0.41
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Fig. 8  Tangential velocity profile for Ω Fig. 10  Temperature profiles for 𝛽

2.0 0.5
SWCNTs-water SWCNTs-water

MWCNTs-water 0.4
1.5 MWCNTs-water
Re 0.1, 1, 2, 5,
0.3

1.0
/

0.2

0.5 Re 0.1, 1, 2 , 0.1,

0.1
0.1, 0.15, 0.2

0.0 0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Fig. 9  Tangential velocity profile for Re Fig. 11  Temperature profiles for 𝛾1

13
 B. Kumar et al.

1.2 0.50
SWCNTs-water
0.48
1.0 MWCNTs-water

0.46
0.8
0.44
0.6
/

/
0.42
0.4
Pr 0.7, 6.2, 14.2
0.40
0.2 SWCNTs-water
0.38

0.0 MWCNTs-water
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.36

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Fig. 12  Temperature profiles for 𝛾2

Fig. 14  Temperature profiles for Pr

0.48
SWCNTs-water 0.50
0.470
MWCNTs-water 0.468
0.47 SWCNTs-water
0.466
0.1, 1, 2 0.464 0.48
MWCNTs-water
0.46 0.462
0.460
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.46
/

0.45
/

0.44
0.44

Re 0.1, 1, 2
0.42
0.43
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0.40
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Fig. 13  Temperature profiles for 𝜆

Fig. 15  Temperature profiles for Re

13
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)‑based flow between two spinning discs with porous medium, Cattaneo–…
Conclusions
The works [51–53] have investigated the flow and heat trans-
fer of nano-encapsulated phase change materials, which are
a new type of hybrid nanofluids. The nano-particles in such
suspensions can undergo phase change and absorb/release
thermal energy in the form of latent heat, and can be subject
of future studies in the present geometry. Some important
outcomes of the present investigation are summarized below:
• Parameter B1 increases the radial velocity near the
lower disc but decreases it in magnitude near upper
disc. The parameter B2 has exactly opposite nature on
axial velocity in comparison to parameter B1.
• Parameter B1 has tendency to enhance radial veloc-
ity near the lower disc and reduce it near upper disc.
Parameter B2 decelerates radial velocity near lower disc
and accelerates it near upper disc.
• With increment in parameter 𝛽 and Ω , tangential veloc-
ity increases rapidly. Moreover, when porous perme-
ability parameter is low ( 𝛽 = 0.1 ), parameter Re retards
the tangential velocity but when porous permeability
parameter is high ( 𝛽 = 5 ), parameter Re boots tangen-
tial velocity up.
• Prameters Re, Pr and 𝛾1 enhance the temperature of
fluid but parameters 𝛽  , 𝜆 and 𝛾2 reduce it significantly.
• The Nusselt number and skin friction coefficient for
SWCNTs-based nanofluid are higher than that of MWC-
NTs-based nanofluid at both discs.
Acknowledgements  One of the authors Mr. Bhuvaneshvar Kumar is
highly thankful to Ms. Prachi Chauhan for inspiring him to carry out
this research work.
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