Name: TORRES, YHANCIE MAE R.

Section: A5
Chapter No.: 9

 What is primary data?

Primary data is the exact opposite of secondary data since this type of data was introduced,
originated, and produced by researchers themselves. First-hand accounts are the primary data.
The researcher, by himself, compiled them. He must ensure that the data needed for the analysis
is usable and available while conducting research. One of the basic factors to consider in
choosing a research project, as stated in the previous chapters, is that the project must be
'researchable' or must be feasible in technical terms. If the data required for the analysis is
unavailable or inaccessible, a researcher cannot perform a study. When he starts to consider the
data forms, it is recommended that he take into account the paradigm of the analysis method and
take a second look. The model of the research process illustrates how the researcher makes the
final decision about the details. These are first-hand sources of documentation or proof that the
researcher produces and/or gathers on his own Initial sources are another term for primary
sources. The researcher of an event, object, or individual is unfiltered and directly sourced from
primary sources. Original knowledge and findings of whatever the researcher discovers are given
by this type of source.

 What is secondary data?

Secondary sources generate secondary knowledge. This data was already available and
provided by other researchers. Researchers use secondary data to relieve themselves of the
production of their own data for convenience. A primary source is also used to formulate
secondary data. In doing a research project, one of the key things to remember is that the project
should be researchable. It is not possible to start a project if the data necessary is neither
available nor unavailable. For researchers, if the primary data is unavailable and/or inaccessible,
secondary data is especially relevant. are mostly second-hand accounts of an incident. They are
constructed from the main source and are often written about the main source. It does not offer
details that are exact or original. The secondary data is provided by the researcher who did not
personally either witness or experience a phenomenon. From the testimonies of other individuals
who actually witnessed the phenomenon, the researcher just compiled an account. References
derived from primary sources are secondary sources. Sometimes, they are influenced by the
view and viewpoint of the researcher. Researchers give their comments, evaluate actions, and
interpret the primary sources or discuss them. For a general audience, secondary sources are
written. This includes the description, history, and importance of the study-related topic, as well
as the overview of major studies.

 What are the key differences between primary data against secondary data?

Primary sources refer to first-hand sources of documentation or proof that the researcher
produces and/or gathers on his own Initial sources are another term for primary sources. The
researcher of an event, object, or individual is unfiltered and directly sourced from primary
sources. Original knowledge and findings of whatever the researcher discovers are given by this
type of source. In addition, the researcher who reads primary sources is required to have
experience or basic knowledge of the subject or discipline, as primary sources often do not
include information that illustrates or extend theoretical concepts and terminologies in depth. As
can be observed, almost every artifact is the primary source. The only condition is that a certain
phenomenon must be an initial account of it. Secondary sources, on the other hand, are mostly
second-hand accounts of an incident. They are constructed from the main source and are often
written about the main source. It does not offer details that are exact or original. The secondary
data is provided by the researcher who did not personally either witness or experience a
phenomenon. From the testimonies of other individuals who actually witnessed the phenomenon,
the researcher just compiled an account. References derived from primary sources are secondary
sources. Sometimes, they are influenced by the view and viewpoint of the researcher.
Researchers give their comments, evaluate actions, and interpret the primary sources or discuss
them. For a general audience, secondary sources are written. This includes the description,
history, and importance of the study-related topic, as well as the overview of major studies.

 Enumerate and define at least three examples of primary data.

 An Archive is an assortment of authentic reports or the actual office wherein they are put
away, in any media. Documents give essential source records that have gathered over the life
expectancy of an individual or association and are held to delineate the part of that individual
or association. Compositions allude to Holographs and typescripts, just as PC documents,
that portrayed as any unique, composed materials that are made as novel items. Material from
compositions is efficiently sought after and obtained. These materials help and supplement
different assortments kept by the Library, generally.

 A film, otherwise called a film, movie, or moving picture, is a type of visual workmanship
used with the utilization of moving pictures to reenact encounters that pass on ideas, stories,
musings, feelings, magnificence, or climate. When all is said in done, these pictures are
joined by sound and, all the more once in a while, by other tactile boosts. "Cinema" is
likewise used to allude to filmmaking and the entertainment world, and to the work of art that
rises out of it, short for cinematography.

 History alludes to the examination of the past. Ancient times is known to be occasions
occurring before the creation of composing frameworks. "History" is an umbrella term that
alludes to past occasions and to the memory, revelation, accumulation, association,
introduction, and comprehension of information about these occasions. Consequently, a
Legal document is a legitimate chronicled term for most any officially executed composed
record which might be officially credited to its creator, reports, and officially imparts a
lawfully enforceable act, technique, or authoritative commitment, obligation, or right, along
these lines showing the demonstration, cycle, or understanding.

 Enumerate and define at least three examples of secondary data.

 An Abstract characterizes a bigger work as an independent, brief, and incredible contention.
Segments shift by discipline. The degree, goal, results, and substance of the work might be
found in a theoretical of sociology or logical work. A theoretical isn't an investigation, nor
does it examine the preoccupied work. In spite of the fact that it incorporates key terms
utilized in the bigger work, the theoretical is certifiably not an excerpted section however a
unique content.
 A Bibliography is a rundown of the multitude of references you have utilized (if referred to)
over the span of investigating your work. A book index ought to generally include: the names
of the writers; the name of the works or manual; the demographic of the organizations that
have circulated your duplicates of the sources;; and the page quantities of your sources in the
event that they are essential for the multi-source volumes.

 Scholarly books share some common traits are shared by, whether written by one author or
contributed to by several writers. Experts—researchers, professionals, teachers, and other
scholars—write them to present research, examine patterns, and otherwise interact in the
same area with their peers.

 Discuss extensively on how to evaluate the quality of a secondary data.

It is important to provide enough evidence in any research project to back up the results or
claims. It is also necessary to ensure that all the information is accurate and useful. The
authenticity of secondary data depends on the credibility of the site/organization that hosts the
location where your data was taken. The credibility of the site can be assessed by assessing the
following: date, location, manner of publication; time and place of data collection; purpose of
data collection; method and analysis of data collection; results from the data collected;
conclusions drawn from the findings; and importance and use of the data for the study of the
researcher. It is also important to know if the information he has obtained would relate to his
research project, since it is possible for him to create a project based solely on the available data.
It is likely that a data stream could be provided to the researcher. This data is from a single
source.

 Discuss extensively on how to assess the validity and credibility of a secondary data.

The following issues should be taken into consideration before using secondary data:

 The sheer volume of available data. Since the data source is large, particularly on the
internet, there is a high likelihood of getting too much information available, which will be
 difficult for the researcher to manage. The researcher must therefore select which of the
available data is strictly appropriate for analysis.
 Inappropriate data. Primary and secondary sources are equally important in science. In
certain instances, where primary data is not available, researchers use secondary sources. The
data given by the secondary source, however, is not exactly the data required by the
investigator. The researcher should make sure he knows the details he chooses so that the
data set can be structured easily.
 The validity of the source of the data and reliability. The researcher should ensure that
the source should be legitimate and accurate, even if it is secondary. In a research project,
validity implies that the data is reliable and justifiable. He should analyze how the
information was obtained and whether it is the latest on the topic being examined.
 Other problems. Other possible problems, such as legal, political, geopolitical, ethnic, class,
and even gender issues, may also occur here. The study settings should be taken into account
since there are locations where there is a specific issue that affects those locations, but it is
not a concern for other locations. To prevent confrontation, the investigator should be
conscious of this. The Scientist's

 Whenever the primary data is not available, clarify the importance of the secondary
source.

In a research analysis, primary and secondary sources are equally important. If the primary
sources are either unavailable to the investigator or it will take a lot of effort, time, and resources
to access the primary sources, secondary sources may be most useful in carrying out the research
project in this situation. Via secondary sources, researchers have access to as many secondary
sources as possible. Before using them, however, secondary sources should be evaluated. The
researcher should verify the data's utility, validity, and reliability. Data should also be
manageable and no legal breaches should be committed. The researcher should know its meaning
and use it for his own research project in order to analyze the secondary data, then must check
the reputation of the publisher and the authorship.

 What are the guidelines and proper ethical rules before using secondary data?
 The researcher should also be critical of other data problems. In the methods, ethical and
political fields of data, there can be problems. Ethnocentrism offers an example of a problem. It
is some people's conviction about the supremacy of their own party. They see why other classes
are smaller than them. Sometimes, several other concerns are related to legal and moral rights.
Likely, Data should also be manageable and no legal breaches should be committed. The
researcher should know its meaning and use it for his own research project in order to analyze
the secondary data, then must check the reputation of the publisher and the authorship.

 If you are to choose on what to use between primary data or secondary data, what will it
be? Explain.

Personally, I would prefer using Primary sources when doing research. The primary
sources are original and come from the case to which they relate. They are not analyses, reports,
or criticisms of incidents that took place in the past. These are first-hand descriptions. See this
article about primary sources for a more detailed explanation of what a primary source is, where
you can find them, and why you need to use them. Similarly, using key source references in your
analysis suggests that you are indeed going back to the origins. Without being able to teleport
across time and space, you are looking at the incident or object as it occurred. A primary source
is important because it will allow you to make an event or object decision of your own. A
primary source will assist you in evaluating a secondary source - you can find parts of it that are
rejected or washed over by the author in their discussion.
Name: TORRES, YHANCIE MAE R.
Section: A5
Chapter No.: 10

 Name the three different kinds of observation. Briefly explain each.

 Non-participant or Naturalistic Observation-As plain as the name implies, this method is

typically performed in the observation of human or animal activity. It occurs in the natural
world, such as weather, a location, or the participants' daily environment. The researcher
does not interact in any way with the study subjects in a non-participant observation. This
type of strategy is used for naturalistic observation from time to time. There is small
cooperation between the individual who watches and the general public. For instance, some
data can be subtly gathered simply by looking at it. In fact, even though it would take him a
lot of his time just to record and collect data, the researcher usually strives to complete the
activity.

 Participant Observation-This type of observation takes place when the research is

conducted from the point of view of those interested in what is being studied. In what is
being examined and investigated, the researcher basically takes the stance and some
behavior, hence the name participant observation. Information or data collected from the
subject actively engaging in the research activities shall be registered and that information
shall constitute the data collected.

 Covert observation-This kind of observation is kind of like a secret, as the name implies.
Because the other two kinds of observation are carried out in an apparent way, covert
observation is concealed. The researcher is undercover and his true character and goal are
concealed. The subject under review is not generally aware of or has been told that they are
being monitored or what their observation is intended for. Sometimes, without understanding
 their acts or behaviors are under close observation, they are only studied in secret. However,
this sort of insight can lead to some ethical problems.

 Describe what you think are the strength and weaknesses of adopting observational
methods in a research project.

The advantage of participant observation or using observational methods in a research

project is that it gives the participants a better understanding. Likely, in adopting the
observational methods, the subtleties of how people speak and behave together are studied by
researchers who work a lot on how participants interact often. A remedy for non-participant
observation could be the use of video recording, sound recording, and other modern recording
devices. This provides the researcher with a clear personal view of the participant's body
language, voice formations, gestures, and even annoyances. While the disadvantages are that the
time and security to document the observations can be hard to get. In addition, the researcher
may prove to be "too close" and lose objectivity, leading to predisposition and bias.

 How can audio and video recordings be useful in your research?

The observer is not a participating eyewitness, and recording with the use of a video camera
or audio recorder is allowed in the event that a participant may not escape being seen in a closed
area, so this information recording method might be acceptable (a common example is doctor-
patient experiences). A setting would primarily rely on what is acceptable in that environment by
video recording. However, there are a few things to remember:

1. The expense of the researcher is handled by sound and video accounts by interpreting what
happens in an environment and reproducing it again and again. In the investigative process, this
can be highly helpful.

2. Decisions on how to record observational information are primarily based on the exploration
application's focal point and the analytical methods proposed.
3. In the light of the fact that two people (observer and participant) have access only to verbal
correspondence, the sound recording of a telephone counseling session bodes well.

4. If the researcher's aim is to see how people continue to work together and it is possible to see
the general population referred to, then video recording may be recommended. This is the
product of the essential role bodily activity plays in our social strategies. The observer cannot
fully understand what is going on without such visual data (for example, doctor-patient
experiences). In addition, the subtleties of this action in the field notes would be difficult to
understand.

 In naturalistic, nonparticipant observation, how does the researcher perform an

observation without the knowledge of the participants?

The researcher does not interact in any way with the study subjects in a non-participant
observation. This type of strategy is used for naturalistic observation from time to time. There is
small cooperation between the individual who watches and the general public. For instance,
some data can be subtly gathered simply by looking at it. A solution for non-participant
observation could be the use of video recording, sound recording, and other modern recording
devices. This provides the researcher with a clear personal view of the participant's body
language, voice formations, gestures, and even annoyances.

 Which type of observational method would a researcher use if wanting to study the
behaviors of a cult or gang?

Non-participant or Naturalistic Observation wherein the benefit of this type of strategy is

its environmental validity, while the limitations of this approach are expressed in the
observations, most of which are conducted on a small scale with inadequate duration. As a
consequence, the participants may not even be an example of the larger population and
representation. In other experiments, this approach is increasingly difficult to reproduce. A
limited interpretation of the significance of the social context one is speaking about can be
generated by non-participant observation. A researcher can use non-participant observation to
reflect on the behavior of a cult or a gang.
 A sleep study would be an example of what kind of observation.

Under Controlled conditions, this type of observation strategy is performed in a research

facility or laboratory. This is typically the case in a clinical sense where sleep studies on trauma
victims are performed by a specialist such as an observer to examine the effect of horrific
injuries on behaviors and sleep patterns.

 Which has more flexibility, naturalistic or laboratory observation?

Laboratory observation is more flexible as the researcher will explain the motivation
behind the test and the participants will know they are being examined, monitored findings are
apparent. To look at the contrasts between the individual responses, each sample is viewed as a
comparison of a promotion. The benefit of this form of technique is that the test is repeatable and
reliability can thus be examined. Such tests are reliably truthful and can satisfy even a larger
example calculation. The collected data is regularly coded to be of a numerical type that takes
into account a less tedious data investigation. Thus, Naturalistic is less flexible because in these
kinds of observations, as none of the variables are manipulated, there is said to be very little
influence. This lack of control will make it incredibly difficult to reproduce.

 How do you define the term covert observation? Are there any possible ethical issues
concerning this method?

This kind of observation is kind of like a secret, as the name implies. Because the other
two kinds of observation are carried out in an apparent way, covert observation is concealed. The
researcher is undercover and his true character and goal are concealed. The subject under review
is not generally aware of or has been told that they are being monitored or what their observation
is intended for. Sometimes, without understanding their acts or behaviors are under close
observation, they are only studied in secret. However, this sort of insight can lead to some ethical
problems.

 Discuss one potential impediment that could not provide performance by observation.
 Since the observation operation causes the respondent to be specifically exposed, the data
collection technique may be linked to problems relating to some ethical concerns. In handling
such an operation against a person or sample group members, the researcher must follow a strict
moral decorum. Without adverse effects, the output as expressed by the respondents should be
accounted for. When this occurs, the intervention of a trained counselor should be sought for any
problems that could impact the moral values of the samples. Before the advisor's approval, each
phase of the observation process must be reviewed and evaluated.

 Discuss in a research project the importance of observation.

Research observation is defined as the technique of scrutinizing and transcribing the

respondents' behaviors and practices. It is possible to take said respondents from a sampled
group of participants from a selected population. It has similarities to a formal system of
observation, which means that the procedures used in observation are rational and can be
repeated. In any type of observational analysis, the purpose of using such methods of review
could be duplicated. As the word shows, "observational" approaches are all about observing an
object or the respondents - the participants - in a very formal description. Without subjecting the
participants to a test or exam, the observations are carried out. To affect the participants, there
are no pre-conditions and control factors to be set to the point of changing the environment.
Basically, viewers use the bulk of their consciousness, reasoning, sound judgment, and common
sense to watch what typically happens to the participants