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Chapter One 1.1 Background of The Study
Chapter One 1.1 Background of The Study
Chapter One 1.1 Background of The Study
INTRODUCTION
and lakes in a particular drainage basin, used for taking away waste water from
the surrounding and discharging it into an existing natural water way. (Ramsey
reduces flood damage by carrying water away. And all the components that
The drainage typically means the control of falling water to move away from
Drainage system issues usually occur because of ponding or standing water that
does not go away and forms puddles around the school premise. A lot of the
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1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Since the existence of the University for over eight years now, many
development of the University, drainage facilities were not properly taken care
becomes very necessary that the existing drainage must be improved to ensure
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1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
7. To carryout analysis of the drainage system with the view to identifying it’s
problems
This project is to cover the whole area of Taraba State University (Main
Campus) Jalingo. It is intended to show the relief map of the university and it’s
drainage network.
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1.6 THE STUDY AREA
The study area is Taraba State University (Main Camus) Jalingo. The
University is bounded to the West by the Bali - Jalingo Road off Wukari –
Jalingo Federal Highway, and to the North by Unguwan Kofia (ATC), and to
the East by the Children Amusement Park and to the South by the Collage of
Agriculture.
It has an estimated area of 195.29 hectares and the study area lies between
´00˝N﴿.
The location area of the project site can be seen in road map of the University.
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ROAD MAP OF TARABA STATE UNIVERSITY (MAIN CAMPUS)
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SATELLITE IMAGE OF TARABA STATE UNIVERSITY
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
pattern of an area is the outcome of or depends upon the geology of the area,
nature and structure of rocks, topography slope and amount of water flowing
pipes and fittings including inspection chambers, traps, gullies etc. used for the
drainage of one building and the yards and outhouses of one property (Ramsey,
1971).
Basically there are two categories of drainages. These are urban storm
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ii. Land drainage:
This is a system of removing excess surface water below the root zone to
1. Surface drains
2. Subsurface drains.
Surface drains, as the name suggests, will remove water from the ground
surface prior to infiltration and can also prevent excess water from the
flowing on to an area. In short it collect water from the ground surface and
1. Contour, Swale or Movable drains; Here the surface of the drains vary from
2. Dish drains; these are drains constructed of hard units or sections laid to a
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2.0.5 Subsurface drains
The main force which influences the movement of water through the soil is
gravity. The main aim of subsurface drainage is to help this water movement.
Subsurface drainage can also provide a path for water to leave the soil profile
Water must be able to move through the soil and into a drain and off the site.
This means that drains should be constructed so that they can transport water to
Both of this drainage system is very specific in both way the assist drainage
Surface drain will remove above ground water that has not, or will not
Subsurface drain will remove excess water that exists on the soil profile.
In Nigeria, except for Abuja and some first generation Universities, there is no
settlements. Runoffs flow into open drains with or without cover slaps and
stabilized earth ditches, while waste water (without night soil) from households
and commercial centers are discharged into the open drains, In affluent sections
of cost cities and towns, waste water is discharged into individual treatment
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systems like septic tanks and soak ways. Wastewater from commercial and
stabilizations ponds.
into the environment without treatment. This creates insanity conditions, with
household cesspools as common sights, emitting low level odour that foul the
The major source of data for the construction of drainage and analysis of
its pattern is the relief data of the area concerned. This can be obtained on
topographical maps.
maps in that they show both the horizontal and vertical position of the
and other graphic representation, topographic map portray the shapes and
location of mountains, forests, rivers, lakes, cities, roads, bridges, and many
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They also contain valuable reference information for surveyors and map
(www.sarware.com/maps).
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CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
This chapter gives a detail account of the methods and principles used in
acquiring data for the production of digital topographical map of Taraba State
University, Jalingo. Such a map can serve as the basis of drainages analysis.
The instruments used for data collection and processing are discussed as well
3.1 INSTRUMENTATION
i. Computer system
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iv. Google Earth pro 7.2
3.3 Reconnaissance
about the area to be surveyed prior to planning the methods and techniques to
The existing map of the project area was obtained and studied minutely.
The road network was identified and was used as a guide to defining the main
drainage framework.
Using the data obtained from the existing map, general site investigation
was carried out so as to ascertain the exact positions or locations of the existing
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drainages. The corner points that forms the boundary of the entire university
the drainage locations was produced and the drainage were assigned numbers
for easy coordination and proper execution of field work during data
acquisition.
i. Boundary Survey
(TS09 model) and hand held GPS [etrex 10 model]. The parameter
survey starting from the main gate clock wisely and closing back at the
starting point.
A total number of six points were observed (TPI-TP6), and the (E,N,H) co-
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3.7 Global Positioning System (GPS)
The word system is a pointer to the fact that there is more than one component
There are 32 satellites available, but only 24 satellites are put into the
orbit, the other ones are received for replacement, but 24 satellites work
The satellites are lunched into orbit by the U.S Defense, for security
purpose, the platform is best known to them. At any time, at least 4 of these
satellite are above the horizon which means that your receiver can locate your
exact position on the earth surface using data gathered from positions of
Earlier generation of GPS equipments were not precise. Thus, their uses
was limited to navigation and operations which does not require height in the
equipment, it has generated interest in it’s being used for the provision of
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compiled. In this case a higher standard of Auto CAD called Auto CAD map
are used for digitizing. It’s use in this respect to over come the constraining
factor usually faced in the normal survey operation. The GPS equipment is
Drainage network was observed critically and the drainage lines were
numbered.
booked with the aid of a handheld GPS. The coordinates of the beginning
and end points on the drainage as well as the coordinates of all the running
points between the two extremes; thus the horizontal alignment was
For the purpose of this operation, there must be a reference point of known
measuring spot heights in the field but they are basically classified into two
The use was made of the GPS equipment to measure the three
coverage of the entire area under study. This is done to facilitate contour
generations which is a basic tool in studying the relief pattern of the study area.
Data Computation
data obtained from the field, so as to facilitate data presentation and analysis.
a. Computation of slope
c. Area computation
Computation of slopes
This operation is performed after plotting the profile of drain in order to get the
gradient of the drainage and compute the proposed invert levels of the drains.
Slope = Dh/L
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Where Dh = difference in elevation between two points
coordinates. Since the coordinates are obtained directly from the field by
distance between points along the boundary lines of the project site. The
procedure is as follows;
DN = N2-N1
DE = E2-E1
S = (DN²+DE²)
Where
N1 = Northing of points 1
N2 = northing of points 2
E1 = Easting of points 1
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E2 = Easting of points 2
Creation of Folder
A folder is a storage unit created in the computer memory for storing related
files and subfolders, the procedure of creating a folder and sub folder is:
- Click on file
- Select new
- Click on folder
Make sure that the new related folder or the one you want to create a sub folder
into it is opened. By using the procedure of getting into the window explorer;
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- Click on file
- Select new
- Click on folder
Layer Creation
into points, line, poly line, and polygon layer. The process of creating the
layers is as follows
- Type layer command or click format, press enter. Layer box will appear
- Click on new
- Click color (to select color type) from the line type, different color will
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- Click on current
Plotting of Details
After creating a folder and the layers necessary for plotting the details into
respective layers.
iii. The drainage layer is also plotted by inputting the coordinates taken
iv. The contour layer was plotted by inputting coordinates of the spot
It is however important to note that the above work was done using several
software and imported into another software. For example, exporting data
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from AutoCAD 2000i/2010, overlay drawing and importing it into Arc GIS
And this process is required for final cartographic production or for use in
1. Data Export
another through the extension menu that the software understand and in
this case the extensions used is data exchange format (dxf). To achieve
- In the export window of Auto CAD 2010/2000i, select “dxf” and type
2. Data Import
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- Click add new item and a window appeared. In the window that
appeared, the location of export file can be accessed and file icon is
Generation of Contours
Contour lines are those lines joining points of equal elevations above a given
To generate contours, Arc GIS.2 was used and the contours were generated
(x,y,z) coordinates of the study area was stored in a spread sheet of SURFER
9.0 in the order of x,y,z, columns respectively. This was converted into grids.
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.1.4 Spot-height
Drainage pattern analysis data are gathered, sorted and processed through
All the maps listed above and the data acquired for this
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GEOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF EXISTING DRAINAGE
GEOMETRIC
ACTIVE
D 1200 1.00 0.75 0.02% ACTIVE
ACTIVE
G 350 1.00 0.75 0.07% ACTIVE
H 200 1.00 0.75 0.12% NOT SILTED
ACTIVE
I 500 1.00 0.75 0.05% ACTIVE
J 150 1.00 0.75 0.16% ACTIVE
GEOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF EXISTING DRAINAGE
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CALCULATION OF THE ANALYSIS
Length
Width
Depth
width−depth
Formula for calculating slope percentage length
∗100
Length= 1600m
Width= 1.5m
Depth= 1.2m
=0.3m
Slope= HV/HE*100
=0.3/1600*100
0.3/16*1
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=0.187
=0.02%m
Length= 1200m
Width= 1.5m
Depth= 1.2m
Slope= HV/HE*100
=0.3/1200*100
1/12*1
=0.025
=0.03%m
Length= 1200m
Width= 1.00m
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Depth= 0.75m
=0.25m
Slope= HV/HE*100
=0.25/1200*100
0.25/12*1
=0.02%
Length= 1200m
Width= 1.00m
Depth= 0.75m
=0.25m
Slope= HV/HE*100
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=0.25/1200*100
0.25/12*1
=0.02%
Length= 1000m
Width= 1.00m
Depth= 0.75m
=0.25m
Slope= HV/HE*100
=0.25/1000*100
0.25/10*1
=0.025%
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Slope analysis of drain F
Length= 400m
Width= 1.00m
Depth= 0.75m
=0.25m
Slope= HV/HE*100
=0.25/400*100
0.25/4*1
=0.06%
Length= 350m
Width= 1.00m
Depth= 0.75m
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Vertical elevation =1.00-0.75
=0.25m
Slope= HV/HE*100
=0.25/350*100
0.25/3.5*1
=0.07%
Length= 200m
Width= 1.00m
Depth= 0.75m
=0.25m
Slope= HV/HE*100
=0.25/200*100
0.25/2*1
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=0.12%
Length= 500m
Width= 1.00m
=0.25m
Slope= HV/HE*100
=0.25/500*100
0.25/5*1
=0.05%
Length= 150m
Width= 1.00m
Depth= 0.75m
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Vertical elevation =1.00-0.75
=0.25m
Slope= HV/HE*100
=0.25/150*100
0.25/15*10
=0.16%
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PROPOSED DRAINAGE
GEOMETRIC
NO OF LOCATION
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DRAIN
A DrainA, is the main drain which is located outside the school along
Bali Jalingo road. It collects all the water from drainage B,H, I, J
and part of E then discharge to the main stream that goes to the
river.
B Drain B control the water that flow from the female hostel and
passing through staff quarters which connect to drain H, I, J and
link to drain A.
C Drain c is in the centre of the university which receive water from
part 0f drain E and dispatches to drains H and G.
D Drain D dispatches water to drain E and F.
CHAPTER FIVE
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This project has studied the existing drainage system of Taraba State
(1). Boundary survey of the entire study area was obtained by the use of Total
station and etrex 10 hand held GPS hence the three dimensional co-ordinates
(2). Horizontal alignment of the drainage lines was established using Total
Station by obtaining the co-ordinates of the end points and all turning points
(3). Elevations of points at an interval of 25m along the drain lines was
(4). Sport height were densified within the study area by means of Total Station
(5). The field data obtained was imputed into the computer and processed using
application soft wares, such products include the topographical map showing
all the drainages and the relief pattern as well as the digital terrain model.
The existing drainages were plotted and proposal was made with the view to
5.2 CONCLUSION
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The main aim of the project task is a topographical map showing the existing
and proposed drainages. This task was accomplished successfully. As for the
Finally to sum it all the aim of this projects was successfully achieved.
5.3 RECOMMENDATION
There is a need for the construction of the proposed drainages in addition to the
existing drainage lines, most of which are earth drains. I will also like to
There is also need for the University Authority to embrace the existing built
1. Drain C and D should be extended to the main fence and an out let
should be provided such that the water is discharged into the main
2. Out let channels should be constructed to collect water from drain G and
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Finally there is a need for the University authority to be implementing
University.
REFERENCES
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George winter (1986). Design of concrete structure, international edition.
Obando M.O (1981). Block laying and concreting, longman crumb limited,
UK.
Ramsey, J.P Wilson (1971) Land surveying, Mc Donald and evens limited,
Great Britain.
streetscene@torfaen.gov.uk
www.wikipedia.com
The Guardian Friday, 13 July 2009
APPENDICES
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