electronics
Article
An Active/Reactive Power Control Strategy for Renewable
Generation Systems
Iván Andrade 1, *, Rubén Pena 2 , Ramón Blasco-Gimenez 3 , Javier Riedemann 4 , Werner Jara 5
and Cristián Pesce 6,7






Citation: Andrade, I.; Pena, R.;
Blasco-Gimenez, R.; Riedemann, J.;
Jara, W.; Pesce, C. An
Active/Reactive Power Control
Strategy for Renewable Generation
Systems. Electronics 2021, 10, 1061.
https://doi.org/10.3390/
electronics10091061
Academic Editor: Hamid Reza Karimi
Received: 8 March 2021
Accepted: 22 April 2021
Published: 29 April 2021
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional affil-
iations.
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
Electronics 2021, 10, 1061. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10091061
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas 6210427, Chile
2 Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; rupena@udec.cl
3 Institute of Automatics and Industrial Informatics, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
rblasco@upv.es
4 Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK;
j.riedemann@sheffield.ac.uk
5 School of Electrical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2362804, Chile;
werner.jara@pucv.cl
6 Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco 4790000, Chile;
cristian.pesce@ufrontera.cl
7 Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
* Correspondence: ivan.andrade@umag.cl
Abstract: The development of distributed generation, mainly based on renewable energies, requires
the design of control strategies to allow the regulation of electrical variables, such as power, voltage
(V), and frequency (f), and the coordination of multiple generation units in microgrids or islanded
systems. This paper presents a strategy to control the active and reactive power flow in the Point of
Common Connection (PCC) of a renewable generation system operating in islanded mode. Voltage
Source Converters (VSCs) are connected between individual generation units and the PCC to control
the voltage and frequency. The voltage and frequency reference values are obtained from the P–V
and Q–f droop characteristics curves, where P and Q are the active and reactive power supplied
to the load, respectively. Proportional–Integral (PI) controllers process the voltage and frequency
errors and set the reference currents (in the dq frame) to be imposed by each VSC. Simulation results
considering high-power solar and wind generation systems are presented to validate the proposed
control strategy.
Keywords: power control; power conversion; reactive power control; renewable energy sources
1. Introduction
The increased world population and environmental contamination, together with the
reduction in reserves of fossil-based fuels, have made renewable energy sources the most
attractive alternative for electrical energy generation in the last decade [1]. In particular,
the cost of wind and solar generation has presented a fast decrease in the last several years.
Driven by economic and technical incentives, the global installed solar and wind power
capacity reached about 680 Gigawatts (GW) and 660 GW, respectively, in 2020, as compared
to 6 GW and 74 GW in 2006 [1–3]. Due to the discontinuous and unregulated nature of
wind and solar energy, electronic converters are used to interface the generation to the load
or the utility grid, creating distributed generation units [4,5]. Moreover, the operation of
the power converters must be controlled with the aim to regulate any desired electrical
variable of the system. In the literature, several strategies have been proposed to address
the control of power systems containing renewable energy sources [6–12].
A control scheme using a line-commutated high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) link
with a rectifier current regulator was proposed in [7]. The aim was to simultaneously
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/electronics
Electronics 2021, 10, 1061 2 of 19

perform both power-fluctuation mitigation and damping improvement of four parallel-

operated offshore wind farms delivering generated power to a large utility grid. In [8], an
active power control strategy for a VSC-HVDC-linked islanded wind farm was proposed.
The strategy is based on standard vector control to regulate the output currents. A more
complex approach for a similar system was presented in [9], where active and reactive
power could be controlled independently. The parallel operation of two VSC-HVDC links
interconnecting an offshore wind farm was presented in [10]. A control system using PI
controllers to regulate the converters’ output currents was proposed. The current references
were produced by an outer control loop intended to regulate the voltage and frequency.
A strategy based on Model Predictive Control (MPC) for a VSC-HVDC-connected wind
farm was proposed in [11]. The MPC block generates voltage and active/reactive power
references. The aim of the strategy was to reduce the system power losses. In [12], a
frequency control scheme for islanded systems considering on-site conventional generation
and external AC interconnectors was proposed. The Power Synchronization Control (PSC)
concept was applied, and an inertia emulator was implemented. On the other hand,
regarding the application of statism curves (droop control) in the control of power systems,
different methods have also been suggested in the literature for controlling voltage and
frequency [13–23].
In [13], P–f droop control of a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system was presented.
The strategy aimed to support grid frequency regulation in two different forms: a slow
load frequency controller and a fast controller contributing to the inertial response of
synchronous generators. The work in [14] proposed a control strategy for voltage source
inverters with the capability to operate in grid-connected and islanded modes. The control
scheme is based on a droop method, and the inverter can inject active and reactive power
to the grid independently. A variable droop gain control scheme that seeks to mitigate
voltage fluctuations at the PCC of a wind generator plant was presented in [15]. Droop
gain of the voltage controller is adaptively adjusted such that the converters can contribute
more to PCC voltage regulation. In [16], a generalized droop control was proposed for a
grid-supporting inverter, based on a comparison between traditional droop control and
virtual synchronous generator control. In [17,18], voltage and frequency droop control of
parallel inverters in a microgrid was presented. The aim of the control was to share the
load whilst maintaining the voltage and frequency stability. In [19], an approach based on
coordinating the droop controls between a grid-connected variable speed wind turbine
and an energy storage system to support the primary frequency control in power systems
was presented. The article [20] analyzed droop and reverse droop control strategies for
distributed generation. In [21], a modified droop characteristic was proposed for sharing
power among VSIs operating in parallel. The modification consists of a proposed nonlinear
droop curve to provide different effective droop gradients upon loading conditions. A
dq–voltage droop control for accurate power sharing between distributed generators was
shown in [22]. A secondary voltage control was proposed to support the dynamic operation
of droop control. In [23], a stability analysis of two parallel converters with voltage–current
droop control was carried out.
In this paper, a power control strategy suitable for variable energy generation systems
is presented. The strategy comprises an outer droop-based (statism) active/reactive power
controller, followed by an intermediate decoupled voltage and frequency control loop, and,
finally, an inner dq reference frame current control loop is highlighted as an important
contribution of this work, differing from previous similar approaches. The generation
topology depicted in Figure 1 is considered, where the statism curves are implemented
in every individual generator. The output of the statism curves provides references for
voltage and frequency control loops. The aim is to distribute the load of the system between
the different generation units. The presented strategy has so-called inverse statism; this
is, the characteristic curves are P–V and Q–f (instead of P–f and Q–V as in conventional
statism). The reason for this is in the proposed system modelling that directly relates active
power with the PCC voltage and reactive power with the PCC frequency. The work is an
Electronics 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW

Electronics 2021, 10, 1061 3 of 19

conventional statism). The reason for this is in the proposed system modelling
rectly relates active power with the PCC voltage and reactive power with the P
quency. of
extension The work
[24], is an
and the extension
control strategyofis [24], andvia
validated thesimulations
control strategy is validated
of high-power PV via
tions
and of energy
wind high-power PV systems,
generation and wind energythree
considering generation systems,
power inverters andconsidering
an HVDC thre
inverters
link andtheangeneration
to connect HVDC linkto thetogrid.
connect the generation to the grid.

Figure
Figure 1. 1.
TheThe proposed
proposed topology.
topology.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 shows the mathematical model
The restSection
of the system. of the3paper is organized
describes in detail the as follows.
control Section
strategy 2 shows
proposed in thisthe mathematic
work. In
of the 4,system.
Section Section
the obtained 3 describes
simulation in presented
results are detail theandcontrol strategy
analyzed. Finally,proposed
in Section 5,in this
Section
the 4, theofobtained
conclusions simulation
the work are stated. results are presented and analyzed. Finally, in
5, the conclusions of the work are stated.
2. System Model
In the proposed topology (Figure 1), the power converters are connected to the PCC
2. System
via Model
step-up transformers. For modelling purposes, an LC filter in the output of every VSC
was considered. This filter is formed by
In the proposed topology the inductance
(Figure 1), the of the transformer
power andare
converters a capacitor
connected to
installed in the PCC side. The state equations obtained in the abc frame are
via step-up transformers. For modelling purposes, an LC filter in the output of ev
was considered. This filter is formed by di the
i,abcinductance of the transformer and a c
vi,abc = Rs ii,abc + Ls + vo,abc (1)
installed in the PCC side. The state equations dt obtained in the abc frame are
dvo,abc
ii,abc = C f + io,abc ,
(2)
, = dt , + + ,
Equations (1) and (2) are transformed into a rotating dq frame that is synchronized
with the grid voltage vo , operating at frequency ω e . Hence, the q-axis voltage will be zero
(vqo = 0), and ,
dii,d , = + ,
Rs 1 1
= − ii,d + ωe ii,q + vi,d − vo,d (3)
dt Ls Ls Ls
Equations (1) and di
(2)i,q are transformed
Rs into
1 a rotating dq frame that is synch
= − ii,q − ωe ii,d + vi,q (4)
with the grid voltage ,dtoperating Ls at frequency Ls . Hence, the q-axis voltage wil
( = 0), and dvo,d 1 1
= ii,d − io,d (5)
dt Cf Cf
, 1 1
ωe vo,d==− i , −+ io,q , + −
1 1
, , (6)
C f i,q C f
where Rs and Ls are the equivalent parameters (resistance and inductance) of the trans-
former in the PCC side, and C f is the ,filter
1
=− − The currents
capacitance. +,
ii,d and ii,q are
, ,

, 1 1
= , − ,
 over, fromfrom
Similarly, (5) it (6)
is appreciated that
it is observed thethe
that current , , can
voltage canbeberegulated by control
used to control the
Similarly,
frequency from . (6) it is observed that the current , can be used to control the
frequency .
Electronics 2021, 10, 1061 3. Control Scheme 4 of 19
3. Control Scheme
In this section, the proposed control scheme is explained in detail, conside
controlIn this
loops section, the proposed
to regulate control voltage,
output currents, scheme is explainedand
frequency, in detail, conside
active/reactive
control
controlled loops
by the to
For the different regulate
control
power output
loops,
inverter currents, voltage,
Proportional–Integral
by means of the voltages frequency,
vi,d and(PI) and active/reactive
vi,q ,controllers
respectively. were
More- selecte
over,
For from
theirthe (5) it is
differentand
simplicity appreciated
control that
loops,
proven the voltage v can
Proportional–Integral
capability to regulate
o,d be regulated by controlling
(PI) controllers
variables ii,d . selecte
were
without steady-state er
Similarly, from (6) it is observed that the current ii,q can be used to control the system
their simplicity
If other controland proven capability
techniques are used, to regulate
such variables
as resonant without
control [26]steady-state
or model pr er
frequency ωe .
If other [27],
control control techniques
the problem are used,
should such as resonant
be completely control [26] or model pr
reformulated.
control
3. Control[27],
Schemethe problem should be completely reformulated.
3.1. In
Control of Currents
this section, , and
the proposed control
, scheme is explained in detail, considering the
control loops
3.1. Control to regulate
of Currents output currents, voltage, frequency, and active/reactive power.
and purposes,
For current control ,design , Equations (3) and (4) are transformed
For the different control loops, Proportional–Integral (PI) controllers were selected due to
For domain:
Laplace
their current
simplicity control
and proven designtopurposes,
capability Equations
regulate variables (3)steady-state
without and (4) are transformed
error [25].
IfLaplace domain:
other control techniques are used, such as resonant control [26] or model predictive
, = reformulated.
control [27], the problem should be completely
− , + ,
, = − , + ,
3.1. Control of Currents ii,d and ii,q
, = + ,
For current control design purposes,, Equations = (3) +
and (4) are,
transformed into the
where domain:
Laplace
where Vi,d (s) = Ud (s) − ωe Ls Ii,q (s) + Vo,d (s) (7)
, = , + ,
Vi,q (s) = Uq (s) + ωe Ls Ii,d (s) (8)
, = , + ,
where , = , + ,
Ui,d (s) = sLs Ii,d (= s) + Rs Ii,d (s) + (9)
, , ,
are the voltage equations to(sobtain
Ui,q ) = sLstheIi,q (stransfer
) + Rs Ii,q (functions
s) of the dq-axes(10)
currents.
are the
depicts
are voltage
a block
the voltage equations
diagram
equations to
of the
to obtain obtain the
thecurrent transfer
transfer control
functionsloop. functions of the dq-axes currents.
of the dq-axes currents. Figure 2
depictsa block
depicts a block diagram
diagram of theof the current
current control loop.
control loop.

Figure 2. The current control loop.

Figure2. 2.
Figure TheThe current
current control
control loop.
loop.
3.2.Control
3.2. Control of Voltage
of Voltage vo,d ,
3.2. As
Control of Voltage
Asmentioned
mentionedabove, , voltage
above,
the the voltage can be regulated
v can be regulated by adjustingby
theadjusting
i current.the
o,d , i,d ,
As (5)
Equation
Equation mentioned
(5) in the
in the above,
Laplace
Laplace the isvoltage
domain
domain is , can be regulated by adjusting the ,
Equation (5) in the Laplace domain is
Ii,d (s) = sC f Vo,d (s) + Io,d (s) (11)
=, , + ,
In this expression, Io,d is the load current
, =that, from
, the+control
, point of view, is
In this
considered expression, Hence,
a perturbation. , isitthe load
is not current
involved in that, from the
the voltage control
controller point
design in of view
In
sidered
Figure 3. this expression, Hence,
a perturbation. , is the
it isload current that,
not involved in thefrom the control
voltage point
controller of view
design in
sidered a perturbation. Hence, it is not involved in the voltage controller design in

Figure
Figure The
3. 3. voltage
The control
voltage loop. loop.
control
Figure 3. The voltage control loop.
Electronics 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW

Electronics 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW

Electronics 2021, 10, 1061

3.3. Frequency Control 5 of 19
The frequency at the PCC must be accurately controlled to keep it within th
3.3. Frequency
established in the Control
electrical normative. As stated in Section 2, the current , can
to The
regulate frequency
the at the transforming
frequency;
3.3. Frequency Control PCC must be Equation
accurately(6) controlled to keep domain,
into the Laplace it withinwe
th
established in the
The frequency electrical
at the PCC mustnormative.
be accuratelyAscontrolled
stated intoSection 2, thethe
keep it within current
ranges , can
to regulate
established theelectrical
in the frequency; transforming
normative. =inEquation
As, stated the+current
Section, 2, (6) into
, the
ii,qLaplace domain,
can be used to w
regulate the frequency; transforming Equation (6) into the Laplace domain, we obtain
Similar to Equation (11), in this expression, the current , is considered a p
I ( s ) = , C V =(s) + I (,s) + ,
(12) diagra
tion and is not taken into account when designing the controller. A block
i,q ω e f o,d o,q

Similar
frequency to Equation
control
Similar to loop
Equation (11),is
(11),
inpresented
in thisin
this expression,
expression,
Figure 4. Ithe
the current
current , is considered a p
o,q is considered a perturbation
tionisand
and is notinto
not taken taken into when
account account whenthe
designing designing
controller.the A controller.
block diagramA block
of the diagra
frequency
frequency control
control loop loop is presented
is presented in Figurein4.Figure 4.

Figure 4. The frequency control loop.

3.4. Control
Figure
Figure 4. 4.
TheTheoffrequency
Active/Reactive
frequency loop. Power
control
control loop.
As shown
3.4. Control in FigurePower
of Active/Reactive 1, the power inverters are connected in parallel to the P
3.4.
the As Control
final
shown
of Active/Reactive
objective
in Figure is to regulate
1, the
Power
the voltage
power inverters ( , ) and
are connected frequency
in parallel ( )and
to the PCC, of the AC
the Asobjective
thisfinal shown
sense, aimingisintoFigure
regulate
to share 1,the
the
the power
voltage
control inverters
(vo,abc
of) the are connected
and system,
frequency (ωe ) of
P–V and thein
AC
Q–fparallel
grid.
droop Intocontro
the P
this sense,
the final aiming to share the control of the system, P–V and Q–f droop control is proposed
posed to objective
increase is ortodecrease
regulatethe voltage ( , of) and
thecontribution frequency
the VSCs to the ( total
) of the AC
active/
to increase or decrease the contribution of the VSCs to the total active/reactive power
this sense,
power
supplied.
aiming
supplied.
The droop The
to droop
curves
share the control
curves
used are shown used ofare
in Figure
the system,
shown
5.
P–V and
in Figure 5. Q–f droop contro
posed to increase or decrease the contribution of the VSCs to the total active
power supplied. The droop curves used are shown in Figure 5.

2 1 3
′ 4
2 ′
1 ∆
2 1 3
′ 4
2′ ′ ′
2 1 2 1 1 ∆ 1 2

Figure 5. Statism curves P–V (left) and Q–f (right).

′
Figure 5. 2′Statism
1
1
2curves1 P–V (left) and Q–f (right). 2

To track the power reference, a voltage step ∆V is applied to modify the droop control;
this step
FigureTo5.istrack
generated by a PIP–V
thecurves
Statism power controller
reference, [24].
(left) and aQ–f
voltage step Δ is applied to modify the
(right). dro
trol; this step is generated by a PI controller
 [24].
Z  
∆vi = k pP Pre f − Pf i + k iP Pre f − Pf i dt (13)
To track the power reference, a voltage step Δ is applied to modify the dr
trol;Then,
this the
step is generated
modified by=aused
droopΔcurve −inverter
PI controller
in each + will be
[24]. −

reΔf i ==V
Then, the modifiedVdroop curve mi,P−
omax − used in +
Pmax +
each − be
∆Vi inverter will (14)

Finally, to balance the reactive power, a= − constant slope

curve with + Δmi,Q is considered
Then, the modified droop curve used in each, inverter will
in each VSI:
be
Finally, to balance the reactive
ωre f i = ωpower, a curve
= − mi,Q
max Q
−i with constant
+Δ slope (15), is con
,
in each VSI: proposed control system is shown in Figure 6. Related to the uncertainties
The overall
Finally, to balance
of this control scheme, theimportant
the most reactive power, a curve with
are the transformer constant slope for, is co
= − parameters.
,
Typically,
ain each VSI:
controller design, no-load transformer parameters are considered; however, in a real
system, these parameters
The overall will change
proposed controlwithsystem
the load.isIn particular,
shown the resistance
in Figure is affected
6. Related to the unce
= − ,
by temperature (which depends on the load current), and the transformer inductance could
of this control scheme, the most important are the transformer parameters. Typic
vary with the level of saturation of the magnetic core (which depends on the magnetization
The overall
a controller proposed
design, no-load control system is
transformer shown in Figure
parameters 6. Related however,
are considered; to the uncei
of this control
system, scheme, the
these parameters most
will important
change with the areload.
the transformer
In particular,parameters.
the resistance Typi
is
a controller design, no-load transformer parameters
by temperature (which depends on the load current), and the transformer indare considered; however,
system,
could these
vary withparameters
the level ofwill change with
saturation themagnetic
of the load. In particular,
core (which thedepends
resistanceonist
Electronics 2021, 10, 1061 6 of 19

Electronics 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 18

current). As a result, the performance of the control system could deteriorate. Nevertheless,
only the dynamic
Nevertheless, onlyperformance
the dynamicisperformance
expected toisvary with the
expected variation
to vary of the
with the parameters,
variation of the
since a PI controller
parameters, ensures
since a PI no error
controller in steady
ensures state.
no error in steady state.

DC-link VSI

− +

_
∗ 2
3

3
2
P-Q
_ abc-
αβ
∆
3
∆ 2

Figure 6. Control
Figure 6. Control system
system overview.
overview.

4. Results
4. Results
Simulations were performed on the Matlab/Simulink platform for solar PV and wind
Simulations were performed on the Matlab/Simulink platform for solar PV and wind
generation systems. In both systems, three inverters were considered with respective
generation systems. In both systems, three inverters were considered with respective
rated powers of 200 MVA, 300 MVA, and 500 MVA. The outputs of the power inverters
rated powers of 200 MVA, 300 MVA, and 500 MVA. The outputs of the power inverters
generate a 50 Hz voltage, which is then raised by means of step-up transformers with ratio
generate a 50 Hz voltage, which is then raised by means of step-up transformers with ratio
a = 0.69/30 kV. The outputs of the transformers are connected in parallel to a PCC, creating
= 0.69⁄30 kV. The outputs of the transformers are connected in parallel to a PCC, cre-
an AC grid, and an 18-pulse diode rectifier is connected to the PCC to transform the AC
ating an AC grid, and an 18-pulse diode rectifier is connected to the PCC to transform the
voltage into DC voltage for HVDC transmission. The 18-pulse rectifier is preferred due
AC voltage into DC voltage for HVDC transmission. The 18-pulse rectifier is preferred
to its simplicity and high-quality currents. In general, the input currents of a multipulse
due to its
rectifier aresimplicity
known to and high-quality
contain harmonicscurrents. In general,
according to thethe input currents
following of a multip-
expression [28,29]:
ulse rectifier are known to contain harmonics according to
h = k · p ± 1, where h is the harmonic order, k is a positive integer, and p is the the following expression
number
[28,29]:
of output ℎ voltage
= ⋅ ±pulses1, where ℎ is theby
produced harmonic order, In the
the rectifier. is a case
positiveof aninteger, andrectifier,
18-pulse is the
number of output voltage pulses produced by the rectifier. In the case
harmonics of order 17, 19, 35, 37, 53, 55, etc., are expected in the input three-phase currents. of an 18-pulse rec-
tifier, harmonics
Therefore, of orderproposed
in the topology 17, 19, 35,to37, 53, 55,the
validate etc., are expected
control strategy,infilters
the input
for thethree-phase
17th, 19th,
currents. Therefore, in the topology proposed to validate the control
35th, and 37th current harmonics were connected to the PCC to mitigate these undesirable strategy, filters for
the 17th, 19th, 35th, and 37th current harmonics were connected
AC components. The effect of the higher-order harmonics was considered to be negligible to the PCC to mitigate
these undesirable AC components. The effect of the higher-order
since their magnitude is expected to be very low (inversely proportional to the harmonic harmonics was consid-
ered to
order be negligible since their magnitude is expected to be very low (inversely propor-
[28]).
tional to the aharmonic
Finally, ordera [28]).
DC line with length of 300 km and a voltage of 400 kV was considered in
Finally,The
the output. a DC line withparameters
simulation a length of are
300shown
km andinaTable voltage of 400
1, and thekV was considered
controller gains and in
the output. The simulation parameters are shown in Table 1, and
droop curve values are presented in Table 2. It is worth mentioning that the parameters inthe controller gains and
droop1 curve
Table values areselected;
were arbitrarily presented in Tablethey
however, 2. Itare
is worth
based onmentioning that the of
real applications parameters
this type
in power
of Table 1system.
were arbitrarily
In general,selected;
changing however,
the rated they
powerare of
based on real applications
the transformers will notofhave
this
typeeffect
any of power
on thesystem.
controlInstrategy.
general, A changing the rated
modification of thepower of the transformers
transformation ratio willwill
havenota
have any
direct effecteffect onmagnitude
on the the controlofstrategy. A modification
the currents obtained. On ofthetheother
transformation ratio will
hand, the switching
have a direct
frequency effect on
influences thethe magnitude
quality of the currents
of the currents, in termsobtained.
of harmonic On distortion.
the other hand, the
Both the
switching frequency
magnitude and qualityinfluences the quality
of the currents willof the currents,
have an effect onin terms of harmonic
the efficiency of thedistortion.
system;
Both the magnitude
however, and quality
efficiency analysis of thethe
is beyond currents
scopewill have
of this an effect on the efficiency of the
work.
system; however, efficiency analysis is beyond the scope of this work.
Electronics 2021, 10, 1061 7 of 19

Table 1. Simulation parameters.

Description Value
Rated power transformer T1 200 MVA
Rated power transformer T2 300 MVA
Rated power transformer T3 500 MVA
Transformer resistance 0.002 pu
Leakage reactance 0.05 pu
PCC line-to-line voltage 30 kV
PCC frequency 50 Hz
Switching frequency 2 kHz
Inverter DC-link voltage 800 V
PCC voltage 30 kV
PCC frequency 50 Hz
Capacitor bank power 400 MVA
Power of filters 5–7 50 MVA
Power of filters 11–13 50 MVA
Rated power output transformer 1000 MVA
Transformation ratio 30/150 kV
Resistance 0.001 pu
Leakage reactance 0.018 pu
HVDC 400 kV

Table 2. Controller parameters.

Current Controller
Proportional gain (k pi ) 400
Integral gain (k ii ) 87,800
Voltage Controller
Proportional gain (k pv ) 42.57
Integral gain (k iv ) 910.15
Frequency Controller
Proportional gain (k p f ) 0.513
Integral gain (k i f ) 107.4
P–V Curve
Slope (mi,P ) −0.02 kV/MW
P–V curve equation Vre f i = 15 − 0.02Pmax + ∆Vi
Q–f Curve
Slope (mi,Q ) −0.03 rad/s/MVAR
Q–f curve equation ωre f i = 317.3 − 0.03Qi

4.1. Solar PV Generation System

The scheme of the simulated PV system is shown in Figure 7. To extract the maximum
power available in the PV array, a Perturb & Observe (P&O) Maximum Power Point
Tracking (MPPT) method was considered [30]. In this method, the DC-link voltage and
current are measured and the power is calculated. That calculated power is compared to
the power obtained from the previous sampling period. Then, depending on the variation
in power and voltage, it is decided to increase or decrease in ∆V the operating point of
the droop curve P–V, aiming to increase or decrease the power transferred to the PCC. A
diagram of the P&O algorithm is presented in Figure 8.
tronics 2021, 10, x 2021,
Electronics FOR10,
PEER
1061 REVIEW 8 of 19 8 of

Electronics 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 18

Figure 7. The simulated PV generation system.

Figure 7. The Figure
simulated
7. ThePV generation
simulated system.system.
PV generation

Figure 8. Flow diagram of the P&O MPPT algorithm.

Figure 8. Flow diagram of the P&O MPPT algorithm.
The parameters of the simulated PV modules are those of the commercial panel
The parameters
SunPower of the simulated PV
model SPR-415E-WHT-D andmodules are those in
are summarized of Table
the commercial
3. panel Sun-
Power model SPR-415E-WHT-D and are summarized in Table 3.

Figure 8. Flow diagram of the P&O MPPT algorithm.

The parameters of the simulated PV modules are those of the commercial panel Su
Power model SPR-415E-WHT-D and are summarized in Table 3.
 Table 3. PV module parameters.
Electronics 2021, 10, 1061 9 of 19
Description Value
Maximum power 414.8 W
Table 3. PV module parameters. voltage
Open-circuit 85.3 V
Short-circuit
Description current Value 6.09 A
Maximum
Maximum power power
Pmax voltage 414.8 W 72.9 V
Open-circuit voltage Voc 85.3 V
Maximum power
Short-circuit current Isc current 6.09 A 5.69 A
Maximum power voltage Vmp 72.9 V
Maximum power current Imp 5.69 A
The system was evaluated under different conditions of irradiance and
For The
PV system
Arraywas 1, evaluated
the irradiance and the
under different temperature
conditions started
of irradiance at 1000 W/m2
and temperature.
2 and 25 ◦ C,
spectively.
For PV ArrayThen, every 20and
1, the irradiance s, both variablesstarted
the temperature wereatchanged
1000 W/maccording to the
respectively. Then, every 20 s, both variables were changed according to the
in Figure 9a,b, modifying the MPP of the PV array. The active and reactive po profile shown
in Figure 9a,b, modifying the MPP of the PV array. The active and reactive power obtained
are shown
are shown in Figure
in Figure 9c,d, respectively.
9c,d, respectively.

Figure 9. PV Array 1 variables: (a) Irradiance, (b) temperature, (c) active power, and (d) reac-
Figure 9. PV Array 1 variables: (a) Irradiance, (b) temperature, (c) active power, and
tive power.
power.
The results for PV Array 2 are shown in Figure 10. In this case, the irradiance and
temperature started at 2 and 40 ◦ C, respectively. Finally, for PV Array 3, the
The results for700PV
W/m Array 2 are shown in Figure 10. In this case, the ir
irradiance and temperature were kept constant at 1000 W/m2 and 25 ◦ C, respectively.
temperature started
Therefore, the output powerat remained
700 W/m 2 and 40 °C, respectively. Finally, for PV Arr
constant with a value of 460 MW for active power
diance and temperature were kept constant at 1000 W/m2 and 25 °C, respec
and 150 MVAR for reactive power.
fore, the output power remained constant with a value of 460 MW for acti
150 MVAR for reactive power.
Electronics 2021,
Electronics 2021,10,
10,x1061
FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 19 10 of 1

Electronics 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 18

Figure 10. PV Array 2 variables: (a) Irradiance, (b) temperature, (c) active power, and (d) reactive
Figure10.
Figure 10. PV
PV Array
Array22variables:
variables:(a) (a)Irradiance,
Irradiance,(b)(b) temperature,
temperature, (c) (c) active
active power,
power, andand (d) reactive
(d) reac-
power.
power.
tive power.
The
Theactive
activeandandreactive power supplied by the
by individual inverters are shown in Fig-in
ure 11, The
top active
and andreactive
bottom, reactive power
power
respectively. By
supplied
supplied
comparison
the individual
by the individual
with Figures
inverters
9 inverters
and 10,
are shown
it can arebeshown in Fig
Figure 11, top and bottom, respectively. By comparison with Figures 9 and 10, itob-
can
ure 11,
served thattop
theand
power bottom, respectively. By comparison with Figures 9 and 10, it can be ob
be observed that theobtained at the system
power obtained at theoutput
system correctly
outputtracked
correctly thetracked
power available
the power
served
inavailable that
the PV array; the power
therefore, obtained
the at
performance the system
of the MPPToutput correctly
method is tracked
validated.
in the PV array; therefore, the performance of the MPPT method is validated. On thethepower
otherOnavailable
hand,
the thePV
in the
other currents
array;
hand, in
the the dq-axes
therefore,
currents inthe for
the every single
performance
dq-axes ofinverter
for every the are
MPPT
single shown
method
inverter in shown
are Figure 12.Figure
is validated.
in In this
On12.the othe
case, when
hand, thecompared
currents to
inFigure
the 11,
dq-axesit can be
for appreciated
every single that the
inverter d-axis
are currents
shown
In this case, when compared to Figure 11, it can be appreciated that the d-axis currents are are
in related
Figure 12. In thi
torelated
active power
case, when and
compared
to active the
power andq-axis currents
to Figure
the q-axis are related
11,currents
it can beare to reactive
appreciated power.
that the
related to reactive In general,
d-axis
power. the
In currents pro-
general, theare related
posed control
proposed
to active strategy
control
power andprovides
strategy correct
theprovides
q-axis tracking
correct
currents areofrelated
trackingtheofpower variation.
thetopower variation.
reactive power. In general, the pro
posed control strategy provides correct tracking of the power variation.

Figure
Figure 11.11. Power
Power supplied
supplied by by
thethe individual
individual PV generation
PV generation units:
units: (a) active
(a) active powerpower and
and (b) (b) reac-
reactive
tive power.
power.

Figure 11. Power supplied by the individual PV generation units: (a) active power and (b) reactive
power.
Electronics 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 18

Electronics 2021, 10,

Electronics 2021, 10, 1061
x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of
11 of 19
18

Figure 12. (a) d-axis and (b) q-axis inverter currents.

Figure 12. (a) d-axis and (b) q-axis inverter currents.
4.2. Wind Energy Generation System
4.2. Wind
4.2. Wind Energy
Energy Generation
Generation System
The simulation scheme System
implemented to emulate a wind energy generation system in
Simulink The simulation
Theissimulation scheme
Figureimplemented
shown inscheme 13. To simplify
implemented to
to emulate aa wind
wind energy
the simulation
emulate of ageneration
energy wind energy
generation system in
system,
system in it
Simulink is shown in Figure 13. To simplify the simulation of a wind energy system, it was
wasSimulink
assumed is shown
that theinDC-link
Figure 13. To simplify
voltage the simulation
was already of a wind
controlled, then energy
constantsystem, it
DC sources
assumed that the DC-link voltage was already controlled, then constant DC sources were
wasconsidered
were assumed that the DC-link
to supply eachvoltage
power was alreadyHowever,
controlled, then constant DC sources
considered to supply each power inverter.inverter.
However, the output the output
power power
reference reference is
is variable
were
variable considered
under the to supply
assumptioneach power
that inverter.
comes from However,
an MPPT the output
algorithm power
to reference
optimize theis
under the assumption that comes from an MPPT algorithm to optimize the operation of oper-
variable
ation under the assumption that comes from an MPPT algorithm to optimize the oper-
theof the generators.
wind wind generators.
ation of the wind generators.

Figure 13. The simulated wind generation system.

Figure 13. Figure
The simulated wind generation
13. The simulated system.
wind generation system.
4.2.1. Step and Ramp Changes in the Power Reference
4.2.1. A first
Step and simulation
Ramp consideredthe
stepPower
and ramp changes in the power references of each
4.2.1. Step and RampChanges
Changes in
in the Power Reference
Reference
inverter. The results are shown in Figure 14. Inverter 1, rated at 200 MVA, was initially
A first simulation
A first simulation considered
considered step andramp ramp changes in the power references of each
supplying 100 MW to the system, step
and andat t = 3 s, achanges
power stepin the power
change references
of 50 MW was of each
ap-
inverter.
plied.
The
inverter. The
This
results
resultsare
reference areshown
was shown in Figure
in Figure
kept constant
14.Inverter
for 14.
Inverter
a duration
1,s, rated
of1,8rated
at
andatat200
200
MVA,
t = 10
MVA, was initially
was initially
s, a ramp change
supplying
supplying 100
100 MW
MW to the
the system,
system, and
and at tat
= t
3 =
s, 3
a s, a
power power
step step
change change
of
of 5 MW/s was applied for a duration of 10 s, to obtain a final output power of 200 MW. 50 MW of 50
wasMW was
applied. ap-
This reference was kept constant for a duration of 8 s, and at t = 10 s, a
plied. This reference was kept constant for a duration of 8 s, and at t = 10 s, a ramp change ramp change of 5
of 5MW/s
MW/swas was applied
appliedforfor
a duration of 10of
a duration s, 10
to obtain a finalaoutput
s, to obtain power of
final output 200 MW.
power of 200 MW.
Electronics 2021,2021,
Electronics 10, 10,
x FOR
1061 PEER REVIEW 12 of 19

14.(a)(a)
Figure 14.
Figure Active power
Active and (b)
power andd-axis
(b) currents supplied by
d-axis currents the individual
supplied by theinverters; (c) d-axis
individual inverters; (c
voltage (PCC voltage).
voltage (PCC voltage).
Inverter 2 initially supplied 100 MW, and at t = 3 s, a step reference change increased
Inverter
the power to 2002 initially
MW. Then, supplied
at t = 8 s,100 MW,reference
a ramp and at t change
= 3 s, aforstep reference
a duration of 7change
s in
increased the power to a final value of 300 MW.
the power to 200 MW. Then, at t = 8 s, a ramp reference change for a duration o
For Inverter 3, the initial power injected to the system was 250 MW. At t = 8 s, the
creased the power to a final value of 300 MW.
reference power was changed to 400 MW (step change of 150 MW), and at t = 15 s, a
Forramp
reference Inverter 3, the initial
for a duration power injected
of 5 s increased the powerto to the system was 250 MW. At t =
500 MW.
reference
In Figure 14b, the d-axis currents of the inverters are shown. Itofshould
power was changed to 400 MW (step change 150 MW),be notedand at t = 15
that
erence ramp control
d-axis currents for a duration
the active of 5 s increased
power. The PCC d-axis the power
voltage is toshown
500 MW. in Figure 14c.
In Figure 15 is shown the distribution of the reactive
In Figure 14b, the d-axis currents of the inverters are shown. power in the PCC; thisItdistribu-
should be no
tion was determined by the f–Q curves that depend on the rated capacity of the inverters.
d-axis currents control the active power. The PCC d-axis voltage is shown in Figu
In this case, Inverters 1 and 2 have the same Q–f curve, so they manage the same reactive
power.InDueFigure
to the15 is shown
large value ofthe distribution
the PCC of thethis
filter capacitor, reactive
reactivepower
power isincapacitive.
the PCC; this d
tion was15b,
In Figure determined
the q-axis by the f–Q
currents curves
of the thatare
inverters depend on the
presented, and rated capacity
in Figure 15c, theof the in
frequency
In of the
this case, system, which
Inverters 1 andis 2controlled
have thebysame the q-axis
Q–fcomponent,
curve, so they is shown.
manage the same
In Figure 16a, the power in the HVDC line is depicted. This waveform is essentially
power. Due to the large value of the PCC filter capacitor, this reactive power is cap
equivalent to the sum of the active power of the individual inverters shown in Figure 14a.
In Figure
Figure 15b, the
16b shows the DC q-axis currents
voltage, which of the inverters
remains are presented,
almost constant and in Figure
during the transients,
frequency
demonstrating ofcorrect
the system, which
performance is controlled
of the control system. by Finally,
the q-axis
Figure component,
16c shows theisDC shown.
current that, due to the constant DC voltage, has the same waveform as the DC power.
Electronics 2021, 10,
Electronics 2021, 10, 1061
x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of
13 of 19
18

Figure 15. (a) Reactive power and (b) q-axis currents supplied by the ind
frequency.

In Figure 16a, the power in the HVDC line is depicted. This

equivalent to the sum of the active power of the individual invert
Figure 16b shows the DC voltage, which remains almost consta
demonstrating correct performance of the control system. Finall
DC current
Figure
Figure 15. (a)
15. that,
(a) Reactive
Reactive power
powerdue
and
and toq-axis
(b)(b) the
q-axis constant
currents supplied
currents DC
by the
supplied voltage,
individual
by the has
inverters;
individual the
(c) grid
inverters; (c) same
frequency.
grid wav
frequency.

In Figure 16a, the power in the HVDC line is depicted. This waveform is essentially
equivalent to the sum of the active power of the individual inverters shown in Figure 14a.
Figure 16b shows the DC voltage, which remains almost constant during the transients,
demonstrating correct performance of the control system. Finally, Figure 16c shows the
DC current that, due to the constant DC voltage, has the same waveform as the DC power.

Figure 16. DC-side variables: (a) power, (b) voltage, and (c) current.

Figure 16. DC-side variables: (a) power, (b) voltage, and (c) current.
Figure 16. DC-side variables: (a) power, (b) voltage, and (c) current.
Electronics 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW

Electronics 2021, 10, 1061 14 of 19

4.2.2. Wind Power Profile

4.2.2. Wind Power Profile
A simulation test was performed for the system to follow a power refe
A simulation test was performed for the system to follow a power reference consid-
ering
ering a a wind
wind profile.
profile. In Figure
In Figure 17, power,
17, the active the active
d-axispower,
currents, d-axis
and PCCcurrents,
voltage areand PC
shown.
shown. TheThesamesame
power power profile
profile was used forwas used inverters
the different for the but
different inverters
with different scale. but
It can be observed that the power varies according to the wind profile used.
scale. It can be observed that the power varies according to the wind profile

Figure 17. (a) Active power and (b) d-axis currents supplied by the individual inverters; (c) d-axis
Figure 17. (a) Active power and (b) d-axis currents supplied by the individual inver
voltage (PCC voltage).
voltage (PCC voltage).
Figure 18 shows the reactive power of the inverters, q-axis currents, and PCC frequency.
The same Q–f characteristic
Figure 18 showsfor theInverters 2 and
reactive 3 was used.
power of the inverters, q-axis currents,
From Figures 17 and 18, it can be noted that the d-axis currents are directly propor-
quency.
tional to theThe same
active Q–fwhereas
powers, characteristic
the q-axis for Inverters
currents 2 and 3 to
are proportional was
the used.
reactive
powers. This validates the decoupling obtained with the control strategy. Moreover, the
voltage and frequency are constant during the whole simulation period, verifying the
operation of the control strategy.
Finally, Figure 19a shows the HVDC-side power that varies according to the power pro-
file imposed by the inverters. Figure 19b shows the rectifier output voltage and Figure 19c
shows the HVDC current; this current has the shape of the reference power since by
modifying the current, the power can be transferred through the HVDC link.
 Figure 17. (a) Active power and (b) d-axis currents supplied by the individua
voltage (PCC voltage).

Electronics 2021, 10, 1061

Figure 18 shows the reactive power of the inverters, 15q-axis
of 19
cur
quency. The same Q–f characteristic for Inverters 2 and 3 was used.

Electronics 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 18

From Figures 17 and 18, it can be noted that the d-axis currents are directly propor-
tional to the active powers, whereas the q-axis currents are proportional to the reactive
powers. This validates the decoupling obtained with the control strategy. Moreover, the
voltage and frequency are constant during the whole simulation period, verifying the op-
eration of the control strategy.
Finally, Figure 19a shows the HVDC-side power that varies according to the power
profile imposed
Figure 18. by the inverters.
(a) Reactive power andFigure 19b shows
(b) q-axis thesupplied
currents rectifier by
output voltage and
the individual Figure
inverters;
Figure
19c shows 18.
the (a) Reactive
HVDC power
current; this and has
current (b) q-axis
the shape currents
of the supplied
reference powerby theby
since individu
(c) grid frequency.
frequency.
modifying the current, the power can be transferred through the HVDC link.

Figure 19. DC-side variables: (a) power, (b) voltage,

voltage, and
and (c)
(c) current.
current.

4.3. Discussion
Results for PV and wind energy generation systems have been presented. In the case
of PV generation, the control strategy was tested by considering variations in the solar
 Electronics 2021, 10, 1061 16 of 19

s 2021, 10, x FOR PEER
4.3. Discussion
Results for PV and wind energy generation systems have been presented. In the case
of PV generation, the control strategy was tested by considering variations in the solar
irradiance and the PV array temperature. The performance of the MPPT method used is
verified since the waveform of the output power obtained follows the irradiance profile, as
expected. In the case of the wind generation system, arbitrary step and ramp changes in
the power reference were applied, as well as a real wind profile. In general terms, for both
the PV and wind power systems, we obtained correct operation of the proposed control
REVIEW
strategy. A summary of the approximated average power supplied with the solar and wind
generation systems (with the real wind profile) is presented in Table 4.

Table 4. Summary of average supplied power.

Power [MW]
4.4. Brief Stability Analysis
PV System Wind System
Inverter 1 150 120
AInverter
stability
2 analysis based 180 on Bode diagrams 200 was p
Inverter 3 490 370
were those Total indicated in Tables 820 1 and 2. The 690 Bode diagram

frequency control loops are shown in Figures 20–22, resp

4.4. Brief Stability Analysis
theAthreestability loops evaluated,
analysis based the was
on Bode diagrams gain margin
performed; is infinite.
the parameters used On
were those indicated in Tables 1 and 2. The Bode diagrams for the current, voltage, and
trol loop presents a phase margin (PM) of 66.3°; in the case
frequency control loops are shown in Figures 20–22, respectively. As can be seen, in all the
to
three65.5° was obtained;
loops evaluated, the gain margin and finally,
is infinite. for the
On the other hand, frequency
the current controlcontro
loop presents a phase margin (PM) of 66.3◦ ; in the case of the voltage loop, a PM equal to
the phase
65.5◦ was margin.
obtained; Astheafrequency
and finally, for consequence, according
control loop, 159 to the Bod
◦ was indicated to be the

phase margin. As a consequence, according to the Bode-diagram-based stability criteria,

ria, stability
stability ofvoltage,
of the current, the current,
and frequencyvoltage, and
control loops is frequency control
ensured.

Figure 20. Current control loop Bode diagram.

Figure 20. Current control loop Bode diagram.
Electronics 2021, 10, 1061
Figure 20. Current control loop Bode diagram. 17 of 19
Figure 20. Current control loop Bode diagram.

Figure
Figure 21.21. Voltage
Voltage control loopcontrol loop Bode diagram.
Bode diagram.
Figure 21. Voltage control loop Bode diagram.

Figure 22. Frequency control loop Bode diagram.

Figure 22. Frequency control loop Bode diagram.
Regarding the stability of the droop control loop, the analysis is considerably more
Figure 22.is beyond
complex and Frequency
the scope control loop
of this article. Bode
However, diagram.
a similar analysis was previously
presented in [31], where it was stated that the stability is independent of the frequency
controller gains and setpoint, but it depends on the gains and setpoint of the voltage
controller. As in the proposed control scheme, the voltage controller does not directly
Electronics 2021, 10, 1061 18 of 19

regulate the operation of the power converter but sets a reference for the ii,d current that
finally controls the voltage—and, additionally, as the stability of the voltage and current
control loops was previously verified with Bode diagrams—it is expected that the stability
of the droop control loop will be also ensured.

5. Conclusions
A control strategy suitable for variable renewable energy generation systems was
presented herein. The model of the system naturally led to the development of a control
strategy of the P–V and Q–f droop type, instead of the conventional Q–V and P–f type. The
droop scheme allows the distribution of active and reactive powers in each generating unit.
The proposed approach allows an independent design of voltage and frequency controllers
and is capable of transferring power from the DC links of the VSIs to the AC network by
shifting the P–V droop curves. Correct performance of the presented control scheme was
validated via simulations of high-power grid-connected solar PV systems and wind energy
generation systems. On the other hand, the main limitation of the control strategy is related
to the dynamic performance of the overall control strategy. To carry out a decoupled design
of the controllers, it is necessary to consider a lower natural frequency for the outer loops.
Since the proposal is based in four control loops, the dynamic performance of the power
controller (outermost loop) will not be as fast as that of more direct control schemes (with
fewer control loops). Future research work in this topic could include the application of the
control method to a hybrid PV/wind energy generation system, evaluating the response of
the control method to failures in one or more of the generation units, considering different
power converter topologies in the system, and efficiency evaluation, among others.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, I.A., R.P. and R.B.-G.; methodology, I.A.; software, I.A.
and C.P.; validation, I.A., R.P. and R.B.-G.; formal analysis, I.A. and J.R.; investigation, I.A. and
R.P.; resources, R.P. and W.J.; data curation, I.A.; writing—original draft preparation, J.R. and W.J.;
writing—review and editing, J.R., R.P., W.J. and C.P.; visualization, R.B.-G.; supervision, R.P.; project
administration, R.P.; funding acquisition, R.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published
version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research was funded by ANID/FONDAP/15110019, by ANID/FONDECYT/1201616,
and by ANID/PIA/ACT192013. This work was also supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy
and EU FEDER Funds under grant DPI2017-84503-R. Project partially funded by the EU through
the Comunitat Valenciana 2014-2020 European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) Operating
Program (grant IDIFEDER/2018/036).
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References
1. SolarPower Europe. Global Market Outlook for Solar Power 2020–2024. 2020. Available online: https://www.solarpowereurope.
org/global-market-outlook-2020-2024/ (accessed on 8 March 2021).
2. Renewables 2020 Global Status Report. In Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century; REN21 Secretariat: Paris, France,
2017; Available online: http://www.ren21.net/global-status-report/ (accessed on 1 April 2021).
3. Radwan, A.A.; Mohamed, Y.A.I. Grid-Connected Wind-Solar Cogeneration Using Back-to-Back Voltage-Source Converters. IEEE
Trans. Sustain. Energy 2020, 11, 315–325. [CrossRef]
4. Blaabjerg, F.; Chen, Z.; Kjaer, S.B. Power electronics as efficient interface in dispersed power generation systems. IEEE Trans.
Power Electron. 2004, 19, 1184–1194. [CrossRef]
5. Carrasco, J.; Franquelo, L.; Bialasiewicz, J.; Galvan, E.; PortilloGuisado, R.; Prats, M.; Leon, J.; Moreno-Alfonso, N. Power-
electronic systems for the grid integration of renewable energy sources—A survey. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2006, 53, 1002–1016.
[CrossRef]
6. Hannan, M.; Hussin, I.; Ker, P.; Hoque, M.; Hossain, M.; Hussain, A.; Rahman, M.; Faizal, C.; Blaabjerg, F. Advanced Control
Strategies of VSC Based HVDC Transmission System: Issues and Potential Recommendations. IEEE Access 2018, 6, 78352–78369.
[CrossRef]
7. Wang, L.; Wang, K.; Lee, W.; Chen, Z. Power-Flow Control and Stability Enhancement of Four Parallel-Operated Offshore Wind
Farms Using a Line-Commutated HVDC Link. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 2010, 25, 1190–1202. [CrossRef]
Electronics 2021, 10, 1061 19 of 19

8. Fan, X.M.; Guan, L.; Xia, C.J.; He, J.M.; Xu, S.K.; Li, X.L. Active power control of VSC-HVDC transmission linked islanded wind
farm. In Proceedings of the 2nd IET Renew, Power Generation Conference (RPG 2013), Beijing, China, 9–11 September 2013; 2013;
pp. 1–6.
9. Zhao, C.; Guo, C. Complete-independent control strategy of active and reactive power for VSC based HVDC system. In
Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, Calgary, AB, Canada, 26–30 July 2009; pp. 1–6.
10. Rodríguez-Amenedo, J.L.; Arnaltes-Gómez, S.; Aragüés-Peñalba, M.; Gomis-Bellmunt, O. Control of the Parallel Operation of
VSC-HVDC Links Connected to an Offshore Wind Farm. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 2019, 34, 32–41. [CrossRef]
11. Guo, Y.; Gao, H.; Wu, Q.; Zhao, H.; Østergaard, J.; Shahidehpour, M. Enhanced Voltage Control of VSC-HVDC-Connected
Offshore Wind Farms Based on Model Predictive Control. IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy 2018, 9, 474–487. [CrossRef]
12. Nanou, S.I.; Papathanassiou, S.A. Frequency Control of Island VSC-HVDC Links Operating in Parallel with AC Interconnectors
and Onsite Generation. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 2018, 33, 447–454. [CrossRef]
13. Tamakoshi, Y.; Imanaka, M.; Kurimoto, M.; Sugumoto, S.; Takeyoshi. An Experimental Study on Fast Frequency Response of
Multiple Photovoltaic Power Generations. In Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM),
Atlanta, GA, USA, 4–8 August 2019; pp. 1–5.
14. Vasquez, J.C.; Guerrero, J.M.; Luna, A.; Rodriguez, P.; Teodorescu, R. Adaptive Droop Control Applied to Voltage-Source Inverters
Operating in Grid-Connected and Islanded Modes. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2009, 56, 4088–4096. [CrossRef]
15. Li, Y.; Xu, Z.; Zhang, J.; Meng, K. Variable Droop Voltage Control for Wind Farm. IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy 2018, 9, 491–493.
[CrossRef]
16. Meng, X.; Liu, J.; Liu, Z. A Generalized Droop Control for Grid-Supporting Inverter Based on Comparison between Traditional
Droop Control and Virtual Synchronous Generator Control. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2019, 34, 5416–5438. [CrossRef]
17. Kushwah, R.S.; Walke, G.R. Parallel Operation of Inverters with Droop Control of Voltage and Frequency. In Proceedings of the
2018 International Conference on Smart City and Emerging Technology (ICSCET), Mumbai, India, 5 January 2018; pp. 1–5.
18. Raj, D.C.; Gaonkar, D.N. Frequency and voltage droop control of parallel inverters in microgrid. In Proceedings of the 2016 2nd
International Conference on Control, Instrumentation, Energy & Communication (CIEC), Kolkata, India, 28–30 January 2016;
pp. 407–411.
19. Ye, H.; Liu, Y.; Pei, W.; Kong, L. Efficient droop-based primary frequency control from variable-speed wind turbines and
energy storage systems. In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo, Asia-Pacific (ITEC
Asia-Pacific), Harbin, China, 7–10 August 2017; pp. 1–5.
20. Wu, D.; Tang, F.; Vasquez, J.C.; Guerrero, J.M. Control and analysis of droop and reverse droop controllers for distributed
generations. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 11th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices (SSD14),
Barcelona, Spain, 11–14 February 2014; 2014; pp. 1–5.
21. Trivedi, A.; Jain, D.K.; Singh, M. A modified droop control method for parallel operation of VSI’s in microgrid. In Proceedings of
the 2013 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies-Asia (ISGT Asia), Bangalore, India, 10–13 November 2013; 2013; pp. 1–5.
22. Imran, R.M.; Wang, S.; Flaih, F.M.F. DQ-Voltage Droop Control and Robust Secondary Restoration with Eligibility to Operate
During Communication Failure in Autonomous Microgrid. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 6353–6361. [CrossRef]
23. Li, Y.; Fan, L. Stability Analysis of Two Parallel Converters with Voltage–Current Droop Control. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 2017,
32, 2389–2397. [CrossRef]
24. Andrade, I.; Peña, R.; Blasco-Gimenez, R.; Riedemann, J.; Pesce, C. Droop control strategy for voltage source converters containing
renewable power sources. In ELECTRIMACS 2019; Springer: Chem, Switzerland, 2020; Volume 615.
25. Dorf, R.; Bishop, R. Feedback Control System Characteristics. In Modern Control Systems, 12th ed.; Gilfillan, A., Dworkin, A., Eds.;
Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, Bergen, NY, USA, 2011; Chapter 4; pp. 235–303.
26. Liserre, M.; Teodorescu, R.; Blaabjerg, F. Multiple harmonics control for three-phase grid converter systems with the use of PI-RES
current controller in a rotating frame. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2006, 21, 836–841. [CrossRef]
27. Vazquez, S.; Rodriguez, J.; Rivera, M.; Franquelo, L.; Norambuena, M. Model Predictive Control for Power Converters and Drives:
Advances and Trends. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2017, 64, 935–947. [CrossRef]
28. Choi, S.; Enjeti, P.; Pitel, I. Polyphase transformer arrangements with reduced kVA capacities for harmonic current reduction in
rectifier-type utility interface. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 1996, 11, 680–690. [CrossRef]
29. Arvindan, A.; Ashwin, R.; Murthi, M. Multipulse Diode Rectifiers: Power Quality Perspective Based on Experimental Data. In
Proceedings of the 8th IEEE India International Conference on Power Electronics (IICPE), Jaipur, India, 13–15 December 2018;
2018; pp. 1–6.
30. Subudhi, B.; Pradhan, R. A Comparative Study on Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Photovoltaic Power Systems.
IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy 2013, 4, 89–98. [CrossRef]
31. Schiffer, J.; Ortega, R.; Astolfi, A.; Raisch, J.; Sezi, T. Conditions for stability of droop-controlled inverter-based microgrids.
Automatica 2014, 50, 2457–2469. [CrossRef]