Ingwehumbe Management Plan Final 2018

Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve
KwaZulu-Natal
South Africa
Management Plan
Prepared by
KwaZulu-Natal Biodiversity Stewardship Programme
Citation
Johnson, I., Stainbank, M. and Stainbank, P. (2018). Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve Management Plan. Version 1.0.
AUTHORISATION
This Management Plan for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve is approved:
TITLE NAME SIGNATURE AND DATE
KwaZulu-Natal MEC:
Economic Development,
Environmental Affairs and Tourism
Recommended:
TITLE NAME SIGNATURE AND DATE
Chief Executive Officer:
EKZNW
Chairperson:
EKZNW, Biodiversity Conservation

Operations Management Committee
Chairperson:
People and Conservation Operations

Committee
Management Authority
I N G W E H U M B E N AT U R E R E S E R V E
MANAGEMENT PLAN
I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHORISATION I
TABLE OF CONTENTS II
LIST OF TABLES III
LIST OF FIGURES III
ABBREVIATIONS IV
1) BACKGROUND 1
1.1 Purpose of the plan 1
1.2 Structure of the plan 2
1.3 Alignment with METT 4
1.3 Introduction 4
1.4 The values of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve 5
1.5 Adaptive management 7
2) DESCRIPTION OF INGWEHUMBE NATURE RESERVE AND ITS CONTEXT 9
2.1 The legislative basis for the management of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve 9
2.2 The regional and local planning context of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve 10
2.3 The history of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve 12
2.4 Ecological context of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve 14
2.6 Socio-economic context 20
2.7 Operational management within Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve 23
2.8 Summary of management issues, challenges and opportunities 24
3) STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 26
3.1 Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve vision 26
3.2 Objectives and strategic outcomes 26
4) ZONATION PLAN 28
4.1 Conceptual development guidelines 28
5) ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE 29
6) OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 30
6.1 Legal compliance and law enforcement 30
6.2 Buffer zone protection and regional management 31
6.3 Visitor management and tourism development 34
6.4 Conservation management 34
6.5 Operational management 39
7) MONITORING AND REPORTING 41
7.1 Annual monitoring 41
7.2 Annual protected area management plan implementation review 43
8) INGWEHUMBE NATURE RESERVE’S ANNUAL PLAN OF OPERATION 44
8.1 Implementation of the management plan 44
8.2 Responsibilities in implementing the protected area management plan 45
8.3 Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve’s resource requirements 45
REFERENCES 46
APPENDIX A: DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
APPENDIX B: LIST OF STATUTES TO WHICH THE INGWEHUMBE NATURE RESERVE IS SUBJECT
MANAGEMENT PLAN
II
APPENDIX C: COPY OF INGWEHUMBE NATURE RESERVE SG DIAGRAM AND PROCLAMATION (PENDING).
APPENDIX D:VEGETATION TYPES AND SPECIES LISTS
APPENDIX D1: KZN VEGETATION TYPES occurring within Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve, their conservation
status and protection.
APPENDIX D2: PLANT SPECIES LIST for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve
APPENDIX D3: GENERAL FAUNA LIST: Invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles and mammals.
APPENDIX D4: BIRD LIST
APPENDIX E: PRO FORMA ANNUAL PLAN OF OPERATION
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Land ownership of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve. ....................................................................... 9

Table 2. Vegetation types of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve and their contribution to systematic
biodiversity planning conservation targets. ............................................................................................. 17
Table 3. List of alien invasive plants species found on Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve. ............................ 19
Table 4. Management challenges, issues and opportunities ................................................................... 24
Table 5. Objectives and strategic outcomes for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve. ...................................... 27
Table 6. Framework for legal compliance and law enforcement, and buffer zone protection and
regional management. ............................................................................................................................. 32
Table 7. Framework for visitor management, tourism development and conservation management. .. 36
Table 8. Framework for operational management. ................................................................................. 40
Table 9. Annual monitoring schedule for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve. ................................................ 42
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Structure of the Management Plan. ............................................................................................ 3
Figure 2. Regional location of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve. .................................................................... 5
Figure 3. The adaptive management cycle (Management Strategy Evaluation, 2009). ............................. 8
Figure 4. Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve and its constituent properties. .................................................. 10
Figure 5. Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve in the context of uMgungundlovu DM Critical Biodiversity Areas
Map. ......................................................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 6. Mean monthly rainfall and temperature data for the major Bioreseource units of
Ingwehumbe............................................................................................................................................. 14
Figure 7. Map showing topography of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve and its surrounds. ........................ 15
Figure 8. Map showing the geology of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve. .................................................... 16
Figure 9. Map showing the vegetation types of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve. ...................................... 17
Figure 10. Local municipality within which Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve falls ....................................... 21
Figure 11. Ingwehumbe Nature Reserveinfrastructure of rodas, bush camp and recreational cycle
tracks.. ...................................................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 12. Zonation plan for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve. .................................................................... 28
Figure 13. Organisational structure for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve. ................................................... 30
Figure 14. Process for the implementation of the Management Plans. .................................................. 44
MANAGEMENT PLAN
III
ABBREVIATIONS
Amafa Amafa aKwaZulu-Natali (KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Heritage Agency)
BCOMM Ezemvelo Biodiversity Conservation Operations Management Meeting
BP Business Plan
CCA Community Conservation Area
CDP Concept Development Plan
CEO Chief Executive Officer
CRMP Cultural Resource Management Plan
CMS Co-management Structure
DAEARD KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Department of Agriculture, Environmental Affairs and Rural Development
DCO District Conservation Officer
DEA National Department of Environmental Affairs
DWA National Department of Water Affairs
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMF Environmental Management Framework
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EWT Endangered Wildlife Trust
Ezemvelo Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife
FPA Fire Protection Association in terms of the National Veld and Forest Fire Act (No.1 of 1998)
GIS Geographical Information System
IDP Municipal Integrated Development Plan
IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature
MCM National Department of Marine and Coastal Management
MEC Member of the Executive Council
MOA Memorandum of Agreement
MOU Memorandum of Understanding

NEMA National Environmental Management Act
NPAES National Protected Area Expansion Strategy
NSBA National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment

OIC Officer in Charge
PA Protected Area
SAHRA South African Heritage Resources Agency

SDF Municipal Spatial Development Framework
SMME Small, Micro and Medium Enterprises
SMP Strategic Management Plan
SWOT Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
WWF Word Wildlife Fund
MANAGEMENT PLAN
IV
1) BACKGROUND
1.1 Purpose of the plan

Management plans for biodiversity stewardship sites are strategic
documents that provide the framework for the development and operation
of biodiversity stewardship sites. Biodiversity stewardship offers varying
levels of formal protection of land with nature reserves being the highest
level of protection and a recognised protected area in terms of the National
Environmental: Management Protected Areas Act, No. 57 of 2003. Because
of the importance of its biodiversity and ecological functions, Ingwehumbe
Nature Reserve qualified to be declared as a nature reserve in terms of the
Act.
This management plan informs management at all levels, from the

management authority through to support staff within partner organisations.
The purpose of the management plan is to:
• Provide the primary strategic tool for management of Ingwehumbe

Nature Reserve, informing the need for specific programmes and
operational procedures.
• Provide for capacity building, future thinking and continuity of
management.
• Enable the landowner to develop and manage Ingwehumbe Nature
Reserve in such a way that its values and the purpose for which it has
been established are protected.
• Ensure the effective management of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve in
accordance with relevant provincial, national and international norms
and standards.
• The plan outlines the implementation of the conditions laid out in the
Protected Area Management Agreement for Ingwehumbe Nature
Reserve, which are to:
o Preserve the ecological integrity (including vulnerable and
ecologically sensitive areas) of the nature reserve.
o Conserve the biodiversity of the nature reserve.
o Protect areas representative of all ecosystems, habitats and
species naturally occurring there.
o Protect threatened or rare species.
o Assist in ensuring the sustained supply of environmental
goods and services provided by the nature reserve.
o Provide for the sustainable use of natural and biological
resources.
o Create or augment destinations for nature-based tourism.
o Manage the interrelationship between the natural
environment, human settlement and economic development.
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1.2 Structure of the plan
Section 1: Provides an introduction and background to the management
plan and Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve.
Section 2: Establishes the context of the Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve,
providing the basis for the strategic and operational
management frameworks that follow.
Section 3: Sets out the vision and objectives for the biodiversity
stewardship site.
Section 4: Sets out the zonation of the biodiversity stewardship site,
outlining the land uses in particular zones.
Section 5: Describes the administrative structure that has been
established to assist in managing Ingwehumbe Nature
Reserve.
Section 6: Sets out the management targets that must be achieved in
managing the nature reserve.
Section 7: Sets out the monitoring measures required to determine if
management targets are being met.
Section 8: Describes the components that must be included in the
annual plan of operation.
MANAGEMENT PLAN
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ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CONTEXT
Introduction
Management issues,
Description and challenges and
context opportunities
STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
Vision
Objectives
Key performance
areas
Strategic
outcomes
Zonation
plan
Adaptive management
OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
Administrative
framework
Management Guiding principles

activity
Management
targets
Monitoring and
reporting
Annual plan of
operation
Figure 1. Structure of the Management Plan.
MANAGEMENT PLAN
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1.3 Alignment with MET T
Management effectiveness is defined by the IUCN’s World Commission on
Protected Areas (WCPAs) as the assessment of how well a protected area is
being managed – primarily the extent to which it is protecting values and
achieving goals and objectives (Hockings, Stolton & Dudley 2000; Hockings et
al. 2006). The assessment of management effectiveness using the
Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool (METT-SA Version 3, 2015) is not a
management performance assessment but is intended to identify areas in
which management effectiveness can be improved within a protected area
and within the organisation managing the protected area.
As far as possible, this management plan has been aligned with the METT,
which focuses on six elements of protected area management:
1. Understanding the context of existing values and threats.

2. Protected area planning and design.
3. The allocation of resources to the protected area.
4. The processes that are implemented in managing a protected area.
5. The outputs of management actions.
6. The outcomes or impacts of management actions.
It must be understood that not all aspects of the METT will be relevant to
Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve but that the METT is able to identify areas in
which to focus management activities in an effort to address deficiencies and
improve management. It thus provides a baseline upon which future
management effectiveness can be measured and improved.
1.3 Introduction
The Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve (1031.059ha) is located in the south-east
corner of the Pietermaritzburg and midlands region of the KwaZulu-Natal
Midlands, approximately 15km south east of the village of Eston in KwaZulu-
Natal, in a predominantly sugar cane growing area (Fig.2). The nature reserve
is characterised by a variety of different vegetation types including the
Critically Endangered KwaZulu-Natal Sandstone Sourveld, Moist Coast
Hinterland Grassland, Eastern Valley Bushveld, KZN Hinterland Thornveld and
Eastern Scarp Forest that support large numbers of threatened and endemic
species. The Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve provides an important example of
these habitat types within the region. It falls within the Mkhambathini Local
Municipality and the uMgungundlovu District Municipality. This region also
forms part of one of the oldest conservancies, namely the Beaumont Eston
Conservancy. This site will play a very important role in the conservation of
vegetation types, especially the Critically Endangered KZN Sandstone
Sourveld, as well as a large number of threatened and endemic plant and
animal species.
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Figure 2. Regional location of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve.
1.4 The values of Ingwehumbe Nature Reser ve

The values of a place are those remarkable attributes that exemplify it, which
led to it being identified as a priority for the Biodiversity Stewardship
Programme and to be proclaimed as a nature reserve. The values are
important in planning and management, as they are the aspects of the place
that must be protected. The values of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve include:
Natural values • Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve contains a large

variety of vegetation types, including the Critically
Endangered KZN Sandstone Sourveld, Moist Coast
Hinterland Grassland, Eastern Valley Bushveld,
KZN Hinterland Thornveld and Eastern Scarp
Forest. Of note is the abrupt contrast from
sandstone grassland to Valley Bushveld habitat.
• Sense of space, beauty, views and vistas of the
area.
Species values • Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve provides suitable
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habitat for high numbers of endemic and
threatened plant and animal species.
Ecosystem service • The Mgwahumbe River and its tributaries that
values flow through the property are an important part
of Umkomaas catchment
• The nature reserve is a large tract of functional
natural habitat in a largely transformed
region/landscape
Ecosystem function • Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve has a significant
values altitudinal gradient that facilitates climate change
adaptation.
• Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve has high habitat
heterogeneity including grassland, bushveld,
scarp forest, rivers, wetlands, waterfalls and cliffs.
Socio economic • The large variety of recreational activities include:
values mountain biking fly fishing (indigenous yellow
fish), abseiling, hiking, bird watching, game
viewing, 4x4 track, botanical walks, river lodge.
Cultural and historic • A long history of people with strong ties to the
values land.
Consistent with Section 17 of the Protected Areas Act, the purpose of

Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve is to:
• Protect an ecologically viable, representative area of KZN Sandstone

Sourveld, Eastern Scarp Forest, Moist Coast Hinterland Grassland,
KZN Hinterland Thorn veld and Eastern Valley Bushveld and its
associated biodiversity in efforts to achieve provincial and national
protected area targets.
• Protect the ecological integrity and functioning of ecosystems and
water resources of the region.
• Protect the biodiversity of the area, in particular threatened, rare and
endemic species.
• Contribute towards the ecological functioning of the Mgwahumbe
River catchment and its associated water resources through the
sustained supply of environmental goods and services.
• Provide a destination for nature-based tourism that contributes to
economic development in the region.
• Ensure the sustainable use of natural resources including by hunting.
1.4.1 Protection of the values

The protected area’s values, in particular those that underlie the functioning
of its ecosystems and the protection of its rare and threatened species, will
be given the highest degree of protection to ensure the persistence of these
systems predominantly unaltered by human activity.
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1.4.2 Ecosystem-based management
Decision-making associated with the protection of the reserve’s ecosystems
will be scientifically based on internationally accepted principles and
concepts of conservation biology. The protected area ecosystems will be
managed with minimal interference to natural processes. Specific
management may be desirable, when the structure or function of a habitat
or ecosystem has been significantly altered by human induced impacts or
previous management. Specific management will only be considered when
this option is the best alternative available to restore ecological integrity.
Where directed management is required, it will be based on scientific

research, and will employ techniques that emulate natural processes as
closely as possible.
1.5 Adaptive management

The preparation of this management plan has been undertaken based on the
guiding principles of adaptive management, which is a structured, iterative
process in which decisions are made using the best available information,
with the aim of obtaining better information through monitoring of
performance (Fig.3). In this way, decision making is aimed at achieving the
best outcome based on current understanding, whilst accruing the
information needed to improve future management. Adaptive management
can lead to revision of a part or if necessary the whole management plan.
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Figure 3. The adaptive management cycle (Management Strategy Evaluation, 2009).
Adaptive management enables landowners and managers to:
i) Learn through experience.

ii) Take account of, and respond to, changing factors that affect
the biodiversity stewardship site.
iii) Develop or refine management processes.
iv) Adopt best practices and new innovations in biodiversity
conservation management.
v) Demonstrate that management is appropriate and effective.
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2) DESCRIPTION OF INGWEHUMBE NATURE RESERVE AND ITS
CONTEXT
2.1 The legislative basis for the management of Ingwehumbe

Nature Reser ve
There is a large body of legislation that is relevant to the management of
Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve, but the primary legislation guiding the
management of protected areas is the National Environmental Management:
Protected Areas Act (No.57 of 2003).
The Protected Areas Act establishes the legal basis for the creation and
administration of protected areas in South Africa, as its objectives include
provisions “for the protection and conservation of ecologically viable areas
representative of South Africa’s biological diversity and its natural
landscapes”. The Act sets out the mechanisms for the declaration of
protected areas and the requirements for their management.
A detailed list of relevant legislation is provided in Appendix B. Landowners

should familiarise themselves with the purpose and contents of the statutes
and their subsequent amendments and regulations.
2.1.1 Proclamation status of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve

Nature Reserve status was recommended for the Ingwehumbe site by the
KZN Biodiversity Stewardship Review Panel on 4 Feb 2013 and approved by
the KZN Biodiversity Stewardship Working Group on 7 Feb 2013, following a
site assessment on 28 November 2012. The landowners of the properties
comprising Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve have committed to proclaiming the
site as a nature reserve in terms of Section 23 of the National Environmental
Management: Protected Areas Act (No.57 of 2003). A copy of the gazette
notice, proclaiming Ingwehumbe as a nature reserve will be provided in
Appendix C.
Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve has been surveyed over the properties or parts
thereof listed below (Fig.4).
Table 1. Land ownership of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve.
Landowner Registration Property Known name Title Deed SG diagram Size (ha)
number description number
Electprops 39 96/10742/07 16734 Wingfield / T32354/1996 SG1631/1995 551.1185

Pty Ltd Kwagumbi
Malcolm IT 1084/01 17426 Priscilla Vale T57133/2002 SG1367/2001 858.4511

Stainbank
Family Trust
Virginia Trust IT 1085/01 1/17425 Virginia Port. 1 T57134/2002 SG1366/2001 364.7704
Virginia Trust IT 1085/01 16732 Ngangeza T57134/2002 SG1516/1995 110.3643
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Figure 4. Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve and its constituent properties.
2.1.2 Invasive species control in terms of the Biodiversity Act

In terms of Section 76 of the National Environmental Management:
Biodiversity Act (No.10 of 2004), the management authority of a protected
area must incorporate an invasive species control plan in the protected area
management plan. This is addressed in Sections 3 and 4 below.
2.2 The regional and local planning context of Ingwehumbe

Nature Reser ve
2.2.1 Regional and local planning framework
Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve falls within uMgungundlovu District

Municipality and the Mkhambathini Local Municipality, which set the
regional and local planning frameworks. The status of the reserve is reflected
in the land use planning schemes. Almost the entire area of Ingwehumbe
Nature Reserve is classified as CBA Irreplaceable Terrestrial and CBA Optimal
Terrestrial according to uMgungundlovu District Municipality’s Critical
Biodiversity Areas Map (Fig.5).
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Figure 5. Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve in the context of uMgungundlovu DM Critical Biodiversity
Areas Map.
According to the Environmental Management Framework for the

uMgungundlovu District Municipality (INR 2017) as a declared Nature
Reserve (Protected Area) the sensitivity level is very high and activities that
would result in transformation or net loss of critical biodiversity elements
should not be undertaken in this zone. Activities that are compatible with
biodiversity management objectives and that would result in a nett increase
in biodiversity should be supported. (p36) Maintain, enhance, and where
possible, protect areas of high biodiversity value through sustainable
development planning and land use management practices that promote
biodiversity patterns and processes across a more connected and biodiverse
landscape. (p38)
The uMgungundlovu District Municipal IDP recognises good tourism potential

as a major strength identifies the farming area between Camperdown and
Ezimwini (including the existing protected areas within Mkhambathini
Municipality - Mpushini Protected Reserve, Camperdown Nature Reserve,
Killarney Isle and Gwahumbe Game Reserve and Mid Illovo, Eston,
Manderston and Tala Game Reserve Area) as an agri eco-tourism and food
production area.
The Mkhambathini IDP (2016-2021 p99) states that he remaining

undisturbed land should be protected wherever possible since it provides
habitats for various species. The maintaining of indigenous habitats will assist
towards augmenting biodiversity in the area.
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2.2.2 Protected areas expansion
A long term goal is to expand the reserve as the opportunities arise by

identifying areas adjacent to Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve for possible
expansion of the conservation area. The following properties have expressed
interest in becoming recognised conservation areas Skiddaw, Scawfell,
Gwahumbe Farm, Gwahumbe Game and Spa, Hope Valley, Giggleswick and
Buckawbrau. These properties need to be engaged by the KZN Biodiversity
Stewardship Programme.
2.3 The history of Ingwehumbe Nature Reser ve

Origin of the name “Ingwehumbe” (Neil Hampson pers. comm. 2017)
“The name of the valley came to my attention about in 1990 as for years I
had been trying to find out the meaning of the word Gwahumbe as it was
spelt on the road signs and in all references. An old African man came to the
farm one morning and asked permission to bless the spirits of his family at a
site near to what we call the Waterfall. He told me that he had grown up in
the valley and as a small boy herded the cattle along the river. He said his
grandparents always warned them not to herd the cattle near the “Ingwe
Hhumbe”. Ingwe meaning leopard and humbe meaning caves - “Leopard
Caves”. So at last after many years the true name became known to me. It
really made sense and ironically leopard are seen on regular occasions in the
valley. In fact spoor of a leopard and cub were recorded by my ranger on the
18/3/2016”.
History of the Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve and surrounds
Historically, this region once formed part of the ancient elephant trail as they
moved between their winter-feeding grounds in the mangrove swamps of
what is now Durban, to their summer habitat, the nearby Byrne Valley. This
trail was later utilised by Boer Pioneers as a wagon route from the Cape to
Durban.
The area was settled by the Stainbank and Gurney families in the 1870s.
Agriculture at the turn of the last century consisted of tobacco growing for
which a factory was built in the Gwahumbe Valley.
The following notes on the history of the area were provided by Neil
Hampson, a local resident whose family has lived in the area for many years.
“Herewith a short resume of what I know and what I was told by my father
Garnet Hampson who was one of the first managers to be employed by Willy
Pearce the owner of the then Illovo Sugar Mill.
• All cane was hauled by oxen on coco pan trucks on rails laid out for
harvesting and then transferred to a narrow gauge trucks to be hauled down
to the mill at Illovo. Some 500 head of oxen were grazed down the
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Gwahumbe Valley and also Hall’s Farm which is now Tala Reserve. My folks
were engaged in 1938 and I have a picture of them sitting in a mule drawn
trap close to where the old tobacco factory was. The tobacco was of a very
high standard and won many top awards at the Royal Show in
Pietermaritzburg.
• I personally broke down the last Illovo dip tank in the valley in 1980 which
was made of imported pig iron, a very strong type of cast iron.
• Col. Montgomery was bequeathed the land, Ismont Farm by Queen Victoria
for his services rendered to her Majesty in the British Fusiliers. He built his
double story home to resemble a fort, complete with gun turrets and meter
thick stone walls. The house has been occupied until 3 years ago when a
freak hurricane destroyed it. Istere Montgomery and 2 daughters less than 3
years old lie buried at the top of Mount Langford on the farm Ismont. The
dates on the graves are 1860.
• The valley, prior to the arrival of Lantana was open Savannah, grasslands.
• I am open to correction but my certificate of Natural Heritage Site No 1 is I
think one of four or five registered in the Valley and signed by Mandela.
• I have known the valley since a young boy of about 12 and spent many
holidays with pellet guns, bare foot, swimming and exploring and doing what
all boys dreamt of in those days. It has been an honour and privilege to have
been able to conserve the part I have and my dream is that one day the entire
16 kilometers will become a Natural Heritage site in its entirety.”
Botanical collecting history of the area

It is related that the Durban Herbarium was stocked in the late 1800’s from
the valley. It was a hard day’s ride from Durban and many, many specimens
of plants were sourced from this precious valley and I understand went on to
the London Herbarium (most likely Kew). (Related to Neil Hampson by Neville
Power of Arden Farm, Mid-Illovo, whose family name goes back to
Powerscourt i.e. above the valley).
Later, in the 1950’s, the area was again an important collecting site for
botanists who contributed to the impressive plant species list (Appendix D).
1
Attempts to trace this number have so far been unsuccessful
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2.4 Ecological context of Ingwehumbe Nature Reser ve
2.4.1 Climate and weather

The Ingwehumbe area has relatively mild seasonal climatic patterns. Mean
annual rainfall ranges from 738mm in the valley to 956mm at the higher
altitudes, and occurs mostly during the spring and summer seasons, but with
some rain in winter. Mist is common and adds additional moisture. Winters
are generally very stable climatically and characterised by cold dry
conditions. Some frost does occur.
Figure 6. Mean monthly rainfall and temperature data for the major Bioreseource units of
Ingwehumbe.
2.4.2 Topography
Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve altitudes range from higher lying areas of up to
845m above mean sea level, dropping rapidly down cliffs and steep slopes to
the valley bottom along the course of the Mgwahumbe River to 291m asl., a
total of 554m Fig.7). The topography of the area has an impact on
management activities carried out on the reserve. Access to the valley
bottom is difficult with the access road being steep and eroded in some
areas. Only high clearance vehicles are used, with 4X4 vehicles required in
some places. Due to the steep nature of the terrain appropriate drainage of
roads and carefully planned burning regimes are important to prevent
erosion.
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Figure 7. Map showing topography of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve and its surrounds.
2.4.3 Geology and soils
The higher altitude plateau areas have shallow, nutrient-poor sandy soils
derived from Ordovician Natal Group sandstones, with the dominant soil
types being Inanda, Kranskop, Nomanci, Griffin and Hutton, which have a low
susceptibility to erosion. The slopes and valley bottom are underlain by the
sediments of the Karoo Supergroup with the mudstones, and the dominant
soil types are Glenrosa and Mispah (Fig.8). These areas are highly susceptible
to erosion
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Figure 8. Map showing the geology of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve.
2.4.4 Hydrology
The large Mgwahumbe River, a major tributary of the Lovu River flows along
the valley bottom of the reserve. Two perennial streams feed this river from
the north. The water quality of the river is dependent on agricultural
practices upstream, but is currently in good condition. The Gwahambe Clear
Water project is working from river source. There are no major NFEPA
wetlands within the nature reserve, but numerous smaller wetlands are
present.
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2.4.5 Vegetation
Five vegetation types are represented in the Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve
(Table 2 & Fig.9)
Table 2. Vegetation types of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve and their contribution to systematic
biodiversity planning conservation targets.
Provincial % contribution
Vegetation type Hectares
target (ha) to target
KZN Sandstone Sourveld 276 44918 0.62
Eastern Scarp Forest 220 7010 3.17
Moist Coast Hinterland
Grassland 5 109388 0.00
KZN Hinterland Thornveld 159 38135 0.42
Eastern Valley Bushveld 371 78438 0.48
Total 1031
Figure 9. Map showing the vegetation types of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve.
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KwaZulu-Natal Sandstone Sourveld (Critically Endangered) occurs in
KwaZulu-Natal on elevated sandstone plateaus from Mapumulo near
Kranskop in the north to St Faiths near Port Shepstone in the south, between
500-1100m. It is a short, species rich grassland with scattered low shrubs and
geoxylic suffrutices on flat or rolling plateau tops and steep slopes. This
vegetation type is classified as critically endangered by EzemveloKZNWildlife
and the South African National Biodiversity Institute (Mucina and Rutherford
2006, Jewitt 2011). It is noteworthy that the contribution of Ingwehumbe
more than doubles the current protected extent.
Eastern Scarp Forest occurs from near the Kei Mouth to southern
Mpumalanga and from a biodiversity perspective is probably the most
important forest type in South Africa (Boon, 2010). Biogeographically and in
terms of biodiversity this is probably the most valuable forest type in South
Africa with many endemic taxa.
Eastern Valley Bushveld is found in the deeply incised valleys of rivers

between 100 and 1000m asl. In the Eastern Cape and KZN. Semi deciduous
savanna woodlands in a mosaic with thickets, often succulent and dominated
by species of Euphorbia and Aloe
KZN Hinterland Thornveld is found scattered immediately above eastern

valley bushveld between 450 and 900m asl in river valleys. Open thornveld
dominated by Acacia species on undulating plains on the upper reaches of
river valleys.
2.4.7 Fire regime

Current fire management is concentrated on maintaining the grasslands,
where biennial block burning is more feasible than fire breaks. Perimeter
breaks are burnt on perimeter of grasslands. The occurrence of wildfires is
not as bad as in the past. The river, streams and forests act as natural
barriers. Fire management agreements need to be put in place with
neighbours to ensure that burning is cost effective and in line with
management objectives e.g. burning of reserve boundary.
Uncontrolled fires in the Bushveld on steep slopes could result in erosion.
2.4.8 Invasive species

There are currently very high levels of Lantana camara, and to a lesser extent
Chromolaena odorata and Solanum mauritianum, on the steep slopes of the
river valley. Small patches of Canna indica and an exotic Plectranthus sp. are
present in the grasslands above the valley. Some Sesbania punicea is also
present.
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Table 3. List of alien invasive plants species found on Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve.
Common name Scientific name CARA category

Lantana Lantana camara 1
Triffid weed Chromolaena odorata 1

Bugweed Solanum mauritianum 1
Indian shot Canna indica 1
Wattle Acacia mearnsii 1
Red Sesbania Sesbania punicea 1b
In terms of the NEM: Biodiversity Act (No.10 of 2004) and the Conservation
of Agricultural Resources Act (CARA – No.43 of 1983), landowners are
required to control and eradicate listed invasive alien species on their land.
CARA categorises such plants on the following basis:
Category 1: Plants that may not be grown and must be eradicated.
Category 2: Plant species with commercial value, which may only be

grown with a permit under controlled circumstances.
Category 3: Plants which have amenity value and which may be grown,
but not planted, propagated or imported.
While weed control is active in the proposed nature reserve area using
chemicals, inaccessibility of the very steep river banks is a huge challenge.
Biocontrol agents need to be investigated as a method of control for these
species. Lantana biocontrol has been tried but the agent is adversely affected
by cold temperatures.
2.4.9 Plant species
The Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve area has been well collected by many KZN
botanists over a long period and more than 600 species have been recorded
(Appendix D2). These include five Endangered species, 11 Vulnerable species,
6 Near Threatened species, 11 Declining species and two Rare species. There
are 16 KZN endemics and 82 SA endemics. There is also an unconfirmed
report of the Critically Endangered Brachystelma natalense.
2.4.10 Mammalian fauna

A variety of antelope including Oribi (Endangered), Bushbuck, Grey Duiker,
Blue Duiker (Vulnerable) , Kudu, Eland and Common Reedbuck occur on
Ingwehumbe. Leopard tracks, serval, caracal, cape clawless otter, aardwolf,
black-backed jackal, genet, aardvark, water & white tailed mongoose, striped
weasel, honey badger, grey and slender mongoose, cane rats, bushpig and
warthog have also been recorded (Appendix D3).
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2.4.11 Avifauna
Over 180 bird species have been recorded in this area. These range from
forest species such as the trumpeter hornbill and narina trogon, waterfowl, a
variety of raptors of which the Crowned Eagle is recorded to have bred in the
valley for over twenty five years and Southern ground hornbill. Of particular
note is Southern Ground Hornbill (Endangered) which bred on a ledge above
the Ingwehumbe NR gorge until recently when the nesting site collapsed.A
bird list from the neighbouring similar habitat Gwahumbe Game Reserve is
included in Appendix D to note the species likely to be found on
Ingwehumbe.
2.4.12 Herpetofauna (reptiles and amphibians)

The following reptiles and amphibians are found on Ingwehumbe Nature
Reserve: African Rock Python, Berg adder, Black mamba, Green mamba,
Boomslang, Southern Brown Egg Eater Snake, Bush Squeaker, Flap Neck
Chameleon, Bushveld Rain Frog, Common River Frog (Appendix D3).
2.4.13 Invertebrates
A list of Invertebrates from EKZNW is included in Appendix D3. A number of
the millipedes and molluscs are threatened and / or KZN endemics.
2.6 Socio-economic context
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Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve falls within the uMgungundlovu District
Municipality and the Mkhambathini Local Municipality (Fig.10) which set the
regional and local planning frameworks.
Figure 10. Local municipality within which Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve falls
The uMgungundlovu District Municipality 2015/16 Integrated Development

Plan (IDP) highlights the good tourism potential and abundant water
resources of the area. This emphasizes the importance of natural sites such
as Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve, which can ameliorate degradation upstream
and continue to provide important ecosystem goods and services
downstream.
The uMgungundlovu District Municipality EMP (2017) highlights tourism

attraction as a strength and the importance of biodiversity conservation and
the revenue generated by tourism associated with conservation as a key
opportunity. Threats to the Mkhambathini Local Municipality outlined in a
SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis include
growing pressure to protect sensitive vegetation such as Ngongoni and Valley
Bushveld and that there is an increasing burden to protect the rivers and
wetlands with limited resources available at the municipality. The official
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protection of such natural vegetation and riparian zones in a declared nature
reserve such as Ingwehumbe will assist the Mkambathini Local Municipality
in achieving its targets
The Mkhambathini Integrated Development Plan (2016 to 20121) comments

on unemployment, inequitable access to land and poor environmental
quality in the municipal precincts. These issues may include impacts on the
boundary of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve and within the site and influence
management of the nature reserve.
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2.7 Operational management within Ingwehumbe Nature
Reserve
2.7.1 Infrastructure
Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve has minimal infrastructure other than access
roads, a rustic river bush camp and recreational cycle tracks around the
periphery (Fig.11).
Figure 11. Ingwehumbe Nature Reserveinfrastructure of rodas, bush camp and recreational cycle
tracks..
2.7.2 Operational management

The predominant land use on the site is natural and recreational, including
mountain bike trails and fly-fishing, There are currently no agricultural
production activities taking place within the Nature Reserve boundaries with
the exception of a small areas of sugarcane that were not surveyed out. A
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non-commercial herd of 50 head of Nguni cattle graze in the reserve, and
there are approximately 40 community cattle in the valley bottom
Routine road maintenance, alien plant control, and burning of firebreaks are
carried out regularly.
Warthog and bushpig control is practised in order to maintain appropriate

population levels.
Limited hunting takes place.
2.8 Summary of management issues , challenges and

opportunities
The following section summarises the key management issues and challenges
outlined in the descriptive sections above, which must be addressed through
the management plan. The issues and challenges have been grouped under
key performance areas, which flow through the strategic and operational
management frameworks that follow (Table 4).
Table 4. Management challenges, issues and opportunities
Key Issue that must be addressed Opportunities

performance
area
Raise awareness in the region about the
importance of the reserve, its ecology
and species.
Contribute towards the income generation
of the nature reserve.
Identification of appropriate activities that Existing MTB, hiking, 4x4 trail,
may be developed to encourage Mdolwana/Wingfield bush
Tourism
visitors to the nature reserve. camp, bird watching, fishing
development
(catch and release) botanical
and visitor
walks, nature clubs.
management
Identification of infrastructure required to Road access and maintenance of
support visitor activities within the cycle and hiking trails and of
nature reserve. bush camp
Provision of opportunities for schools and Infrequent day trips walking on
groups to use the reserve for trails
environmental education.
Environmental education Not at present
Development of specific management If needed in conjunction with
measures for rare and endangered EKZNW
species such as Oribi and Southern
Ground Hornbills that occur within the
Conservation nature reserve.
management Management of introduced game species NA
Livestock management. Limited numbers not likely to
increase due to limited
carrying capacity. Rangeland
condition assessment and
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Key Issue that must be addressed Opportunities
performance
area
stocking rates may be carried
out.
Control of infestations of invasive plant Chemical and biocontrol. Identify
species listed in terms of the accessible areas that can be
Biodiversity Act and infestations of controlled in planned manner
indigenous problem plant species within financial constraints.
including bush encroachment Investigation biological control
agents. Opportunities for
working for water programme.
Herbicide assistance through
stewardship.
Control of bush encroachment Current control by chemical and
fire
Development of a fire management regime As per Fire Protection Association
that adopts an ecological approach to
burning whilst ensuring adequate
levels of safety.
Erosion control and rehabilitation As required
Administrative structure, formation of Malcolm Stainbank Landowner,
management authority, multiple Pete Stainbank Landowner and
landowners directors of Wingfield Nature
Reserve current landowners. A
management authority needs
to be a legally constituted
entity and to be assigned.
Operational (Landowners association)
management
Staff training and capacity Ongoing training of staff in
conjunction with farm
activities e.g. chemicals, alien
control, conservancy field
rangers training. Revision
important.
Maintenance of infrastructure Ongoing as required
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3) STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
The following strategic framework is aimed at providing the basis for the
protection, development and operation of the biodiversity stewardship site
over the next five years and has been prepared collaboratively through a
process involving the landowner, the biodiversity stewardship facilitator and
Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife.
The vision describes the overall long-term goal for the operation, protection
and development of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve. The objectives and
strategic outcomes that follow are intended to provide the basis for the
achievement of the vision. The objectives provide a broad description of the
goals for each key performance area. The strategic outcomes, which flow
from the objectives, set out what is needed to achieve the objectives, based
on the management challenges, issues and opportunities described in
Section 2 above.
3.1 Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve vision

The ecological value of the Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve extends beyond its
immediate surrounds, where it fulfils an important role in regional
conservation and the provision of ecosystem services. The natural beauty,
ecological value, habitat and species diversity and the presence of high
numbers of threatened and endemic species, make the reserve an important
biodiversity asset to the province. Its successful conservation relies on its
protection, the management of its resources and infrastructure, and the
support of its neighbours and the community living in their surrounds.
3.2 Objectives and strategic outcomes

An objective has been identified for each of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve key
performance areas, which follow from the management challenges, issues
and opportunities, and relate to the important functions and activities
necessary to protect, develop and manage it effectively. The objectives have
then been translated into strategic outcomes, which form the basis for the
management activities and targets set out in the operational management
framework, described in Section 6 below. Table 5 sets out the key
performance areas, the objective for each key performance area and the
strategic outcomes, required to realise the objectives.
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Table 5. Objectives and strategic outcomes for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve.
Key performance area Objective Strategic outcome

Legal compliance and law Appropriate legal protection of the Nature Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve complies with the requirements of the PA act
enforcement Reserve
There is adequate control and law enforcement within the site. Use of SAPS, conservancy, Farmwatch, tribal
Control of illegal activities e.g. plant harvesting authority and Community Police Forum
and poaching
Control of alien species and protection of alien
free areas .
Buffer zone protection and Explore opportunities to consolidate the Capture of buffer zone considerations in local and regional plans.
regional management protection of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve’s Cooperate with neighbouring biodiversity stewardship sites, where there is an alignment of biodiversity
boundaries and its surrounds. conservation goals and objectives.
Visitor management Develop opportunities for ecotourism activities Investigate and implement appropriate ecotourism opportunities.
that afford revenue and cost-recovery to the
nature reserve.
Conservation management Protect the ecosystem functioning, ecological Critical ecological processes and functions are maintained within the nature reserve.
integrity, habitat and species of the nature Rare and threatened species management is undertaken using the best available scientific knowledge.
reserve through active interventions based on Fire management is undertaken based on ecological principles and the recommendations of studies undertaken
principles of adaptive management. for the site.
Protect and manage the threatened, rare, Adequate fire safety within the nature reserve is ensured.
vulnerable and endemic species to ensure their Game management is undertaken based on ecological principles and best management practices that seek to
continued survival. optimise the game species mix and numbers.
Invasive alien plant species control measures are implemented in the nature reserve in a planned and systematic
manner.
Operational management Infrastructure maintenance: Well maintained roads, trail network and bush camp
Adequate finances are provided for the An annual budget is provided for the maintenance of the reserve
protection of the reserve.
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4) ZONATION PLAN
The purpose of the zonation of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve is to control the
intensity and type of use within it, in efforts to ensure the overriding goals of
production and biodiversity conservation are met. On this basis, within some
zones, the permissible intensity of use will be relatively higher than in others.
Figure 12. Zonation plan for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve.
4.1 Conceptual development guidelines
4.1.1 Limited use zone

This zone is designated for areas in which activities are to be limited to low-
impact ecotourism uses and conservation management interventions. Motor
vehicle access into parts of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve, for management
purposes is allowed in this zone, together with visitor access to the camp.
Controlled camping is allowed. Low level management infrastructure such as
patrolling observation points will also be allowed in this zone. The objective
of this zone is to enable access and usage of the nature reserve whilst
limiting the impacts of this.
4.1.2 Moderate use zone

This zone covers areas that encompass key zones for the development of
management infrastructure and relatively high levels of visitor usage.
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Furthermore, this zone is designated for areas of relatively high vehicle usage
such as for visitors travelling to and from the main lodge/s within the nature
reserve. The objective of this zone is to accommodate lodge-style
developments and to enable the development of operational management
infrastructure such as stores, maintenance areas and staff housing within the
nature reserve.
Permissible activities for these two zones:
• Development of lodges.
• Development of roads infrastructure in compliance with
environmental law requirements.
• Maintenance of the main access roads through the nature reserve.
• Development of the nature reserve’s park management facilities
comprising infrastructure such as entrances, staff housing, offices,
workshops and storehouses.
• Grazing of livestock, at stocking rates at or below the commercial

stocking rate.
Non-permissible activities:
• Introduction of non-indigenous grasses, trees or shrubs for

landscaping purposes.
• Ploughing of land.
5) ADMINISTRATIVE ST RUCTURE
A recommended organisational structure for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve is
set out in Figure 13. The figure identifies the role of the site’s landowners
and their staff together with key partners such as Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife.
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Landowners
Management
Authority
Shared team: management
Ingwehumbe Nature programmes such as alien plant
Reserve Land clearing, burning, erosion control
Management Association and law enforcement.
Existing farm
labour
Management Advisory
Forum:
Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife NGO partners Other governmental
partners
District Conservation Botanical Society of SA Department of

Unit Agriculture
Biodiversity Endangered Wildlife Working for Water

Stewardship Unit Trust
Eco-advice Unit Working on Fire
Figure 13. Organisational structure for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve.
6) OPERATIONAL MANAG EMENT FRAMEWORK

This section translates the strategic framework described in Section 3 above
into management activities and targets, which will be used to inform annual
plans of operation and the resources required to implement them. The
management targets will form the basis for monitoring of performance in
implementing the plan and are thus measurable.
6.1 Legal compliance and law enforcement

Through the landowners of the biodiversity stewardship site, the
management authority has been mandated to enforce laws related to the
conservation of the site, which prohibit particular activities. In fulfilling this
role, the managers of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve will adhere to the
following guiding principles:
• All reasonable efforts must be made to ensure the effective

conservation of biodiversity within and on the boundaries of the
nature reserve.
• Law enforcement efforts should be coordinated with the relevant

authorities including the South African Police Service in addressing
offences and breaches of the law.
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• Law enforcement at the site will be undertaken through surveillance,
monitoring and appropriate reaction in the event of an offence.
6.2 Buffer zone protection and regional management

In order to safeguard the biodiversity within the nature reserve and
to counter any threatening processes or edge effects, appropriate
land uses in the surrounds of the reserve should be encouraged.
Actions may also be taken to secure the boundaries of the reserve
through protected area expansion mechanisms and local planning
tools. In ensuring the protection of its biodiversity, the following
guiding principles will be adopted in terms of buffer zone protection
and regional management:
• Appropriate actions must be taken to manage threatening
processes and edge effects on the nature reserve’s boundaries
and beyond them.
• The reserve’s managers will endeavour to assist the local and
district municipalities in determining appropriate land uses and
development strategies in the areas surrounding the nature
reserve.
The operational requirements for law enforcement, and buffer zone

protection and regional management are set out in Table 6 below.
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Table 6. Framework for legal compliance and law enforcement, and buffer zone protection and regional management.
Strategic outcome Management activities Management targets Indicators of Concern Timing Landowner Partner
responsibility responsibility
NATURE RESERVE DECLARATION
Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve Declaration of the site in terms of correct title deed Legal protection of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve ▪ No declaration of Year 1 Completion and EKZNW to ensure
is a legally declared nature information and Surveyor General diagrams as a in terms of the Protected Areas Act. Title deed Ingwehumbe Nature signature of legal signature of legal
Reserve.
reserve. Nature Reserve in terms of the Protected Areas Act. endorsement must be achieved. documents documents by MEC
▪ No title deed
endorsement on
declared properties
LAW ENFORCEMENT
There is adequate law Develop an integrated security strategy for the nature Creation of cooperative structures with law ▪ Frequent recovery of Development of Support to
reserve, which ensures collaboration with all relevant enforcement officials (SAPS EKZNW and private snares.
enforcement within the
institutions. security companies, Mid -Illovo community
Year 1 strategy landowner
nature reserve. ▪ Arson fires.
police forum).
▪ Recorded losses of game
species.
Ensure that staff are equipped and trained to Regular patrols covering the full extent of the Implementation of a Prosecution of
undertake patrols within the nature reserve for law nature reserve. ▪ Recorded losses of known
enforcement purposes. rare and endangered Year 1- system of patrols Individuals caught
Prosecution of any offender caught committing committing an
species. ongoing
Implement a programme of patrols of the nature an offence.
offence
reserve and its boundaries.
BUFFER ZONE, PROTECTED AREA EXPANSION AND REGIONAL MANAGEMENT
Status of the reserve Ensure that the Nature Reserve status of Ingwehumbe Engagement with
Retention of existing compatible land uses, such Land uses that lead to land Engagement with
reflected in land use is included in the development of local and district as game and livestock farming, in the areas transformation, municipalities in municipalities in
around the reserve. fragmentation and loss of
Ongoing developing local and
planning schemes municipality IDPs, SDFs and LUMS in an effort to ensure developing local and
habitat. regional plans.
compatible land uses in the areas around the nature regional plans.
reserve.
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Identify areas adjacent to the Determine options for cooperation with adjoining Engagement with interested landowners to Ecological isolation of Communication Support the reserve
reserve for possible inclusion properties (Skiddaw, Scawfell, Gwahumbe Farm, expand the reserve as the opportunities arise. Ingwehumbe Nature with neighbours with expansion
(expansion) of the Nature Gwahumbe Game and Spa, Hope Valley, Giggleswick, Reserve. opportunities
Reserve Buckawbrau properties are interested and need to be
engaged).
Encroachment of Ongoing
incompatible land uses
around the reserve
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6.3 Visitor management and t ourism development
In developing tourism within the biodiversity stewardship site, the following guiding
principles should be adhered to:
• Tourism products must be appropriate to the site’s values and must not
threaten its biodiversity or ecological function.
• In developing tourism products, requirements for environmental authorisation
must be considered and adhered to.
• Tourism products should be designed to capitalise on the unique beauty and
biodiversity features of the site.
• Tourism products should be developed in response to tourism market demands
and opportunities within the site and should be carefully assessed to determine
their viability.
6.4 Conservation mana gement
6.4.1 Ecosystem management
The 2011 version of the KwaZulu-Natal systematic biodiversity plan identifies provincial
conservation targets. The conservation of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve contributes
towards the achievement of a portion of some of these targets (Table 2). Targets will
continue to be updated as knowledge develops about the ecology of areas,
connectivity between them, and other process requirements for ecosystems,
communities and species. On this basis, the conservation targets should be viewed as a
set of working hypotheses around which conservation planning and evaluation can take
place. The conservation targets highlight the importance of the reserve, particularly for
the conservation of the KZN Sandstone Sourveld and Eastern Scarp Forest, and for the
conservation of several key species. Where possible, specific conservation and
monitoring strategies should be established for species for which conservation targets
have been set.
The detailed operational requirements for visitor management and ecosystem

management are set out in Table 7 below.
6.4.2 Fire management

Fire plays an important role in southern African ecology, and has important effects on
vegetation composition, primary productivity and nutrient cycling. In developing a fire
management strategy for the site, the following guiding principles should be adhered
to:
• Burning should be undertaken in such a way that it maintains spatial and

temporal heterogeneity within the landscape.
• A patch mosaic of burnt and un-burnt areas should be maintained.
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• The burning of areas should be undertaken in such a way that promotes patchy
burns (i.e. within the block being burnt, some patches will remain un-burnt
rather than aiming for a complete burn).
• Burning must be undertaken with consideration of the biodiversity conservation
requirements of the site and the need to protect rare and endangered species.
• Burning and fire management must be undertaken in a safe manner that is
legally compliant with the National Veld and Forest Fire Act (No.101 of 1998).
6.4.3 Invasive plant control

A listed invasive species means any species, which is listed in terms of section 70 of the
Biodiversity Act, whose establishment and spread occurs outside of its natural
distribution range. In undertaking invasive plant control, the following guiding
principles will be adhered to:
• Invasive plant control will require an ongoing programme that prioritises key
infestations along water courses, drainage lines and upper catchment areas.
• Initial clearing efforts should focus on containing infestations that are most
likely to spread into new areas.
• All follow-up requirements must be strictly adhered to otherwise the problem
will be exacerbated.
• Strategic partnerships and poverty relief programmes such as the Working for
Water programme should be utilised.
6.4.4 Soil erosion control

In addressing soil erosion, the following guiding principles should be adhered to:
• Areas impacted by soil erosion should be stabilised and re-vegetated with

indigenous plant species to prevent the spread of listed invasive plant species.
• Areas susceptible to soil erosion, or showing early signs of soil erosion such as
loss of vegetation cover, must be managed to prevent soil erosion.
The detailed operational requirements for conservation management are set out in
Table 6.3 below.
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Table 7. Framework for visitor management, tourism development and conservation management.
Landowner Partner
Strategic outcome Management activities Management targets Timing
Indicators of Concern responsibility responsibility
VISITOR MANAGEMENT AND TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
Development of tourism MTB, hiking, trail running, bush camp (18 bed), natural Maintenance of current visitor levels Decrease in visitor Development and Assistance with
opportunities that generate history groups numbers maintenance of marketing and
Year 3
revenue for the site. infrastructure for advertising
tourism.
CONSERVATION AND ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT
Critical ecological processes ▪ Ensure that the vegetation types within the reserve ▪ Undertake periodic game counts to monitor ▪ Ecological degradation Undertake game Technical advice and
and functions are maintained and being managed optimally for biodiversity numbers of habitat and/or counts. support.
conservation. ▪ Modify game species mix and numbers if they decrease in species
within the reserve. Year 5
are found to be negatively impacting on numbers
biodiversity.
Rare and threatened species ▪ Ensure that the nature reserve is included in or are ▪ Participation in expert groups e.g. Oribi ▪ Declining numbers of Engage with NGOs, Engage with NGOs,
management is undertaken aware of research that is being conducted on Working Group rare and endangered partners and partners and
relevant rare and endangered species. ▪ Re-introduction of rare and threatened species that occur
using the best available tertiary institutions tertiary institutions
▪ Adopt procedures for the management of rare and species that historically would have occurred within the nature
scientific knowledge. endangered species, based on available literature reserve. to participate in to encourage
within Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve.
and known best practices. relevant groups and targeted research.
participate in
Ongoing
targeted research.
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Landowner Partner
FIRE MANAGEMENT
Fire management is ▪ Implement a burning regime in accordance with the ▪ Establishment of a series of internal ▪ Burning more than 33%
recommendations of the phytosociological firebreaks to facilitate the recommended of the reserve annually.
undertaken based on Advice in planning
evaluation and any other assessments undertaken burning regime. Year 1 - Implementation of
ecological principles and the the annual burning
of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve. ▪ Burning approximately one-third of the ongoing the burning regime
recommendations of studies programme
reserve each year, following a period of rest
undertaken for the site.
or alleviated pressure.
Adequate fire safety within Firebreaks maintained of adequate extent, at the Compliance with the National Veld and Forest Inadequate personnel or
correct time of the year and weather conditions. Fires Act. equipment.
the nature reserve is
ensured. Ensure that staff is trained and that adequate Wildfires spreading from
firefighting equipment is available at the site.
Implement a fire management regime based on
the site to neighbouring
Year 1 -
ecological advice ongoing
Membership of the local Fire Protection Association. properties.
Ecological degradation
resulting from
inappropriate burning
INVASIVE PLANT CONTROL
Achievement of a significant Implement concerted, sustained control efforts in Map extent of alien plant infestation Spread of existing levels of Implementation of Advice in planning
reduction in levels of identified areas of heavy invasive plant infestation. Reduction ongoing infestation of listed invasive plant for alien invasive
invasive plant infestations in Undertake suitable rehabilitation measures, including . invasive species. control measures plant control
re-vegetation using indigenous plant species, to Persistence of existing
the nature reserve. Engage with appropriate support programmes Assistance in
prevent soil erosion, following clearing of invasive infestations. Year 5
plant species. clearing and the
New infestations of listed
Develop partnerships with Working for Water and provision of training,
invasive species.
other strategic programmes. equipment and
chemicals
SOIL EROSION CONTROL
Implementation of Identify the requirements for soil erosion control and Implementation of soil erosion control Further erosion of Implementation of Advice in planning
rehabilitation within the site especially in relation to measures in areas in which plant cover is low, impacted areas. Year 1 -
procedures to identify, soil erosion control for soil erosion
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Landowner Partner
rehabilitate and manage roads and cycle tracks. which are susceptible to erosion. Sedimentation impacts in ongoing measures control
areas that have been Implement soil erosion control and rehabilitation watercourses and wetland
Maintenance of roads and trails to avoid areas.
significantly impacted by soil measures, focussing on areas that are impacting on
erosion.
watercourses or that are growing larger.
erosion.
Undertake preventative measures in areas with low
plant cover that may be at risk of soil erosion.
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6.5 Operational management
6.5.1 Grazing management

Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve currently has minimal grazing by livestock.
Approximately 35 head of community owned cattle graze in the grassland. If
these numbers are increased a veld condition assessment should be carried
out to determine optimal stocking rate for conservation. Population numbers
of game species are not accurately known although annual game counts are
carried out by the Conservancy. In the event of game numbers being
increased for hunting or tourism it may be necessary to establish carrying
capacity for the Reserve.
6.5.2 Financial and human resources

The nature reserve cannot be effectively managed without adequate
sustained funding and sufficient human resources. The following guiding
principles should be adhered to:
• Adequate funding must be provided for the management of the
nature reserve to ensure its sustained functioning.
• Trained and experienced staff must be available to the reserve.
6.5.3 Infrastructure development and management

In order for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve to operate appropriately, adequate
infrastructure need to be developed and maintained both for management
and tourism purposes. In addressing infrastructure needs at the site, the
following guiding principles will be adhered to:
• Infrastructure must be maintained to avoid any damage to the

environment and ensure the safety of staff and visitors to the site.
• Infrastructure must be provided to ensure the effective management
and operation of the nature reserve.
The detailed requirements for operational management are set out in Table
8 below.
MANAGEMENT PLAN
39
Table 8. Framework for operational management.
Strategic outcome Management activities Management targets Indicators of Concern Timing Landowner Partner
responsibility responsibility
HUMAN AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES
The site is adequately Employ sufficient, appropriately skilled staff to meet Ensuring that an adequate budget is available to Inadequate resources to Undertaking Assistance in
resourced for its effective the management and operational requirements of the manage the reserve. manage of the site. management providing resources
site.
management and operation. Year 3 activities to manage the site
Undertake regular training and skills development to
ensure that staff is able to effectively complete their
duties.
INFRASTRUCTURE
All infrastructure at the site Ensure that adequate maintenance is undertaken to Undertake regular maintenance of all facilities Environmental, health or Implementation of a Provision of advice
is adequately maintained. maintain facilities and infrastructure in an adequate and infrastructure. safety incidents regular and support
condition. associated with
Year 1 -
ongoing maintenance
inadequately maintained
facilities and
infrastructure.
MANAGEMENT PLAN
40
7) MONITORING AND RE PORTING
Monitoring and reporting is a critical component of the adaptive
management cycle. It enables the effective assessment of management
interventions and, if necessary, can be used to direct modifications of
management in an effort to achieve the outcomes required.
7.1 Annual monitoring

The annual monitoring schedule should be designed to monitor the
implementation of aspects of the management plan. It should be designed
to be straightforward and relatively easy to implement by on-site staff.
Records should be maintained of key management interventions and of

problem events or incidents such as uncontrolled access, poaching, illegal
plant collection or uncontrolled/arson fires.
Scientific monitoring programmes may be established to monitor specific

management interventions such as measures for the protection of flagship
species. Most of the outcomes of the monitoring process will be captured in
an annual report, which will be used to inform the following year’s annual
plan of operation.
On this basis, a monitoring schedule for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve is set

out in Table 9.
MANAGEMENT PLAN
41
Table 9. Annual monitoring schedule for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve.
Management issue Parameters to be monitored Monitoring measures Monitoring frequency Responsibility Reporting requirements
Law enforcement Schedule of patrols Written record Regular patrols as

Annual report
required
Landowner
Recovery of snares Photographs/written record Weekly Annual report
Illegal incidents Photographs/written record Per event Record of event
Fire management Burning of firebreaks as part of fire management Written Annually Annual report
Burning of blocks as part of controlled burning record/map/photography Annually Annual report

Landowner
Unplanned wildfires Written
Per event Record of event
record/map/photography
Invasive plant control Areas subject to invasive plant control
State of areas in which invasive plants have been Photographs/written record Quarterly Annual report
eradicated Landowner
Records of labour hours/days Written record Annually Annual report
Herbicide usage Written record Annually Annual report
Conservation targets Incidents related to flagship species Photographs/written record Per event Landowner Record of event
Facilities and infrastructure State of roads and paths Photographs/written records Annually Landowner Annual report
State of facilities and service infrastructure Maintenance report Annually Annual report
Landowner
Pollution events Photographs/written records Per event Record of event
MANAGEMENT PLAN
42
7.2 Annual protected area management plan implementation
review
The purpose of undertaking an annual review of implementation of the
protected area management plan will be to:
• Determine how effectively the management plan has been

implemented.
• Assist in determining the focus for the annual plan of operation and the
setting of appropriate time frames and budgets.
• Enable effective adaptive management by identifying changes and
modifying management interventions.
The minutes of the annual management meeting will form the basis of the
report on the management plan review. The minutes should include records
of recommendations for update/changes to the five‐year plan so that when
the five‐year plan is revised for the subsequent five years, these
recommendations can be assessed and included where necessary.
MANAGEMENT PLAN
8) INGWEHUMBE NATURE RE SERVE’S ANNUAL PLAN OF OPERATION
Each year an annual plan of operation will be prepared, based on the
objectives, strategic outcomes, management activities and targets contained
in the management plan.
8.1 Implementation of the management plan
Formal adoption of the

Management Plan
Periodic external audit of Budgeting process
the management plan
Annual
management
meeting
Update and amendment of

Annual management plan Annual plan of
management plan objectives, strategic operation
implementation outcomes, management
review
activities and targets
Biennial
management plan
review
Figure 14. Process for the implementation of the Management Plans.
Each year an annual management meeting is to be held for the biodiversity

stewardship site. In terms of the implementation of the management plan,
the purpose of the annual management meeting for Ingwehumbe Nature
Reserve will be to:
• Finalise the annual report, as part of the annual management plan

review described in Section 7.2 above.
• As part of the annual performance review, determine the need to
modify or change any of the management plan’s objectives, strategic
outcomes, management activities or targets.
• Determine management activities for the coming year and to set goals
for the year, based on the key performance areas set out in the
management plan.
• Determine how budgets will be spent in an effort to achieve the goals
for each of the quarters of the coming year.
The minutes and notes of the annual management meeting will be compiled in
an annual plan of operation, which will include all of the information, set out
MANAGEMENT PLAN
44
above, and will determine what management activities need to be completed
for the coming year, based on the management plan. A pro forma annual plan
of operation is set out in Appendix E.
8.2 Responsibilities in implementing the protected area

management plan
In the tables in the operational management framework, the responsibilities
for the completion of management activities are identified. In many cases the
people responsible for implementing the activities will be in attendance at the
annual management meeting and the requirements for the achievement of
the management activities can be discussed and agreed to at the meeting. In
some cases, however, the management activities may be required to be
referred to an individual or another partner to ensure that they implement the
management activity.
8.3 Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve ’s resource requirements

In developing annual plans of operation for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve the
resource requirements, associated with management activities and targets set
out in the operational management framework must be considered and
budgeted for. The following section broadly identifies the issues that must be
considered in determining adequate human resources, funds and equipment
for the site.
8.3.1 Staff and equipment

Annual plans of operation must consider the staff and equipment needs to
undertake the following activities:
• Administration and management of the site.

• Patrolling of the site and its boundaries.
• An annual burning programme and firefighting response to wildfires.
• An ongoing invasive plant species control programme.
• An ongoing soil erosion control and rehabilitation programme.
• Ecological monitoring and data capture.
• Maintenance of roads, paths and fences within the site.
• Maintenance of facilities and infrastructure within the site.
• Capture of visitor information and statistics.
• Community liaison and cooperation.
• Environmental interpretation and education.
8.3.2 Projects
In addition to the requirements for annual recurrent funding for the issues
outlined above, there will be a need to identify funding requirements for the
following capital projects:
• Review of the roads network and potential costs associated with re-
alignment, reconstruction and rehabilitation.
MANAGEMENT PLAN
45
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Survey of South Africa No.40. Department of Agricultural Technical
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Armstrong, A.J. & Hamer, M.L. 2015. English names of the millipedes
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Boon, R. (2010) Pooley’s Trees of eastern South Africa. Flora and Fauna Publ.
Trust. Durban.
Carbutt, C. and Goodman, P.S. (2010) Assessing the Management Effectiveness

of State-owned, Land-based Protected Areas in KwaZulu-Natal. Ezemvelo
KZN Wildlife unpublished report, Pietermaritzburg. pp. 1-67.
Camp, K.G.T. (1998) The bioresource units of KwaZulu-Natal. Cedara report

N/A95/32. KZN Department of Agriculture.
Cowan, G.I. (2006) Guidance for the development of management plans in

terms of the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act
(Act 57 of 2003). Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism,
Pretoria.
Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (2008) The National

Protected Area Expansion Strategy 2008-2012. Pretoria.
Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife (2010) KZN Protected Area Expansion Strategy and
Action Plan (2009-2028). Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife unpublished report,
Pietermaritzburg. pp. 1-63.
Goodman P.S. (2011) Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife Norms and Standards:

Surveillance and Monitoring Plans for Biodiversity. Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife
unpublished report, Pietermaritzburg.
Hardy, M.B., Barnes, D.L., Moore, A. and Kirkman, K.P. (1999) The
management of different types of veld. In Tainton, N.M. (ed) Veld
Management in South Africa. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg.
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INR 2017 Final Environmental Management Framework for the

uMgungundlovu District Municipality: Volume II – Environmental
Sensitivity Zones and Assessment Guideline.
Mkhambathini Municipality Integrated Development Plan. 2015 to 2021
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Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19, South African National Biodiversity
Institute, Pretoria.
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O’Connor, T.G. and Bredenkamp, G.J. (1997) Grassland. In Cowling, R.M.,
Richardson, D.M. and Pierce, S.M. (eds) Vegetation of Southern Africa.
Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom.
Raimondo, D., VonStaden,L., Foden,W., Victor, J.E.,Helme,N.A., Turner,R.C.,

Kamundi, D.A. & Manyama, P.A. (eds) (2009). SANBI Red List of South
African plants. http://redlist.sanbi.org/
Scott-Shaw, C.R. (1999) Rare and threatened plants of KwaZulu-Natal and

neighbouring regions. KwaZulu-Natal Nature Conservation Services,
Pietermaritzburg.
Scott-Shaw, C.R and Escott, B.J. (Eds) (2011) KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Pre-
Transformation Vegetation Type Map – 2011. Unpublished GIS Coverage
[kznveg05v2_1_11_wll.zip], Biodiversity Conservation Planning Division,
Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, P. O. Box 13053, Cascades, Pietermaritzburg, 3202.
Stolton, S., Hockings, M., Dudley, N., MacKinnon, K., Whitten, T. and
Leverington, F. (2007) Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool: reporting
progress at protected area sites (2nd edition). World Bank and WWF
Forest Alliance.
Trollope, W.S.W. (1999) Veld Burning. In Tainton, N.M. (ed) Veld Management
in South Africa. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg.
uMgungundlovu District Municipality. 2017. Integrated Development Plan

(IDP) for uMgungundlovu District Municipality. The Comprehensive
2017/2018 to 2021/2022 Five-Year IDP- 4th Generation.
MANAGEMENT PLAN
47
Appendix A
APPENDIX A: DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
Alien species Species or genotypes, which are not indigenous to Ntsikeni Nature Reserve and the
surrounding area including hybrids and genetically altered organisms.
Biodiversity The variability among living organisms from all sources including, terrestrial, marine
and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part
and also includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems (as
per the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 [Act No. 10 of
2004]).
Bioprospecting In relation to indigenous biological resources, means any research on, or
development or application of, indigenous biological resources for commercial or
industrial exploitation, and includes – the systematic search, collection or gathering
of such resources or making extractions from such resources for purposes of such
research, development or application (as per the National Environmental
Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 [Act No. 10 of 2004])
Board The KwaZulu-Natal Nature Conservation Board as defined by the KwaZulu-Natal

Nature Conservation Management Act, 1997 (Act No.9 of 1997).
Buffer zone An area surrounding a protected area that has restrictions placed on its use or
where collaborative projects and programmes are undertaken to afford additional
protection to the nature reserve.
Co- The term ‘Co-management’ must be understood within the context of Section 42 of
management the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 (Act No. 57 of
2003).
Cultural As defined in Article 1 of the World Heritage Convention (UNESCO) 1972 , ‘cultural
heritage heritage’ is considered as “monuments, architectural works, works of monumental
sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature,
inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features, which are of (…) value
from the point of view of history, art or science, groups of buildings, groups of
separate or connected buildings which, because of their architecture, their
homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of significance from the point of
view of history, art or science, sites, works of man or the combined works of nature
and man, and areas including archaeological sites which are of (…) value from the
historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological point of view.” For the purpose
of this IMP, living heritage features such as mountains, pools, rivers, boulders, etc.
as well as palaeontological features are included under this definition.
Ecotourism The travel to natural areas to learn about the way of life and cultural history of
people, the natural history of the environment, while taking care not to change the
environment and contributing to the economic welfare of the local people (adapted
from a definition of ecotourism by Hecto Ceballos Lascurain).
Ecological The sum of the biological, physical and chemical components of an ecosystem and
integrity its products, functions and attributes (as per the National Environmental
Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 [Act No. 57 of 2003]).
Ecosystem A dynamic complex of animal, plant and micro-organism communities and their
non-living environment interacting as a functional unit (as per the National
Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 [Act No. 57 of 2003]).
Appendix A
Ecosystem As defined in Section 1 of the National Environmental Management: Protected

services Areas Act, 2003 (Act No. 57 of 2003) as “environmental goods and services”
meaning:
a. Benefits obtained from ecosystems such as food, fuel and fibre and genetic
resources.
b. Benefits from the regulation of ecosystem processes such as climate regulation,
disease and flood control and detoxification.
c. Cultural non-material benefits obtained from ecosystems such as benefits of a
spiritual, recreational, aesthetic, inspirational, educational, community and
symbolic nature;”
For the purposes of this IMP, sustainable water production is also specifically
included under this definition.
Environmental The deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air,
degradation water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems and the loss of species or undesirable
reduction of species population numbers from a specific area from an
environmental health perspective
Ezemvelo KZN Nature Conservation Service as established in terms of the KwaZulu-Natal Nature
Wildlife Conservation Management Act No. 9 of 1997.
Indigenous In relation to a specific protected area, means a species that occurs, or has
species historically occurred, naturally in a free state of nature within that specific protected
area, but excludes a species introduced in that protected area as a result of human
activity (as per the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003
[Act No. 57 of 2003]).
Invasive Means any species whose establishment and spread outside of its natural
species distribution range –
a. Threaten ecosystems, habitats or other species or have a demonstrable
potential to threaten ecosystems, habitats or other species.
b. May result in economic and environmental harm or harm to human health.
(As per the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 [Act
No. 57 of 2003]).
Joint The agreed co-ordination of management and/or management actions by
management landowners and/or mandated managers on their individual or combined properties
in order to achieve common management objectives.
Local Any community of people living or having rights or interests in a distinct
community geographical area (as per the National Environmental Management: Protected
Areas Act, 2003 [Act No. 57 of 2003]).
Management In relation to a protected area, includes control, protection, conservation,

maintenance and rehabilitation of the protected area with due regard to the use
and extraction of biological resources, community-based practices and benefit
sharing activities in the area in a manner consistent with the Biodiversity Act (as per
the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 (Act No. 57 of
2003).
Appendix A
Management In relation to a protected area, means the organ of state or other institution or
authority person in which the authority to manage the protected area is vested (as per the
National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 [Act No. 57 of
2003]).
Monitoring The collection and analysis of repeated observations or measurements to evaluate
change in status, distribution or integrity in order to track the impacts of directed
management implemented to achieve a stated management objective.
Nature The conservation of naturally occurring ecological systems, the sustainable
conservation utilisation of indigenous plants and animals therein, and the promotion and
maintenance of biological diversity (as per the KwaZulu-Natal Nature Conservation
Management Act, 1997 [Act No.9 of 1997]).
Neighbouring The communities and people permanently living in the local municipal area/s
community bordering onto the Nature Reserve.
Natural As defined in Article 2 of the World Heritage Convention (UNESCO) 1972 ‘natural
heritage heritage’ is as: “natural features consisting of physical and biological formations or
groups of such formations, which are of (…) value from the aesthetic or scientific
point of view, geological and physiographical formations and precisely delineated
areas which constitute the habitat of threatened species of animals and plants of
(…) value from the point of view of science or conservation, natural sites or precisely
delineated natural areas of (…) value from the point of view of science, conservation
or natural beauty.” For the purposes of this IMP, this would include the required
ecological integrity of the protected area for the production of ecosystem services.
Partnerships A co-operative and / or collaborative arrangement between the Game Reserve
management / EKZNW and a third party that supports the achievement of the Game
Reserve management objectives.
Protected • Means any area declared or proclaimed as such in terms of section 3 or listed
areas in the Second Schedule to the KwaZulu-Natal Nature Conservation
Management Act, 1997 (Act No. 9 of 1997); or
• Means any of the protected areas referred to in section 9 of the National
Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 (Act No. 57 of 2003).
Protected area Is the management body that deals with the day-to-day management of the
management protected area and is chaired by the OIC.
committee
Ramsar Means: “The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, signed in
Convention Ramsar, Iran, in 1971, is an intergovernmental treaty, which provides the framework
for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use
of wetlands and their resources.” (There are presently 158 Contracting Parties to the
Convention, the Convention has broadened its scope to cover all aspects of wetland
conservation and wise use, recognising wetlands as ecosystems that are extremely
important for biodiversity conservation in general and for the well-being of human
communities.)
Appendix A
Stakeholders/ These are interested individuals or groups concerned with or affected by an activity
interested and its consequences. These include the authorities, local communities, investors,
parties work force, consumers, environmental interest groups and the general public.
According to the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act
No. 10 of 2004), “stakeholder” means a person, an organ of state or a community
contemplated in section 82 (1) (a), or an indigenous community contemplated in
section 82(1) (b).
Surveillance The collection and analysis of single or repeated measurements to establish status
or distribution or integrity at a point in time in the absence of a specific
management context or objective.
Sustainable In relation to the use of a biological resource, means the use of such resource in a
way and at a rate that would not lead to its long-term decline; would not disrupt the
ecological integrity of the ecosystem in which it occurs; and would ensure its
continued use to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations
of people (as per National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act
No. 10 of 2004).
Wilderness Means an area designated in terms of section 22 or 26 for the purpose of retaining
area an intrinsically wild appearance and character, or capable of being restored to such
and which is undeveloped and roadless, without permanent improvements or
human habitation (as defined by the National Environmental Management:
Protected Areas Act, 2003 [Act No. 57 of 2003]).
World Means a World Heritage Site as defined in the World Heritage Convention Act, No.
heritage site 49 of 1999 under Chapter 1, section 1 subsection (xxiv).
Appendix B
APPENDIX B: LIST OF STATUTES TO WHICH THE INGWEHUMBE

NATURE RESERVE IS SUBJECT
Biodiversity and Cultural Resource Management and Development:
• Animals Protection Act [No. 71 of 1962]

• Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act [No. 45 of 1965]
• Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act [No. 43 of 1983]
• Constitution of the Republic of South Africa [No. 108 of 1996]
• Criminal Procedures Act [1977]
• Environment Conservation Act [No. 73 of 1989]
• Forest Act [No. 122 of 1984]
• Hazardous Substances Act [No. 15 of 1973]
• KwaZulu Nature Conservation Act [No. 8 of 1975]
• KwaZulu-Natal Heritage Management Act [No. 10 of 1997]
• KwaZulu-Natal Nature Conservation Management Act [No. 9 of 1997]
• National Environmental Management Act [No. 107 of 1998]
• National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act [No. 10 of 2004]
• National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act [No. 57 of
2003]
• National Forests Act [No. 84 of 1998]
• National Heritage Resources Act [No. 25 of 1999]
• National Water Act [No. 36 of 1998]
• National Water Amendment Act [No. 45 of 1999]
• National Veld and Forest Fire Act [No 101 of 1998]
• Nature Conservation Ordinance [No. 15 of 1974]
General Management:
• Development Facilitation Act [No. 67 of 1995]

• Disaster Management Act [No. 57 of 2002]
• Fire Brigade Services Act [No. 99 of 1987]
• Local Government: Municipal Systems Act [No. 32 of 2000]
• National Road Traffic Act [No. 93 of 1996]
• National Building Standards Act [No. 103 of 1977]
• Natal Town Planning Ordinance [No. 27 of 1949]
• Occupational Health and Safety Act [No. 85 of 1993]
• KwaZulu-Natal Planning and Development Act [No. 5 of 1998]
• Water Services Act [No. 108 of 1997]
Financial Management:
• Public Finance Management Act [No. 1 of 1999]

Appendix B
Human Resource Management:
• Basic Conditions of Employment Act [No. 75 of 1997]

• Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act [No. 53 of 2003]
• Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act [No. 130 of
1993]
• Employment Equity Act [No. 55 of 1998]
• Labour Relations Act [No. 66 of 1995]
• Occupational Health and Safety Act [No. 85 of 1993]
• Pension Funds Act [No. 24 of 1956]
• Skills Development Act [No. 97 of 1998]
• Skills Development Levies Act [No. 9 of 1999]
• Unemployment Insurance Act [No. 63 of 2001]
Appendix C
APPENDIX C: COPY OF INGWEHUMBE NATURE RE SERVE SG DIAGRAM AND PROCLAMATION (Pending).

Appendix C
Appendix D
APPENDIX D: VEGETATION TYPES AND SPECIES LISTS
A P P E N D I X D 1 : K Z N V E G E T A T I O N T Y P E S o c c u r r i n g w i t h i n I n g w e h u m b e N a t u r e R e s e r ve , t h e i r c o n s e r va t i o n s t a t u s a n d p r o t e c t i o n .
Moist Coast Eastern KwaZulu-Natal
KwaZulu-Natal Eastern Scarp Forests :
KZN Veg Type Name Hinterland Valley Hinterland
Sandstone Sourveld Southern Coastal Scarp Forest
Grassland Bushveld Thornveld
KZN Biome Grassland Grassland Savanna Forest Savanna
Veld Type Sourveld Sourveld Sweetveld Sweetveld
SANBI Veg Type Code Gs 21 Gs 20 SVs 6 FOz 5 SVs 3
SANBI Veg Type Name KwaZulu-Natal Ngongoni Veld Eastern Valley Scarp Forest KwaZulu-Natal
Sandstone Sourveld Bushveld Hinterland Thornveld
SANBI Biome Savanna Savanna Savanna Forest Savanna
Cons Target (%) 25 25 25 61.61 25
Cons Target (ha) 44918 109388 78438 7010 38135
Provincial Veg Area (ha) 179671 437552 313750 11378 152541
Remaining natural habitat as at 2008 (ha) 20566 160315 213704 8827 99761
Remaining natural habitat as at 2008 (%) 11.4 36.6 68.1 77.6 65.4
Transformed habitat as at 2008 (ha) 159105 277237 100046 2551 52780
Transformed habitat as at 2008 (%) 88.6 63.4 31.9 22.4 34.6
Remaining natural habitat with patches <= 18591 155595 212268 8827 98637
4 ha removed, as at 2008 (ha)
Remaining natural habitat with patches <= 10.3 35.6 67.7 77.6 64.7
4 ha removed, as at 2008 (%)
Conservation status (Criterion A with Critically Endangered Endangered Least Least Threatened Least Threatened
patches <= 4ha removed) Threatened
Total protected Area (ha) 194 791.8 605.6 570 397.3
Total Protected Area (%) 0.1 0.2 0.2 5 0.3
Target met by PA's No No No No No
Appendix D
APPENDIX D2: PLANT SPECIES LIST for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve
Conservation
FAMILY Species Endemic
status
Threatened /
Endemic
Alien
ACANTHACEAE Adhatoda andromeda (Lindau) C.B.Clarke
ACANTHACEAE Asystasia gangetica (L.) T.Anderson
ACANTHACEAE Barleria gueinzii Sond.
ACANTHACEAE Barleria ovata E.Mey. ex Nees
ACANTHACEAE Barleria repens Nees
ACANTHACEAE Blepharis integrifolia (L.f.) E.Mey. ex Schinz
ACANTHACEAE Crabbea hirsuta Harv.
ACANTHACEAE Dicliptera clinopodia Nees
ACANTHACEAE Dicliptera heterostegia Nees
ACANTHACEAE Dyschoriste burchellii (Nees) Kuntze
ACANTHACEAE Isoglossa ciliata (Nees) Lindau
ACANTHACEAE Isoglossa cooperi C.B.Clarke SA
ACANTHACEAE Isoglossa grantii C.B.Clarke
ACANTHACEAE Isoglossa hypoestiflora Lindau
ACANTHACEAE Isoglossa ovata (Nees) Lindau
ACANTHACEAE Isoglossa woodii C.B.Clarke SA
ACANTHACEAE Justicia betonica L.
ACANTHACEAE Justicia campylostemon (Nees) T.Anderson
ACANTHACEAE Justicia protracta (Nees) T.Anderson
ACANTHACEAE Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) Sweet subsp. imbricata
ACANTHACEAE Rhinacanthus gracilis Klotzsch
ACANTHACEAE Ruellia cordata Thunb.
ACANTHACEAE Sclerochiton odoratissimus Hilliard SA
ACANTHACEAE Thunbergia atriplicifolia E.Mey. ex Nees
ACANTHACEAE Thunbergia dregeana Nees
ACANTHACEAE Thunbergia natalensis Hook.
ACANTHACEAE Thunbergia neglecta Sond.
ACANTHACEAE Thunbergia pondoensis Lindau
ACANTHACEAE Thunbergia venosa C.B.Clarke Rare KZN
ACHARIACEAE Kiggelaria africana L.
ACHARIACEAE Rawsonia lucida Harv. & Sond.
AGAPANTHACEAE Agapanthus campanulatus F.M.Leight.
AGAVACEAE Chlorophytum bowkeri Baker
AGAVACEAE Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques
AGAVACEAE Chlorophytum cooperi (Baker) Nordal
AGAVACEAE Chlorophytum krookianum Zahlbr.
AIZOACEAE Delosperma lineare L.Bolus
ALLIACEAE Tulbaghia acutiloba Harv.
AMARANTHACEAE Cyathula cylindrica Moq. var. cylindrica
AMARYLLIDACEAE Boophone disticha (L.f.) Herb. DECLINING
AMARYLLIDACEAE Crinum macowanii Baker Declining
AMARYLLIDACEAE Crinum moorei Hook.f. VU SA
AMARYLLIDACEAE Cyrtanthus breviflorus Harv.
Conservation
status
AMARYLLIDACEAE Cyrtanthus contractus N.E.Br.
AMARYLLIDACEAE Haemanthus albiflos Jacq. SA
AMARYLLIDACEAE Haemanthus deformis Hook.f. NT SA
AMARYLLIDACEAE Scadoxus puniceus (L.) Friis & Nordal
ANACAMPSEROTACEAE Talinum caffrum (Thunb.) Eckl. & Zeyh.
ANACARDIACEAE Ozoroa paniculosa (Sond.) R.Fern. & A.Fern.
ANACARDIACEAE Protorhus longifolia (Bernh.) Engl.
ANACARDIACEAE Sclerocarya birrea (A.Rich.) Hochst. subsp. caffra (Sond.) Kokwaro
ANACARDIACEAE Searsia chirindensis (Baker f.) Moffett
ANACARDIACEAE Searsia dentata (Thunb.) F.A.Barkley
ANACARDIACEAE Searsia discolor (E.Mey. ex Sond.) Moffett
ANACARDIACEAE Searsia rehmanniana (Engl.) Moffett
ANEMIACEAE Mohria sp
ANNONACEAE Monanthotaxis caffra (Sond.) Verdc.
ANNONACEAE Uvaria caffra E.Mey. ex Sond.
APIACEAE Alepidea amatymbica Eckl. & Zeyh. VU SA
APIACEAE Alepidea peduncularis A.Rich. DDT SA
APIACEAE Centella glabrata L.
APIACEAE Heteromorpha arborescens (Spreng.) Cham. & Schltdl.
APIACEAE Lichtensteinia interrupta (Thunb.) Sond. SA
APIACEAE Pimpinella caffra (Eckl. & Zeyh.) D.Dietr.
APOCYNACEAE Asclepias cultriformis (Harv. ex Schltr.) Schltr.
APOCYNACEAE Asclepias flexuosa (E.Mey.) Schltr. SA
APOCYNACEAE Asclepias gibba (E.Mey.) Schltr. var. gibba
APOCYNACEAE Aspidoglossum ovalifolium (Schltr.) Kupicha
APOCYNACEAE Brachystelma barberae Harv. ex Hook.f.
APOCYNACEAE Brachystelma natalense (Schltr.) N.E.Br. CR KZN
APOCYNACEAE Brachystelma pulchellum (Harv.) Schltr. NT KZN
APOCYNACEAE Brachystelma pygmaeum (Schltr.) N.E.Br. subsp. pygmaeum
APOCYNACEAE Brachystelma rubellum (E.Mey.) Peckover
APOCYNACEAE Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan
APOCYNACEAE Cryptolepis capensis Schltr.
APOCYNACEAE Cryptolepis oblongifolia (Meisn.) Schltr.
APOCYNACEAE Oncinotis tenuiloba Stapf
APOCYNACEAE Pachycarpus concolor E.Mey. subsp. Concolor
APOCYNACEAE Raphionacme galpinii Schltr.
APOCYNACEAE Raphionacme hirsuta (E.Mey.) R.A.Dyer
APOCYNACEAE Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br.
APOCYNACEAE Woodia verruculosa Schltr. VU KZN
APOCYNACEAE Xysmalobium sp
APOCYNACEAE Xysmalobium undulatum (L.) Aiton f. var. undulatum
ARACEAE Stylochaeton natalensis Schott
ARALIACEAE Cussonia nicholsonii Strey SA
ARALIACEAE Cussonia spicata Thunb.
ARECACEAE Phoenix reclinata Jacq.
ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus africanus Lam.
ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus falcatus L.
Conservation
status
ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus laricinus Burch.
ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus plumosus Baker
ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus racemosus Willd.
ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus virgatus Baker
ASPHODELACEAE Aloe arborescens Mill.
ASPHODELACEAE Aloe cooperi Baker
ASPHODELACEAE Aloe ecklonis Salm-Dyck (incl. A. krausii)
ASPHODELACEAE Aloe ferox Mill.
ASPHODELACEAE Aloe linearifolia A.Berger NT
ASPHODELACEAE Aloe maculata All.
ASPHODELACEAE Aloe minima Baker
ASPHODELACEAE Bulbine latifolia (L.f.) Schult. & J.H.Schult.
ASPHODELACEAE Kniphofia buchananii Baker KZN
ASPHODELACEAE Kniphofia gracilis Baker SA
ASPHODELACEAE Kniphofia laxiflora Kunth SA
ASPHODELACEAE Kniphofia linearifolia Baker
ASPHODELACEAE Kniphofia northiae Baker
ASTERACEAE Afroaster hispida (Thunb.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
ASTERACEAE Afroaster serrulatus (Harv.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
ASTERACEAE Athrixia phylicoides DC.
ASTERACEAE Baccharoides adoensis (Sch.Bip. ex Walp.) H.Rob.
ASTERACEAE Berkheya bergiana Söderb. SA
ASTERACEAE Berkheya bipinnatifida (Harv.) Roessler
ASTERACEAE Berkheya echinacea (Harv.) O.Hoffm. ex Burtt Davy
ASTERACEAE Berkheya macrocephala J.M.Wood
ASTERACEAE Berkheya maritima J.M.Wood & M.S.Evans SA
ASTERACEAE Berkheya rhapontica (DC.) Hutch. & Burtt Davy
ASTERACEAE Berkheya setifera DC.
ASTERACEAE Berkheya speciosa (DC.) O.Hoffm.
ASTERACEAE Berkheya umbellata DC. SA
ASTERACEAE Callilepis laureola DC.
ASTERACEAE Callilepis leptophylla Harv. DECLINING
ASTERACEAE Caputia medley-woodii (Hutch.) B.Nord. & Pelser
ASTERACEAE Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Alien
ASTERACEAE Dicoma anomala Sond.
ASTERACEAE Distephanus angulifolius (DC.) H.Rob. & B.Kahn
ASTERACEAE Distephanus anisochaetoides (Sond.) H.Rob. & B.Kahn
ASTERACEAE Euryops brevipapposus M.D.Hend.
ASTERACEAE Euryops laxus (Harv.) Burtt Davy
ASTERACEAE Felicia erigeroides DC. SA
ASTERACEAE Gazania krebsiana Less.
ASTERACEAE Gazania rigens (L.) Gaertn. var. uniflora (L.f.) Roessler
ASTERACEAE Gerbera ambigua (Cass.) Sch.Bip.
ASTERACEAE Gerbera piloselloides (L.) Cass.
ASTERACEAE Gerbera viridifolia (DC.) Sch.Bip.
ASTERACEAE Gymnanthemum corymbosum (L.f.) H.Rob.
ASTERACEAE Gymnanthemum crataegifolium (Hutch.) H.Rob.
Conservation
status
ASTERACEAE Helichrysum acutatum DC.
ASTERACEAE Helichrysum adenocarpum DC. subsp. adenocarpum
ASTERACEAE Helichrysum allioides Less. SA
ASTERACEAE Helichrysum appendiculatum (L.f.) Less.
ASTERACEAE Helichrysum aureonitens Sch.Bip.
ASTERACEAE Helichrysum aureum (Houtt.) Merr.
ASTERACEAE Helichrysum auriceps Hilliard SA
ASTERACEAE Helichrysum cooperi Harv.
ASTERACEAE Helichrysum decorum DC.
ASTERACEAE Helichrysum grandibracteatum M.D.Hend.
ASTERACEAE Helichrysum griseum Sond. SA
ASTERACEAE Helichrysum herbaceum (Andrews) Sweet
ASTERACEAE Helichrysum inornatum Hilliard & B.L.Burtt KZN
ASTERACEAE Helichrysum krookii Moeser
ASTERACEAE Helichrysum nudifolium (L.) Less. var. nudifolium
ASTERACEAE Helichrysum nudifolium (L.) Less. var. oxyphyllum (DC.) Beentje
ASTERACEAE Helichrysum nudifolium (L.) Less. var. pilosellum (L.f.) Beentje
ASTERACEAE Helichrysum odoratissimum (L.) Sweet
ASTERACEAE Helichrysum oreophilum Klatt
ASTERACEAE Helichrysum panduratum O.Hoffm. var. panduratum SA
ASTERACEAE Helichrysum pannosum DC. EN SA
ASTERACEAE Hilliardiella aristata (DC.) H.Rob.
ASTERACEAE Hilliardiella hirsuta (DC.) H.Rob.
ASTERACEAE Hilliardiella nudicaulis (DC.) H.Rob.
ASTERACEAE Hilliardiella oligocephala (DC.) H.Rob.
ASTERACEAE Hilliardiella pinifolia (Lam.) H.Rob
ASTERACEAE Laggera crispata (Vahl) Hepper & J.R.I.Wood
ASTERACEAE Macledium zeyheri (Sond.) S.Ortíz subsp. argyrophyllum (Oliv.) S.Ortíz SA
ASTERACEAE Pseudognaphalium sp
ASTERACEAE Schistostephium crataegifolium (DC.) Fenzl ex Harv.
ASTERACEAE Senecio bupleuroides DC.
ASTERACEAE Senecio coronatus (Thunb.) Harv.
ASTERACEAE Senecio deltoideus Less.
ASTERACEAE Senecio discodregeanus Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
ASTERACEAE Senecio erubescens Aiton
ASTERACEAE Senecio glaberrimus DC.
ASTERACEAE Senecio macroglossus DC.
ASTERACEAE Senecio oxyriifolius DC. subsp. Oxyriifolius
ASTERACEAE Senecio serratuloides DC.
ASTERACEAE Senecio speciosus Willd.
ASTERACEAE Senecio tamoides DC.
ASTERACEAE Senecio umgeniensis Thell. KZN
ASTERACEAE Senecio variabilis Sch.Bip. SA
ASTERACEAE Tagetes minuta L. Alien
ASTERACEAE Ursinia nana DC.
ASTERACEAE Ursinia tenuiloba DC. SA
ASTERACEAE Vernonia galpinii Klatt
Conservation
status
BALSAMINACEAE Impatiens flanaganiae Hemsl. VU SA
BALSAMINACEAE Impatiens hochstetteri Warb. subsp. hochstetteri
BEGONIACEAE Begonia dregei Otto & A.Dietr. EN SA
BEGONIACEAE Begonia homonyma Steud. EN SA
BIGNONIACEAE Tecomaria capensis (Thunb.) Spach
BORAGINACEAE Cordia caffra Sond.
BORAGINACEAE Cynoglossum geometricum Baker & C.H.Wright
BORAGINACEAE Echium sp Alien
BORAGINACEAE Ehretia rigida (Thunb.) Druce SA
BORAGINACEAE Heliotropium amplexicaule Vahl Alien
BORAGINACEAE Myosotis sp.
BRASSICACEAE Capparis fascicularis DC.
BRASSICACEAE Capparis tomentosa Lam.
BRASSICACEAE Cleome monophylla L.
BRASSICACEAE Heliophila elongata (Thunb.) DC.
BRASSICACEAE Maerua cafra (DC.) Pax
BRASSICACEAE Maerua racemulosa (A.DC.) Gilg & Gilg-Ben.
BRASSICACEAE Maerua rosmarinoides (Sond.) Gilg & Gilg-Ben.
BURSERACEAE Commiphora harveyi (Engl.) Engl.
BURSERACEAE Commiphora woodii Engl.
BUXACEAE Buxus natalensis (Oliv.) Hutch.
CACTACEAE Rhipsalis baccifera (J.S.Mill.) Stearn subsp. mauritiana (DC.) Barthlott
CAMPANULACEAE Wahlenbergia grandiflora Brehmer SA
CAMPANULACEAE Wahlenbergia huttonii (Sond.) Thulin
CAMPANULACEAE Wahlenbergia krebsii Cham. subsp. krebsii
CAMPANULACEAE Wahlenbergia paucidentata Schinz
CAMPANULACEAE Wahlenbergia undulata (L.f.) A.DC.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE Dianthus zeyheri Sond.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE Silene burchellii Otth
CASUARINACEAE Casuarina equisetifolia L. Alien
CELASTRACEAE Lauridia tetragona (L.f.) R.H.Archer
CELASTRACEAE Gymnosporia buxifolia (L.) Szyszyl.
CELASTRACEAE Gymnosporia harveyana Loes. subsp. harveyana
CELASTRACEAE Gymnosporia nemorosa (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Szyszyl.
CELASTRACEAE Maytenus acuminata
CELASTRACEAE Maytenus peduncularis
CELASTRACEAE Maytenus undata
CLUSIACEAE Garcinia gerrardii Harv. ex Sim
COLCHICACEAE Sandersonia aurantiaca Hook. Declining
COMBRETACEAE Combretum erythrophyllum (Burch.) Sond.
COMBRETACEAE Combretum kraussii Hochst.
COMBRETACEAE Combretum molle R.Br. ex G.Don
COMMELINACEAE Commelina africana L. var. africana
COMMELINACEAE Commelina erecta L.
COMMELINACEAE Commelina modesta Oberm.
COMMELINACEAE Cyanotis speciosa (L.f.) Hassk.
CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus natalensis Bernh. ex Krauss
Conservation
status
CONVOLVULACEAE Ipomoea pellita Hallier f.
CONVOLVULACEAE Ipomoea simplex Thunb.
CONVOLVULACEAE Ipomoea wightii (Wall.) Choisy var. wightii
CRASSULACEAE Crassula acinaciformis Schinz
CRASSULACEAE Crassula alba Forssk.
CRASSULACEAE Crassula dependens Bolus
CRASSULACEAE Crassula ericoides Haw. SA
CRASSULACEAE Crassula expansa Dryand.
CRASSULACEAE Crassula inandensis Schönland & Baker f. SA
CRASSULACEAE Crassula orbicularis L. SA
CRASSULACEAE Crassula pellucida L. subsp. alsinoides (Hook.f.) Toelken
CRASSULACEAE Crassula pellucida L. subsp. marginalis (Dryand. in Aiton) Toelken SA
CRASSULACEAE Crassula perfoliata L.
CRASSULACEAE Crassula perforata Thunb. subsp. perforata SA
CRASSULACEAE Crassula sarmentosa Harv. var. sarmentosa SA
CRASSULACEAE Crassula vaginata Eckl. & Zeyh. subsp. vaginata
CRASSULACEAE Kalanchoe crenata (Andrews) Haw.
CRASSULACEAE Kalanchoe rotundifolia (Haw.) Haw.
CUCURBITACEAE Coccinia mackenii Naudin ex C.Huber
CUCURBITACEAE Cucumis hirsutus Sond.
CUCURBITACEAE Cucumis zeyheri Sond.
CUCURBITACEAE Gerrardanthus tomentosus Hook.f. VU KZN
CYATHEACEAE Alsophila dregei (Kunze) R.M.Tryon
CYPERACEAE Cyperus albostriatus Schrad.
CYPERACEAE Cyperus dives Delile
DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn subsp. aquilinum
DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea cotinifolia Kunth
DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea dregeana (Kunth) T.Durand & Schinz
DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea sylvatica Eckl. VU
DIPSACACEAE Cephalaria oblongifolia (Kuntze) Szabó SA
DIPSACACEAE Cephalaria pungens Szabó
DIPSACACEAE Scabiosa columbaria L.
EBENACEAE Diospyros austro-africana De Winter var. rubriflora (De Winter) De Winter
EBENACEAE Diospyros lycioides Desf.
EBENACEAE Diospyros villosa (L.) De Winter SA
ERYTHROXYLACEAE Erythroxylum emarginatum Thonn.
ERYTHROXYLACEAE Erythroxylum pictum E.Mey. ex Sond. SA
EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha glabrata Thunb.
EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha glandulifolia Buchinger ex Meisn.
EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha peduncularis E.Mey. ex Meisn.
EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha punctata Meisn.
EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha depressinerva (Kuntze) K.Schum.
EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha villicaulis Hochst.
EUPHORBIACEAE Clutia cordata Bernh. SA
EUPHORBIACEAE Clutia hirsuta (Sond.) Müll.Arg.
EUPHORBIACEAE Clutia pulchella L.
EUPHORBIACEAE Croton sylvaticus Hochst.
Conservation
status
EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia ericoides Lam. SA
EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia grandidens Haw.
EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia gueinzii Boiss.
EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia ingens E.Mey. ex Boiss.
EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia kraussiana Bernh. SA
EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia striata Thunb.
EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia tetragona Haw. SA
EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia triangularis Desf.
EUPHORBIACEAE Tragia glabrata (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm. var. glabrata
EUPHORBIACEAE Tragia meyeriana Müll.Arg.
FABACEAE Abrus laevigatus E.Mey.
FABACEAE Aeschynomene micrantha DC.
FABACEAE Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach.) W.Wight
FABACEAE Alysicarpus rugosus (Willd.) DC.
FABACEAE Argyrolobium baptisioides (E.Mey.) Walp. SA
FABACEAE Argyrolobium harveyanum Oliv.
FABACEAE Argyrolobium longifolium (Meisn.) Walp. VU KZN
FABACEAE Argyrolobium pauciflorum Eckl. & Zeyh. SA
FABACEAE Argyrolobium stipulaceum Eckl. & Zeyh.
FABACEAE Aspalathus chortophila Eckl. & Zeyh. SA
FABACEAE Baphia racemosa (Hochst.) Baker SA
FABACEAE Calpurnia aurea (Aiton) Benth. subsp. Aurea
FABACEAE Calpurnia sericea Harv.
FABACEAE Chamaecrista capensis (Thunb.) E.Mey. var. capensis
FABACEAE Chamaecrista comosa E.Mey.
FABACEAE Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene
FABACEAE Chamaecrista plumosa E.Mey.
FABACEAE Crotalaria dura J.M.Wood & M.S.Evans subsp. dura NT SA
FABACEAE Crotalaria lanceolata E.Mey. subsp. lanceolata
FABACEAE Crotalaria natalitia Meisn. var. natalitia
FABACEAE Dalbergia armata E.Mey.
FABACEAE Dalbergia obovata E.Mey.
FABACEAE Desmodium setigerum (E.Mey.) Benth. ex Harv.
FABACEAE Eriosema distinctum N.E.Br. SA
FABACEAE Eriosema kraussianum Meisn.
FABACEAE Eriosema populifolium Benth. ex Harv. subsp. populifolium EN KZN
FABACEAE Eriosema salignum E.Mey.
FABACEAE Erythrina humeana Spreng.
FABACEAE Erythrina latissima E.Mey.
FABACEAE Erythrina lysistemon Hutch.
FABACEAE Erythrina zeyheri Harv.
FABACEAE Indigofera grata E.Mey. KZN
FABACEAE Indigofera hedyantha Eckl. & Zeyh.
FABACEAE Indigofera hilaris Eckl. & Zeyh. var. hilaris
FABACEAE Indigofera micrantha E.Mey.
FABACEAE Indigofera rubroglandulosa Germish. SA
FABACEAE Indigofera tristis E.Mey.
Conservation
status
FABACEAE Leobordea corymbosa (E.Mey.) B.-E.van Wyk & Boatwr.
FABACEAE Leobordea foliosa (H.Bolus) B.-E.van Wyk & Boatwr.
FABACEAE Leobordea pulchra (Dümmer) B.-E.van Wyk & Boatwr.
FABACEAE Pseudarthria hookeri Wight & Arn. var. hookeri
FABACEAE Rhynchosia caribaea (Jacq.) DC.
FABACEAE Rhynchosia cooperi (Harv. ex Baker f.) Burtt Davy
FABACEAE Rhynchosia totta (Thunb.) DC. var. totta
FABACEAE Rhynchosia villosa (Meisn.) Druce SA
FABACEAE Schotia brachypetala Sond.
FABACEAE Senegalia ataxacantha (DC.) Kyal. & Boatwr.
FABACEAE Senna pendula (Willd.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby Alien
FABACEAE Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth. Alien
FABACEAE Tephrosia capensis (Jacq.) Pers.
FABACEAE Tephrosia inandensis H.M.L.Forbes EN KZN
FABACEAE Tephrosia macropoda (E.Mey.) Harv.
FABACEAE Tephrosia shiluwanensis Schinz
FABACEAE Tephrosia sp
FABACEAE Vachellia karroo (Hayne) Banfi & Gallaso
FABACEAE Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb. subsp. kraussiana (Benth.) Kyal. & Boatwr.
FABACEAE Vigna vexillata (L.) A.Rich.
FABACEAE Zornia capensis Pers. subsp. capensis
FABACEAE Zornia linearis E.Mey.
GENTIANACEAE Sebaea junodii Schinz
GENTIANACEAE Sebaea natalensis Schinz
GENTIANACEAE Sebaea sedoides Gilg
GERANIACEAE Pelargonium luridum (Andrews) Sweet
GERANIACEAE Pelargonium schlechteri R.Knuth SA
GESNERIACEAE Streptocarpus haygarthii N.E.Br. ex C.B.Clarke SA
GESNERIACEAE Streptocarpus polyanthus Hook. KZN
GUNNERACEAE Gunnera perpensa L. Declining
HETEROPYXIDACEAE Heteropyxis natalensis Harv.
HYACINTHACEAE Albuca setosa Jacq.
HYACINTHACEAE Albuca virens (Ker Gawl.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt subsp. virens
HYACINTHACEAE Dipcadi viride (L.) Moench
HYACINTHACEAE Drimia robusta Baker
HYACINTHACEAE Eucomis autumnalis (Mill.) Chitt. Declining
HYACINTHACEAE Ledebouria humifusa (Baker) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
HYACINTHACEAE Ledebouria leptophylla (Baker) S.Venter
HYACINTHACEAE Ledebouria ovatifolia (Baker) Jessop subsp. ovatifolia SA
HYACINTHACEAE Ledebouria sandersonii (Baker) S.Venter & T.J.Edwards
HYACINTHACEAE Ledebouria zebrina (Baker) S.Venter
HYACINTHACEAE Merwilla plumbea (Lindl.) Speta NT
HYACINTHACEAE Ornithogalum graminifolium Thunb.
HYACINTHACEAE Schizocarphus nervosus (Burch.) Van der Merwe
HYPERICACEAE Hypericum aethiopicum Thunb.
HYPERICACEAE Hypericum lalandii Choisy
HYPOXIDACEAE Hypoxis angustifolia Lam.
Conservation
status
HYPOXIDACEAE Hypoxis argentea Harv. ex Baker
HYPOXIDACEAE Hypoxis colchicifolia Baker SA
HYPOXIDACEAE Hypoxis costata Baker
HYPOXIDACEAE Hypoxis filiformis Baker
HYPOXIDACEAE Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch., C.A.Mey. & Avé-Lall. DECLINING
HYPOXIDACEAE Hypoxis rigidula Baker
ICACINACEAE Apodytes dimidiata E.Mey. ex Arn. subsp. dimidiata
ICACINACEAE Cassinopsis ilicifolia (Hochst.) Kuntze
ICACINACEAE Pyrenacantha scandens Planch. ex Harv.
IRIDACEAE Aristea abyssinica Pax
IRIDACEAE Aristea ecklonii Baker
IRIDACEAE Aristea torulosa Klatt
IRIDACEAE Crocosmia pottsii (McNab ex Baker) N.E.Br. SA
IRIDACEAE Dierama argyreum L.Bolus SA
IRIDACEAE Dierama latifolium N.E.Br.
IRIDACEAE Dietes butcheriana Gerstner
IRIDACEAE Dietes iridioides (L.) Sweet ex Klatt
IRIDACEAE Freesia laxa (Thunb.) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
IRIDACEAE Gladiolus dalenii Van Geel subsp. dalenii
IRIDACEAE Gladiolus ecklonii Lehm.
IRIDACEAE Gladiolus inandensis Baker SA
IRIDACEAE Gladiolus longicollis Baker subsp. longicollis
IRIDACEAE Moraea elliotii
IRIDACEAE Moraea inclinata
IRIDACEAE Tritonia disticha (Klatt) Baker SA
IRIDACEAE Tritonia gladiolaris (Lam.) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
IRIDACEAE Watsonia confusa Goldblatt SA
IRIDACEAE Watsonia densiflora Baker SA
JUNCACEAE Juncus lomatophyllus Spreng.
JUNCAGINACEAE Triglochin elongata Buchenau
LAMIACEAE Aeollanthus parvifolius Benth.
LAMIACEAE Ajuga ophrydis Burch. ex Benth.
LAMIACEAE Leonotis dubia E.Mey.
LAMIACEAE Leonotis intermedia Lindl.
LAMIACEAE Leonotis leonurus (L.) R.Br.
LAMIACEAE Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds.
LAMIACEAE Ocimum obovatum E.Mey. ex Benth.
LAMIACEAE Plectranthus barbatus Andrews Alien
LAMIACEAE Plectranthus ciliatus E.Mey. ex Benth.
LAMIACEAE Plectranthus fruticosus L'Hér.
LAMIACEAE Plectranthus grallatus Briq.
LAMIACEAE Plectranthus hadiensis (Forssk.) Schweinf. ex Spreng.
LAMIACEAE Plectranthus hereroensis Engl.
LAMIACEAE Plectranthus verticillatus (L.f.) Druce
LAMIACEAE Pycnostachys reticulata (E.Mey.) Benth.
LAMIACEAE Rabdosiella calycina (Benth.) Codd
LAMIACEAE Rotheca hirsuta (Hochst.) R.Fern.
Conservation
status
LAMIACEAE Stachys aethiopica L.
LAMIACEAE Stachys natalensis Hochst.
LAMIACEAE Stachys nigricans Benth.
LAMIACEAE Syncolostemon argenteus N.E.Br. KZN
LAMIACEAE Syncolostemon densiflorus Benth. SA
LAMIACEAE Syncolostemon parviflorus E.Mey.
LAMIACEAE Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd
LAMIACEAE Teucrium kraussii Codd
LAMIACEAE Tinnea galpinii Briq.
LAURACEAE Cryptocarya latifolia Sond. Declining SA
LAURACEAE Cryptocarya woodii Engl.
LINACEAE Linum thunbergii Eckl. & Zeyh.
LOBELIACEAE Cyphia elata Harv.
LOBELIACEAE Lobelia flaccida (C.Presl) A.DC. subsp. flaccida
LOBELIACEAE Monopsis decipiens
LOBELIACEAE Monopsis stellarioides
LOGANIACEAE Strychnos decussata (Pappe) Gilg
LOGANIACEAE Strychnos madagascariensis Poir.
LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic.Serm.
MAESACEAE Maesa lanceolata Forssk.
MALPIGHIACEAE Acridocarpus natalitius A.Juss. Declining
MALVACEAE Dombeya rotundifolia (Hochst.) Planch. var. rotundifolia
MALVACEAE Dombeya tiliacea (Endl.) Planch.
MALVACEAE Grewia lasiocarpa E.Mey. ex Harv. SA
MALVACEAE Grewia occidentalis L. var. occidentalis
MALVACEAE Hermannia depressa N.E.Br.
MALVACEAE Hermannia grandistipula (Buchinger ex Hochst.) K.Schum.
MALVACEAE Hermannia woodii Schinz
MALVACEAE Hibiscus aethiopicus
MALVACEAE Hibiscus diversifolius
MALVACEAE Hibiscus pedunculatus
MALVACEAE Hibiscus pusillus
MALVACEAE Hibiscus surattensis
MALVACEAE Hibiscus trionum
MALVACEAE Pavonia columella Cav.
MALVACEAE Sida rhombifolia L. subsp. rhombifolia
MALVACEAE Waltheria indica L.
MELASTOMATACEAE Dissotis canescens (E.Mey. ex R.A.Graham) Hook.f.
MELASTOMATACEAE Dissotis princeps (Kunth) Triana
MELIACEAE Ekebergia capensis Sparrm.
MELIACEAE Ekebergia pterophylla (C.DC.) Hofmeyr
MELIACEAE Melia azedarach L. Alien
MELIACEAE Trichilia dregeana Sond.
MELIACEAE Turraea floribunda Hochst.
MELIANTHACEAE Greyia sutherlandii Hook. & Harv.
MEMECYLACEAE Memecylon natalense Markgr. SA
MOLLUGINACEAE Psammotropha mucronata (Thunb.) Fenzl
Conservation
status
MOLLUGINACEAE Psammotropha myriantha Sond.
MORACEAE Ficus burtt-davyi Hutch.
MORACEAE Ficus glumosa Delile
MORACEAE Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq.
MORACEAE Ficus natalensis Hochst.
MORACEAE Ficus sur Forssk.
MYRICACEAE Morella brevifolia (E.Mey. ex C.DC.) Killick
MYRSINACEAE Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez Declining
MYRTACEAE Eugenia albanensis Sond.
MYRTACEAE Eugenia sp A
MYRTACEAE Eugenia sp B
MYRTACEAE Eugenia zuluensis Dummer
MYRTACEAE Syzygium cordatum Hochst. ex C.Krauss subsp. cordatum
OCHNACEAE Ochna arborea Burch. ex DC.
OCHNACEAE Ochna serrulata (Hochst.) Walp.
OLEACEAE Jasminum multipartitum Hochst.
ONAGRACEAE Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H.Raven
ONAGRACEAE Oenothera sp Alien
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Ophioglossum reticulatum L.
ORCHIDACEAE Bonatea speciosa (L.f.) Willd.
ORCHIDACEAE Diaphananthe millarii (Bolus) H.P.Linder VU SA
ORCHIDACEAE Disa chrysostachya Sw.
ORCHIDACEAE Disa nervosa Lindl.
ORCHIDACEAE Disa woodii Schltr.
ORCHIDACEAE Eulophia angolensis (Rchb.f.) Summerh.
ORCHIDACEAE Eulophia hians Spreng. var. hians
ORCHIDACEAE Eulophia ovalis Lindl. var. ovalis
ORCHIDACEAE Eulophia parviflora (Lindl.) A.V.Hall
ORCHIDACEAE Habenaria dives Rchb.f.
ORCHIDACEAE Habenaria falcicornis (Burch. ex Lindl.) Bolus
ORCHIDACEAE Habenaria lithophila Schltr.
ORCHIDACEAE Mystacidium capense (L.f.) Schltr.
ORCHIDACEAE Mystacidium venosum Harv. ex Rolfe
ORCHIDACEAE Orthochilus ensatus (Lindl.) Bytebier
ORCHIDACEAE Orthochilus foliosus (Lindl.) Bytebier
ORCHIDACEAE Orthochilus welwitschii Rchb.f.
ORCHIDACEAE Polystachya pubescens (Lindl.) Rchb.f.
ORCHIDACEAE Satyrium longicauda Lindl.
ORCHIDACEAE Satyrium neglectum Schltr. subsp. woodii (Schltr.) A.V.Hall
ORCHIDACEAE Stenoglottis woodii Schltr.
ORCHIDACEAE Tridactyle bicaudata (Lindl.) Schltr.
OROBANCHACEAE Alectra capensis Thunb.
OROBANCHACEAE Buchnera simplex (Thunb.) Druce
OROBANCHACEAE Graderia scabra (L.f.) Benth.
OROBANCHACEAE Sopubia simplex (Hochst.) Hochst.
OROBANCHACEAE Striga bilabiata (Thunb.) Kuntze subsp. bilabiata
OXALIDACEAE Oxalis latifolia Kunth Alien
Conservation
status
OXALIDACEAE Oxalis semiloba Sond. subsp. semiloba
OXALIDACEAE Oxalis smithiana Eckl. & Zeyh.
PASSIFLORACEAE Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms var. gummifera Declining
PASSIFLORACEAE Basananthe sandersonii (Harv.) W.J.de Wilde
PASSIFLORACEAE Passiflora suberosa L. Alien
PASSIFLORACEAE Passiflora subpeltata Ortega Alien
PEDALIACEAE Ceratotheca triloba (Bernh.) Hook.f.
PHYLLANTHACEAE Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill.
PHYLLANTHACEAE Phyllanthus glaucophyllus Sond.
PIPERACEAE Peperomia retusa (L.f.) A.Dietr.
PIPERACEAE Piper capense L.f. var. capense
PITTOSPORACEAE Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims
PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago lanceolata L.
PLUMBAGINACEAE Plumbago auriculata Lam.
POLYGALACEAE Muraltia lancifolia Harv. SA
POLYGALACEAE Polygala amatymbica Eckl. & Zeyh.
POLYGALACEAE Polygala hottentotta C.Presl
POLYGALACEAE Polygala rehmannii Chodat
POLYGALACEAE Polygala virgata Thunb.
POLYGONACEAE Rumex sp
PROTEACEAE Protea caffra Meisn.
PROTEACEAE Protea roupelliae Meisn.
PROTEACEAE Protea simplex E.Phillips
PTERIDACEAE Pellaea calomelanos (Sw.) Link
PUTRANJIVACEAE Drypetes arguta (Müll.Arg.) Hutch.
PUTRANJIVACEAE Drypetes gerrardii Hutch.
PUTRANJIVACEAE Drypetes natalensis (Harv.) Hutch. var. natalensis
RANUNCULACEAE Clematis brachiata Thunb.
RANUNCULACEAE Anemone bracteata (Harv. ex J.Zahlbr.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt SA
RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus sp
RHAMNACEAE Ziziphus mucronata Willd. subsp. mucronata
RHIZOPHORACEAE Cassipourea gummiflua Tul. var. verticillata (N.E.Br.) J.Lewis VU
ROSACEAE Agrimonia procera Wallr.
ROSACEAE Rubus ludwigii Eckl. & Zeyh.
ROSACEAE Rubus sp* Alien
RUBIACEAE Agathisanthemum chlorophyllum (Hochst.) Bremek. var. chlorophyllum KZN
RUBIACEAE Anthospermum streyi Puff Rare SA
RUBIACEAE Burchellia bubalina (L.f.) Sims
RUBIACEAE Canthium ciliatum (Klotzsch) Kuntze
RUBIACEAE Canthium inerme (L.f.) Kuntze
RUBIACEAE Coddia rudis (E.Mey. ex Harv.) Verdc.
RUBIACEAE Conostomium natalense (Hochst.) Bremek.
RUBIACEAE Eriosemopsis subanisophylla Robyns VU SA
RUBIACEAE Hyperacanthus amoenus (Sims) Bridson
RUBIACEAE Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb.
RUBIACEAE Pachystigma venosum Hochst.
RUBIACEAE Pavetta bowkeri Harv. SA
Conservation
status
RUBIACEAE Pavetta capensis (Houtt.) Bremek. subsp. komghensis (Bremek.) Kok SA
RUBIACEAE Pavetta gracilifolia Bremek.
RUBIACEAE Pentanisia angustifolia (Hochst.) Hochst.
RUBIACEAE Pentanisia prunelloides (Klotzsch ex Eckl. & Zeyh.) Walp.
RUBIACEAE Psychotria capensis (Eckl.) Vatke
RUBIACEAE Richardia brasiliensis Gomes Alien
RUBIACEAE Rothmannia capensis Thunb.
RUBIACEAE Rothmannia globosa (Hochst.) Keay
RUBIACEAE Spermacoce natalensis Hochst.
RUBIACEAE Tricalysia capensis (Meisn. ex Hochst.) Sim
RUBIACEAE Tricalysia lanceolata (Sond.) Burtt Davy
RUBIACEAE Vangueria infausta Burch. subsp. infausta
RUSCACEAE Dracaena aletriformis (Haw.) Bos
RUSCACEAE Eriospermum mackenii (Hook.f.) Baker
RUSCACEAE Eriospermum ornithogaloides Baker
RUTACEAE Calodendrum capense (L.f.) Thunb.
RUTACEAE Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth. var. anisata
RUTACEAE Ptaeroxylon obliquum (Thunb.) Radlk.
RUTACEAE Teclea gerrardii I.Verd.
RUTACEAE Vepris lanceolata (Lam.) G.Don
RUTACEAE Zanthoxylum davyi (I.Verd.) P.G.Waterman
SALICACEAE Casearia gladiiformis Mast.
SALICACEAE Dovyalis rhamnoides (Burch. ex DC.) Burch. & Harv.
SALICACEAE Homalium rufescens Benth.
SALICACEAE Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb. subsp. grandifolia
SANTALACEAE Thesium natalense Sond.
SAPINDACEAE Allophylus dregeanus (Sond.) De Winter SA
SAPINDACEAE Allophylus africanus P.Beauv. var. africanus
SAPINDACEAE Hippobromus pauciflorus (L.f.) Radlk.
SAPOTACEAE Englerophytum natalense (Sond.) T.D.Penn.
SAPOTACEAE Vitellariopsis marginata (N.E.Br.) Aubrév.
SCROPHULARIACEAE Hebenstretia comosa Hochst.
SCROPHULARIACEAE Nemesia denticulata (Benth.) Grant ex Fourc.
SCROPHULARIACEAE Buddleja dysophylla (Benth.) Radlk.
SCROPHULARIACEAE Buddleja salviifolia (L.) Lam.
SCROPHULARIACEAE Diclis reptans Benth.
SCROPHULARIACEAE Selago hyssopifolia E.Mey. SA
SCROPHULARIACEAE Selago peduncularis E.Mey. SA
SCROPHULARIACEAE Selago tarachodes Hilliard SA
SCROPHULARIACEAE Tetraselago natalensis (Rolfe) Junell
SCROPHULARIACEAE Zaluzianskya microsiphon (Kuntze) K.Schum.
SCROPHULARIACEAE Zaluzianskya natalensis Bernh.
SELAGINELLACEAE Selaginella dregei (C.Presl) Hieron.
SMILACACEAE Smilax anceps Willd.
SOLANACEAE Cestrum laevigatum Schltdl. Alien
SOLANACEAE Datura sp* Alien
SOLANACEAE Lycium sp
Conservation
status
SOLANACEAE Solanum macrocarpon L.
SOLANACEAE Solanum mauritianum Scop. Alien
SOLANACEAE Solanum campylacanthum Hochst. ex A.Rich. subsp. panduriforme

(Drège ex Dunal)
SOLANACEAE Solanum terminale Forssk.
STILBACEAE Anastrabe integerrima E.Mey. ex Benth. SA
STILBACEAE Halleria lucida L.
THYMELIACEAE Lasiosiphon anthylloides (L.f.) Meisn. SA
THYMELIACEAE Lasiosiphon caffer Meisn.
THYMELIACEAE Lasiosiphon calocephalus (C.A.Mey.) Domke SA
THYMELIACEAE Lasiosiphon capitatus (L.f.) Burtt Davy
THYMELIACEAE Lasiosiphon kraussianus (Meisn.) Burtt Davy var. kraussianus
THYMELIACEAE Lasiosiphon macropetalus (Meisn.) Meisn. KZN
THYMELIACEAE Lasiosiphon splendens (Meisn.) Endl.
THYMELIACEAE Passerina corymbosa Eckl. ex C.H.Wright SA
THYMELIACEAE Peddiea africana Harv.
TYPHACEAE Typha capensis (Rohrb.) N.E.Br.
ULMACEAE Celtis africana Burm.f.
ULMACEAE Celtis gomphophylla Baker
ULMACEAE Chaetacme aristata Planch.
ULMACEAE Trema orientalis (L.) Blume
VERBENACEAE Lantana camara L Alien
VERBENACEAE Lantana rugosa Thunb.
VERBENACEAE Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng.
VIOLACEAE Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell.
VITACEAE Cissus fragilis E.Mey. ex Kunth SA
VITACEAE Cyphostemma sp
VITACEAE Rhoicissus rhomboidea (E.Mey. ex Harv.) Planch.
VITACEAE Rhoicissus tomentosa (Lam.) Wild & R.B.Drumm.
VITACEAE Rhoicissus tridentata (L.f.) Wild & R.B.Drumm.
ZAMIACEAE Encephalartos natalensis R.A.Dyer & I.Verd. NT SA
ZAMIACEAE Stangeria eriopus (Kunze) Baill. VU
ZAMIACEAE Encephalartos villosus Lem.
Appendix D
A P P E N D I X D 3 : G E N E R AL F A U N A LIST: I n ve r t e b r a t e s , amphibians,
reptiles and mammals.
Common name Scientific name Conservation status

INVERTEBRATES
Grasshopper Odontomelus eshowe
Flat toothed Shagreened Camaricoproctus planidens
Millipede
Cristulate Black Millipede Doratogonus cristulatus KZN endemic
Natal Black Millipede Doratogonus natalensis Vulnerable / KZN endemic
Millipede Doratogonus peregrinus
Ruby-footed Black Millipede Doratogonus rubipodus Endangered / KZN
endemic
Visible Keeled Millipede Gnomeskelus spectabilis
Urban Lumpy Keeled Millipede Gnomeskelus tuberosus
urbanus
Destroyed Slender Spined Spinotarsus destructus
Millipede
Glomerate Slender Spined Spinotarsus glomeratus
Millipede
Maritzburg Slender Spined Spinotarsus maritzburgensis
Millipede
Durban Agate Snail Cochlitoma semidecussata KZN endemic
Warty Hunter Snail Gulella euthymia KZN endemic
Partitioned Hunter Snail Gulella separata KZN endemic
REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS

African Rock Python Python sebae Protected
Black mamba Dendroaspis polylepis
Boomslang Dispholidus typus
Bush Squeaker Arthroleptis wahlbergi
Bushveld Rain Frog Breviceps adspersus
Common River Frog Afrana angolensis
Flap Neck Chameleon Chameleo dilepsis
Green mamba Dendroaspis angusticeps
Leguaan Varanus niloticus
Southern Brown Egg Eater Snake Dasypeltis inornata
MAMMALS
Aardvark Orycteropus afer
Aardwolf Proteles cristata
Black backed Jackal Canis mesomelas
Blue Duiker Philantomba monticola Vulnerable
Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus
Bushpig Potamochoerus larvatus
Caracal Caracal caracal
Clawless Otter Aonyx capensis Near Threatened /
Protected
Common Genet Genetta genetta
Common Reedbuck Redunca arundinum
Common Slender Mongoose Herpestes sanguineus
Eland Tragelaphus derbianus
Greater Cane Rat Thryonomys swinderianus
Grey Duiker Sylvicapra grimmia
Grey Mongoose Herpsetes pulverulentus
Honey Badger Mellivora capensis Decreasing / Protected
Kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros
Leopard Panthera pardus Vulnerable
Oribi Ourebia ourebi Endangered
Rock Hyrax Procavia capensis
Serval Leptailurus serval Protected
Striped Weasel Poecilogale albinucha
Vervet Monkey Chlorocebus pygerythrus
Warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus
Water Mongoose Atilax paludinosus Decreasing
Appendix D
APPENDIX D4 : BIRD LIST
(List from Eston / MidIllovo and Gwahumbe Reserve Bird Check List - Updated 30/08/2015)
BIRDS
Common name Scientific name Endemics
Apalis, Bar-throated Apalis thoracica
Apalis, Yellow-breasted Apalis flavida
Barbet, Acacia Pied Tricholaema leucomelas x
Barbet, Black-collared Lybius torquatus
Barbet, Crested Trachyphonus vaillantii
Batis, Cape Batis capensis x
Batis, Chinspot Batis molitor
Bee-eater, Little Merops pusillus
Bishop,Southern Red Euplectes orix
Blackcap, Bush Lioptilus nigricapillus x
Bokmakierie Telophorus zeylonus
Boubou, Southern Laniarius ferrugineus
Brownbul, Terrestrial Phyllastrephus terrestris
Bulbul, Dark-capped (Black-eyed) Pycnonotus tricolor
Brubru Nilaus afer
Bulbul, Sombre Andropadus importunus
Bulbul, Yellowbellied Chlorocichla flaviventris
Bunting, Golden Breasted Emberiza flaviventris
Bushshrike, Grey-headed Malaconotus blanchoti
Bushshrike, Olive Chlorophoneus olivaceus
Bushshrike, Orange-breasted Chlorophoenussulfureopectus
Bustard, Stanleys Neotis denhami
Buttonquail, Kurrichane Turnix syvatica
Buttonquail, Blackrumped Turnix hottentotta
Buzzard, Jackal Buteorufofuscus x
Camaroptera, Green-backed Camaroptera brachyura
Canary, Brimstone Crithagra sulphurata
Canary, Bully Serinus sulphuratus
Canary, Cape Serinus canicollis
Canary, Yellow-fronted(-eyed) Crithagramozambica
Canary, Streaky-headed Serinus gularis
Chat, Familiar Oenanthe familiaris
Thamnolaea
Chat, Mocking cinnamomeiventris
Cisticola, Croaking Cisticola natalensis
Cisticola, Fantailed Cisticola juncidis
Cisticola, Lazy Cisticola aberrans
Cisticola, Levaillant’s Cisticola tinniens
Cisticola, Rattling Cisticola chiniana
Cisticola, Wailing Cisticola lais
Cisticola, Zitting Cisticola juncidis
Coot, Red-knobbed Fulica cristata
Cormorant, Reed (Long-tailed) Microcarbo africanus
Cormorant, White-breasted Phalacrocorax lucidus
Coucal,Burchell’s Centropus burchellii x
Crake, African Crex egregia
Crake, Black Amaurornis flavirostra
Crane, Wattled Grus caranculatus EN
Crane, Blue Anthropoides paradiseus x
Crane, Crowned Balearica regulorum
Crow, Pied Corvus albus
Crow, black Corvus capensis
Cuckoo, African Cuculus gularis
Cuckoo, Redchested Cuculis solitarius
Cuckoo, Great spotted Clamator glandularius
Cuckoo, Jacobin Clamator jacobinus
Cuckoo, Emerald Chrysococcyx cupreus
Cuckoo, Klaas Chrysococcyx klaas
Cuckoo, Black Cuculus clamosus
Cuckoo, Diederik Chrysococcyx caprius
Cuckoo, Red-chested Cuculus solitarius
Cuckooshrike, Black Campephaga flava
Cuckooshrike, grey Coracina caesia
Cuckooshrike, White-breasted Coracina pectoralis
Darter, African Anhinga rufa
Dove,Emerald-spottedWood Turtur chalcospilos
Dove, Laughing Spilopelia senegalensis
Dove, Red-eyed Streptopelia semitorquata
Dove,Ring-necked (Cape Turtle) Streptopelia capicola
Dove, Tambourine Turtur tympanistria
Dikkop, Spotted Burhinus capensis
Dove, Namaqua Oena capensis
Dove, Cinnamon Aplopelia larvata
Drongo, Fork-tailed Dicrurus adsimilis
Drongo, Square-tailed Dicrurus ludwigii
Duck, African Black Anas sparsa
Duck, White-faced Whistling Dendrocygna viduata
Duck, Yellow-billed Anas undulata
Eagle, African Fish Haliaeetus vocifer
Eagle, Crowned Stephanoaetus coronatus
Eagle, Long-crested Lophaetus occipitalis
Egret, Great (White) Ardea alba
Egret, Little Egretta garzetta
Falcon, Lanner Falco biarmicus
Finch, Cuckoo Anomalospiza imberbis
Firefinch, Red-billed Lagonosticta senegala
Fiscal, Southern (Fiscal Shrike) Lanius collaris Endangered
Finfoot, African Podica senegalensis
Flufftail Buffspotted Sarothura elegans
Flycatcher,African Dusky Muscicapa adusta
Flycatcher,African Paradise Terpsiphone viridis
Fkycatcher, Blue-grey Muscicarpa caerulescens
Flycatcher, Blue-mantled Crested Trochocercus cyanomelas
Flycatcher, Fiscal Melaenornis silens
Flycatcher, Southern Black Melaenornis pammelaina
Francolin, Coqui Peliperdix coqui
Francolin, Shelley’s Scleroptila shelleyi
Francolin, Redwing Francolinus levaillantii
Francolin Natal Francolinus natalensis
Goose, Egyptian Alopochen aegyptiaca
Goshawk, African Accipiter tachiro
Grassbird, Cape Sphenoeacus afer x
Grebe, Little (Dabchick) Tachybaptus ruficollis
Greenbul, Sombre Antropadus importunus
Guineafowl, Helmeted Numida meleagris
Hamerkop Scopus umbretta
Harrier, African Marsh Circus ranivorus
Harrier-Hawk,
Polyboroides typus
African(Gymnogene)
Heron, Black-headed Ardea melanocephala
Heron, Grey Ardea cinerea
Honeyguide, Greater Indicator indicator
Honeyguide, Lesser Indicator minor
Honeyguide, Scaly-throated Indicator variegatus
Hoopoe, African Upupa africana
Hornbill, Crowned Tockus alboterminatus
Hornbill,Southern Ground Bucorvus leadbeateri EN
Hornbill, Trumpeter Bycanistes bucinator
Ibis, African Sacred Threskiornis aethiopicus
Ibis, Hadada (Hadeda) Bostrychia hagedash
Jacana, African Actophilornis africanus
Kestrel, Eastern Redfooted Falco amurensis
Kestrel, Rock Falco rupicolis
Kingfisher, African Pygmy Ispidina picta
Kingfisher, Brown-hooded Halcyon albiventris
Kingfisher, Giant Megaceryle maxima
Kingfisher, Malachite Corythornis cristatus
Kingfisher, Pied Ceryle rudis
Kite, Black-winged (-shouldered) Elanus caeruleus
Kite, Yellow-billed Milvus aegyptius
Lapwing,Blacksmith (Plover) Vanellus armatus
Lark, Rufous-naped Mirafra africana
Longclaw,Cape (Orange-throated) Macronyx capensis x
Longclaw, Yellow-throated Macronyx croceus
Mannikin, Bronze Lonchura cucullata
Martin, Brown-throated Riparia paludicola
Martin, Rock Ptyonoprogne fuligula
Moorhen,Common Gallinula chloropus
Mousebird, Speckled Colius striatus
Myna, Indian Acridotheres tristis
Neddicky Cisticola fulvicapilla
Nightjar, Fiery-necked Caprimulgus pectoralis
Oriole, Black-headed Oriolus larvatus
Ostrich, Common Struthio camelus
Owl, African Grass Tyto capensis
Owl, Spotted Eagle- Bubo africanus
Owl,Western Barn Tyto alba
Owl, Whitefaced Otus leucotis
Owl, Cape Eagle Bubo capensis
Owl, Spotted Eagle- Bubo africanus
Petronia, Yellow-throated Gymnoris superciliaris
Pigeon, African Green Treron calvus
Pigeon,African Olive (Rameron) Columba arquatrix
Pigeon,Speckled (Rock) Columba guinea
Pipit, African Anthus cinnamomeus
Pipit, Plain-backed Anthus leucophrys
Pipit, Richards Anthus cinnamomeus
Pipit, Striped Anthus lineiventris
Plover, Crowned Vanellis coronatus
Plover, Blackwing Vanellus melanopterus
Prinia, Spotted Prinia hypoxantha
Prinia, Tawny-flanked Prinia subflava
Puffback,Black-backed Dryoscopus cubla
Quail, Common Coturnix coturnix
Quail, Harlequin Coturnix delagorguei
Quail, Blue Coturnix adansonii
Raven, White-necked Corvus albicollis
Robin, Brown Scrub Cercotrichas signata x
Robin, White-browed Scrub Cercotrichas leucophrys
Robin-Chat, Cape Cossypha caffra
Robin-Chat,Red-capped (Natal) Cossypha natalensis x
Robin, Chorister Cossypha dichroa
Robin, Starred Pogonocichla stellata
Roller, European Coracias garrulus
Roller, Purple Coracias naevea
Ruff/Reeve Philomachus pugnax
Sandpiper, Common Actitis hypoleucos
Saw-wing, Black Psalidoprocne pristoptera
Seedeater, Streaky-headed Crithagra gularis
Shrike, Red-backed Lanius collurio
Shrike, Fiscal Lanius collaris
Shrike, Redbacked Lanius collurio
Shrike, Puffback Dryoscopus cubla
Snipe, Ethiopian Gallinago nigripennis
Sparrow, Cape Passer melanurus
Sparrow, House Passer domesticus
Sparrow, Southern Grey-headed Passer diffuses
Sparrow, Yellow-throated Petronia superciliaris
Sparrowhawk, Black Accipiter melanoleucus
Spurfowl, Natal (Francolin) Pternistis natalensis
Starling, Black-bellied Notopholia corrusca
Starling, Cape (Glossy) Lamprotornis nitens
Starling, Pied Spreo bicolor
Starling, Red-winged Onychognathus morio
Starling,Violet-backed (Plum-col) Cinnyricinclus leucogaster
Stonechat, African Saxicola torquatus
Sunbird,Amethyst (Black) Chalcomitra amethystina
Sunbird, Collared Hedydipna collaris
Sunbird, Greater Double-collared Cinnyris afer
Sunbird, Grey Cyanomitra veroxii
Sunbird, lesser double-collared Nectarini chalybea
Sunbird, Malachite Nectarinia famosa
Sunbird, Olive Cyanomitra olivacea
Sunbird, Scarlet-chested Chalcomitra senegalensis
Sunbird,Southern Double-collared Cinnyris chalybeus x
Sunbird, White-bellied Cinnyris talatala
Swallow,Barn (European) Hirundo rustica
Swallow, Whitethroated Hirundo albigularis
Swallow, Black sawwing Psalidoprocne holomelus
Swallow, Greater Striped Cecropis cucullata
Swallow, Lesser Striped Cecropis abyssinica
Swallow, White-throated Hirundo albigularis
Swift, African Black Apus barbatus
Swift, Alpine Apus melba
Swift,Common (European) Apus apus
Swift, White-rumped Apus caffer
Swift, little Apus affinis
Swift, Palm Cypsiuris parvus
Tchragra, Blackcrowned Tchagra senegala
Tchagra, Southern Tchagra tchagra x
Thrush, Cape Rock Monticola rupestris x
Thrush, Groundscraper Turdus litsitsirupa
Thrush, Kurrichane Turdus libonyana
Thrush,Olive Turdus olivaceus
Tinker Barbet, Red-fronted Pogoniulus pusillus
Tit, Southern Black Melaniparus niger
Trogon,Narina Apaloderma narina
Turaco, Knysna (Loerie) Tauraco corythaix x
Turaco, Purple-crested (Loerie) Tauraco porphyreolophus
Wagtail,African Pied Motacilla aguimp
Wagtail,Cape Motacilla capensis
Wagtail,Mountain (Long-tailed) Motacilla clara
Wagtail, Pied Motacilla aguimp
Warbler, Barratt’s Bradypterus barratti x
Warbler, Little Rush Bradypterus baboecala
Warbler, Willow Phylloscopus trochilus
Warbler, Yellow-throated
Woodland Phylloscopus ruficapilla
Warbler, Garden Sylvia borin
Warbler, Giant Reed Acrocephalus arundinaceus
Warbler, Yellow Chloropeta natalensis
Warbler, African Sedge Bradypterus baboecala
Waxbill, Blue Uraeginthus angolensis
Waxbill, Common Estrilda astrild
Waxbill, Orange-breasted Amandava subflava
Waxbill,Swee Coccopygia melanotis
Weaver,Cape Ploceus capensis x
Weaver,Dark-backed (Forest) Ploceus bicolor
Weaver,Eastern Golden (Yellow) Ploceus subaureus
Weaver, Holub’s Golden Ploceusxanthops
Weaver, Spectacled Ploceusocularis
Weaver, Thickbilled Amblyospiza albifrons
Weaver,Masked Ploceus velatus
Weaver, Village Ploceus cucullatus
White-eye,Cape Zosterops capensis
Whydah, Pin-tailed Vidua macroura
Widow, Whitewinged Euplectes albonotatus
Widowbird,Fan-tailed (Red-
should) Euplectes axillaris
Widowbird, Red-collared Euplectes ardens
Widowfinch, Black Vidua funerea
Woodhoopoe, Scimitarbilled Rhinopomastus cyanomelus
Wood Hoopoe,Green (Red-billed) Phoeniculus purpureus
Woodpecker, ground Geocolaptes olivaceus
Woodpecker,Cardinal Dendropicos fuscescens
Woodpecker, Golden-tailed Campethera abingoni
Woodpecker, Olive Dendropicos griseocephalus
Wryneck, Red-throated Jynx ruficollis
Appendix E
APPENDIX E: PRO FORMA ANNUAL PLAN OF OPERATION

Notes of a management meeting for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve held at … on …
Present:
Apologies:
CC:
Appendix E
Table 1 Progress and goals set for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve

Management target 2019/20 Progress 2020/21 goals Completion date Responsibility Action
LEGAL COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT
Legal declaration of the entire extent of

Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve in terms of Year 1 MEC - EDTEA
the Protected Areas Act.
Implement appropriate standard

operating procedures and processes in Year 1 Landowner
responding to illegal incidents.
Regular patrols covering the full extent

Ongoing Landowner
of the nature reserve.
Prosecution of any offender caught

Ongoing Landowner
committing an offence.
TOURISM PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
An assessment of what visitor activities

and supporting infrastructure could be Year 2 Landowner
developed at the reserve.
Provision of supporting infrastructure

Year 2 Landowner
for visitor activities
CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT
Undertake periodic rangeland With assistance

assessments to determine the state of from the
the habitat and the influence of Biodiversity
Year 2 Landowner
management interventions. Srewardship Unit
and the Dept of
Agric.
Maintenance of optimum population

numbers of rare and endangered Ongoing Landowner
species within the nature reserve
Appendix E
Compliance with the National Veld and Requires support

Ongoing Landowner
Forest Fires Act. from Eco-advice
Ongoing control and eradication of all

listed invasive species to a point where Requires support
only maintenance control is required. from the
10 - 25% reduction in Lantana camara Year 5 Landowner Ecological Advice
infestation levels in five years. and Alien Plant
25% reduction in infestations of all Control Units
other listed invasive plants in five years.
Implementation of soil erosion control Requires support

measures in areas in which plant cover from the
Ongoing Landowner
is low, which are susceptible to erosion. ecological advice
unit
Management target 2019/20 Progress 2020/21 goals Completion date Responsibility Action
OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT
Inclusion of a cost estimate in the

Annually Landowner
Annual Plan od Operation...
Regular scheduled maintenance of all

Ongoing Landowner
facilities, assets and infrastructure.
Appropriately functioning infrastructure With assistance

that does not cause harm to the from the
Ongoing Landowner
environment Biodiversity
Stewardship Unit

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Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve

This Management Plan for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve is approved:

TITLE NAME SIGNATURE AND DATE

TITLE NAME SIGNATURE AND DATE

Chief Executive Officer:

EKZNW, Biodiversity Conservation

People and Conservation Operations

Table 1. Land ownership of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve. ....................................................................... 9

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

MOU Memorandum of Understanding

NSBA National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment

SAHRA South African Heritage Resources Agency

WWF Word Wildlife Fund

1.1 Purpose of the plan

This management plan informs management at all levels, from the

• Provide the primary strategic tool for management of Ingwehumbe

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

Management Guiding principles

Figure 1. Structure of the Management Plan.

1. Understanding the context of existing values and threats.

1.4 The values of Ingwehumbe Nature Reser ve

Natural values • Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve contains a large

Consistent with Section 17 of the Protected Areas Act, the purpose of

• Protect an ecologically viable, representative area of KZN Sandstone

1.4.1 Protection of the values

Where directed management is required, it will be based on scientific

1.5 Adaptive management

Adaptive management enables landowners and managers to:

i) Learn through experience.

2.1 The legislative basis for the management of Ingwehumbe

A detailed list of relevant legislation is provided in Appendix B. Landowners

2.1.1 Proclamation status of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve

Electprops 39 96/10742/07 16734 Wingfield / T32354/1996 SG1631/1995 551.1185

Malcolm IT 1084/01 17426 Priscilla Vale T57133/2002 SG1367/2001 858.4511

Virginia Trust IT 1085/01 1/17425 Virginia Port. 1 T57134/2002 SG1366/2001 364.7704

Virginia Trust IT 1085/01 16732 Ngangeza T57134/2002 SG1516/1995 110.3643

2.1.2 Invasive species control in terms of the Biodiversity Act

2.2 The regional and local planning context of Ingwehumbe

Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve falls within uMgungundlovu District

According to the Environmental Management Framework for the

The uMgungundlovu District Municipal IDP recognises good tourism potential

The Mkhambathini IDP (2016-2021 p99) states that he remaining

A long term goal is to expand the reserve as the opportunities arise by

2.3 The history of Ingwehumbe Nature Reser ve

History of the Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve and surrounds

Botanical collecting history of the area

2.4.1 Climate and weather

2.4.3 Geology and soils

Figure 9. Map showing the vegetation types of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve.

Eastern Valley Bushveld is found in the deeply incised valleys of rivers

KZN Hinterland Thornveld is found scattered immediately above eastern

2.4.7 Fire regime

Uncontrolled fires in the Bushveld on steep slopes could result in erosion.

2.4.8 Invasive species

Common name Scientific name CARA category

Triffid weed Chromolaena odorata 1

Indian shot Canna indica 1

Wattle Acacia mearnsii 1