Rutuja Project Report

A
SEMINAR REPORT
On
[Fibre Reinforced Concrete Using Banana Fibre]
PRESENTED BY
[Rutuja S. Pore.(22)]
UNDER GUIDANCE
OF
[Prof. Priya Figueredo]
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
D Y PATIL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY KOLHAPUR

KASABA BAWADA, KOLHAPUR
(An Autonomous Institute)
2020-2021
D Y PATIL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY KOLHAPUR
KASABA BAWADA, KOLHAPUR
(An Autonomous Institute)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is certified that Rutuja S. Pore. has satisfactorily presented the seminar entitled
[Fibre Reinforced Concrete Using Banana Fibre]
In partial fulfillment of the requirements third year B.Tech. Course prescribed by the
Shivaji University Kolhapur during the year 202-2021
Seminar Guide HOD

Principal
Fibre reinforced concrete using banana fibre
ABSTRACT
Pervious concrete is a composite material consisting of coarse aggregate, Portland cement and
water. It is different from conventional concrete in that it contains no fine aggregate in the
mixture. The result is a concrete with high percentage of interconnected voids that, when
functioning correctly permits the rapid percolation of water through the concrete. Pervious
concrete is used in parking areas, residential streets, pedestrians’ walkways etc. It is an important
application for sustainable construction. The project aims at studying the engineering properties
and prove the importance of banana fibre reinforced pervious concrete in ground. Tests like
compression test, split tensile strength test and permeability tests are carried out on test
specimens with different percentages of banana fibres and the properties will compared with that
of plain pervious concrete samples.
Now a days the use of waste product in concrete is an efficient sustainable method. As an
example use of plastic, glass and other many types of by products are used as a fibre in concrete
mix. The main aim of mixing this types of constituents to concrete are to avoid crack, to
maintain sustainability, to gain durability and to gain the flexural strength. This paper describes
about the use of banana peel and its leaf being mixed with different grades of concrete which
resulted in good tensile strength and with an amount of decrease in cement content. An
experimental work has been conducted on banana and jute fibre reinforced composite.
The main objective of this work was to improve the mechanical properties of composite such as
compressive strength and flexural strength. The banana and jute fibres are subjected to
alkalitreatment with NaOH to avoid degradation offibres and to improve the bond between fibres
and the matrix. The fibres are treated for the periods of 4 hours, 8 hours, and 12 hours and are
added in the proportion of 0, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, and 0.7% by the quantity of concrete. The
outcome of this experiment was at 0.3% incorporation of 8 hours treated banana fibre shows
maximum compressive and flexural strength compared to conventional concrete and at 0.3%
incorporation of 4 hours treated jute fibre shows maximum compressive and flexural strength
compared to conventional concrete. The outcome also indicates the maximum compressive
strength and flexural strength for incorporation of raw banana and jute fibres when compared to
treated fibres but treatment of fibres is necessary to remove lignin, pectin and cellulose from the
surface of fibres.
Department Of Civil Engineering,

D.Y. Patil College of Engineering & Technology, Kasaba-Bawada, Kolhapur. Page 3
INDEX
SR. CONTENT PAGE NO.
No.
1 INTRODUCTION 5-8
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9-10
3 CONCEPT OF BANANA FIBRE 11-14
4 ADVANTAGES & DIS- 15-16
ADVANTAGES OF BANANA FIBRE
5 CASE STUDY 1 17-19
6 CASE STUDY 2 20-29
7 CURRENT SCENARIO 30-33
8 APPLICATIONS 34-35
9 CONCLUSION 36-37
10 REFERENCE 38-39

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1General:
Fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) is a composite material made with Portland cement, aggregate,
and incorporating discrete discontinuous fibers. Normal unreinforced concrete is brittle with a
low tensile strength and strain capacity. The addition of Banana fibers to concrete makes it more
homogeneous and isotropic and transforms it from a brittle to more ductile materials. Ordinary
concrete includes numerous micro cracks which are rapidly increased under the applied stresses.
These cracks are responsible for the low tensile, flexural strength, and impact resistance of
concrete. Concrete reinforced with Banana fibers impedes the crack growth and therefore
enhances its strength and impact characteristics but it will also reduce the workability, the
addition of super plasticizer (Sp) is helpful to solve the potential problem of tangling or balling
of steel fibers. Thus the workability of the Banana fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) with the aid
of (Sp) is ensured as a result.
The use of highly active pozzolanic material in conjunction with (Sp) may produce high
performance concrete with special feature in both fresh and hardened states. A pozzolan is
defined as a siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material, it chemically reacts with calcium
hydroxide Ca (OH) 2 at ordinary temperatures to form compounds possessing Cementations
properties, calcium hydroxide are liberated during the hydration of Portland cement. Lately, there
has been much interest in the use of high reactivity metakaolin (HRM) as asupplementary
cementing material, produced by calcining purified kaolin clay in the temperature of 700° C.
Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O →Al2O3. 2SiO2 + 2H2O Kaolinite Metakaolin Steam
HRM (Al2O3 . 2SiO2) is a poorly crystallized white powder with a high pozzolanic reactivity,
when HRM reacts with calcium hydroxide, a pozzolanic reaction takes place whereby new
cementations compounds are formed . These newly formed compounds will contribute
cementations strength and enhanced durability properties to the system in place of the otherwise
weak and soluble calcium hydroxide. The use of (HRM) with (Sp) can enhance the strength and
durability of steel fiber reinforced concrete due to reduction of permeability.

Pervious concrete is a composite material consisting of coarse aggregate, Portland cement and
water. It is different from conventional concrete in that it contains no fine aggregate in the
mixture. Because the mix contains little or no sand, the pore structure has many voids allowing
water and air to pass through.
Due to its high porosity it can used for concrete flatwork applications that allows water from
precipitation and other sources to pass directly through, thereby reducing the runoff from a site
and allowing ground water recharge.
The concrete paste then coats the aggregates and allows water to pass through the concrete slab.
Pervious concrete is used in parking areas, areas with light traffic, residential streets, pedestrian
walkways, and greenhouses.
It is an important application for sustainable construction and is one of many low impact
development technique used by builders to protect water quality. It is usually a mixture of 9mm
to 13mm average diameter aggregate, cement and water. Pervious Concrete contains voids and
these voids are held together by cement paste, after the installation. The water cement ratio used
in this study is 0.36. To reinforce pervious concrete with various proportions of banana fibre (i.e.
0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4% of volume of concrete).Fibre reinforced pervious concrete
pavements are more efficient than ordinary cement concrete pavement. The fibres may be of
steel, polymer or natural materials. Banana fibre is used in this study.
The utilization of biomass for the processing of novel composites has attracted growing interest
because of its eco-friendly and renewable nature. Indeed enormous interest in the development of
new composite materials filled with natural fibers has been shown by important industries such
as the automotive, construction or packaging industry. Composites have encompassed almost all
material domains. All synthetic polymers (thermoplastics, thermosets, and elastomers) can be
used as matrices. As fillers, besides inorganic powders, extensive use has been made of inorganic
manmade fibers such as glass, silicium carbide, or organic fibers like carbon and aramid, in the
form of individual fibers (chopped or continuous), mats, or 2D-3D fabrics.
Compared to inorganic fibers, natural fibers present some well-known advantages such as lower
density and lower price. They are less abrasive to the processing equipment, harmless,

biodegradable, renewable, and their mechanical properties can be comparable to those of
inorganic fibers.
Natural fibers are gaining progressive account as renewable, environmentally acceptable, and
biodegradable starting material for industrial applications, technical textiles, composites, pulp
and paper, as well as for civil engineering and building activities.
Natural fibers reinforced composites combine acceptable mechanical properties with a low
density. Such composites offer a number of well-known advantages which include low cost,
availability of renewable natural resources, biodegradability, etc.
Fig.1.1 Banana fibre
1.2. Problem of the Research
Although concrete is a widely used construction material, it has major

disadvantages such as low tensile strength, impact resistance, and it is liable to cracking It is
generally agreed that the higher the strength of concrete, the lower its ductility so that the
observed inverse relationship between strength and ductility is considered in some structural
application.

1.3. Objective of the Research
The brittle nature of plain concrete cannot be neglected and an approach to make
Concrete a ductile material is necessary. The incorporation of Banana fibers as a randomly
distributed reinforcement is an alternative solution, the presence of fiber improve the tensile
strength, flexural strength , ductility , and much more efficient at controlling cracking at the
aggregate – matrix interface , but it will be also reduce the workability . The addition of super
plasticizer can solve the problem of the workability and the utilization of metakaolin ( in addition
to the cement paste ) to fill the void between blended aggregates will increase the density of
concrete and improved the durability , therefore , to develop fiber reinforced concretes with
specialized mineral admixtures where the problem of brittleness is reduced .
1. By using various proportions of banana fibre we are casting pervious concrete (i.e. 0.1%,
0.2%,
0.3% and 0.4% of volume of concrete).
2. To study the engineering properties of pervious concrete reinforced with banana fibre.
3. To compare the behaviour of plain pervious concrete and banana fibre reinforced pervious
concrete.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Anush K Chandrappa, Krishna Prapoorna Bilgiri (2016) presented a paper on “pervious concrete as a
sustainable pavement material-Research findings and future prospects: A state of art review”. This research
studies recommend different mix designs and proportioning systems for pervious concrete based on various
principles. The most common principle of mix design is to provide enough cement coating to the aggregate. The
cement to aggregate ratio adopted in the range of 1:4 to 1:12.The water cement ratio used in the range of 0.28 to
0.36.The water cement ratio used in 1:4 mix is 0.36.This study also indicated that the use of fibres can optimize
the strength and drainage properties of pervious concrete.
Marwan Mostafa, Nasim Uddin (2016) presented a paper on “Experimental analysis of compressed earth block
(CEB) with banana fibres resisting flexural and compression forces.” This study summarizes the average
compressive and flexural strength results in seven mixes. The fibre reinforced blocks with fibre length of 6mm
and 7mm recorded for the highest in both compressive strength and flexural strength compared to all fibre
reinforced blocks with fibre length ranges from 5mm to 10mm.And the experimental work is concluded that the
blocks constructed by adding banana fibres throughout the mix performed better than the block with no fibres in
both compressive and flexural strength.
Gaurav Uttam Shinde, Dr S.S Valunjkar (2015) presented a paper on “An experimental study on compressive
strength, void ratio and infiltration rate of pervious concrete”. The paper represents the experimental
methodology and experimental results related to compressive strength, void content and infiltration rate.
Various mix designs of pervious concrete was tested, results were determined and analysed. Cube size of
150mm x 150mm x 150mm was prepared to investigate compressive strength, void ratio and infiltration rate.
Different concrete mix proportion such as 1:4, 1:5 and 1:6 with different size of gravels such as 9mm to 12mm
was used to check these properties of pervious concrete. It was observed that when void ratio increases,
infiltration rate also increases and compressive strength decreases and vice versa.
Rui Zhong, Key Wille (2015) presented a paper on “Material design and characterization of high performance
pervious concrete. “In this paper 12 mixture were proportioned with various matrix and compressive and
flexural strength test were conducted. This research results show that compressive strength and elastic modulus
increase by upto 150% and 100% respectively. In this research highlight that the development and
characterization of high performance pervious concrete aiming at improved mechanical and advanced durability
properties. It was observed that incorporation of appropriate amount of fibre reinforcement could further
improve the durability of pervious concrete.
Dang Hanh Nguyen, Nasim Sebaibi (2014) presented a paper on “A modified method for the design of pervious
concrete mix”. In this research conducted binder drainage test for determination of optimum water cement ratio.
In this test, prepare fresh concrete for different water cement ratios such as 0.30, 0.32, 0.34, 0.36, 0.38 and 0.40
and discharge it to a metal sieve. The holes diameter depends on size of aggregate. Vibrate the metal sieve for
15 s with vibrating table. The result summarizes that in 0.36 ratio there is no cement paste in the sieve and 0.38
and 0.40 ratio the paste cement is liquid and it starts drain down under the effect of vibration. So water cement
ratio 0.36 is optimum in pervious concrete without admixtures.
Nalini Thakre, Hirendra Rajput, Jaya Saxena, Harish Mitangale (2014) presented a paper on “comparative study
on strength and permeability of pervious concrete by using nylon and polypropylene fibre. The fibres are used
in various proportions i.e., 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2% etc. of volume of concrete. Also the paper says about types of
fibres help to increase the properties of pervious concrete. The fibres are glass fibres, natural fibres like flax,
hemp, kenaf, jute, banana and coir, synthetic fibres like nylon, polypropylene, carbon, polyester etc. Natural
reinforcing materials can be obtained at low cost and low levels of energy using local manpower and
technology. The test result also indicated that the compressed strength of nylon and polypropylene fibre up-to
0.2% of used result get increased. And the permeability of fibre mixed pervious concrete is increased as
comparison to the plain pervious concrete.
Hussam A.A Rahman (2012) conducted a test on “some properties of fibre reinforced no fine concrete”. The
paper focuses on studying the mechanical characteristics of polypropylene and carbon fiber reinforced no fine
aggregate concrete containing a different percentage of fibre. Tests to determine workability, density,
compressive strength, split tensile strength and modulus of rupture were carried out. It was found that pervious
concrete mixes with fibres have higher density than normal pervious concrete mixes containing polypropylene
and carbon. The test results also indicated that the inclusion of fibre to the pervious concrete mixes increases
compressive strength, split tensile strength and modulus of rupture.
Dhawal Desai (2010) studied the “effects of material properties on porosity of pervious concrete.” This paper
describes the effect of size of aggregates and proportion of cement, aggregate and water on porosity of pervious
concrete. Different sample blocks were made in lab with variations in mixture to see the porosity for final
conclusion. The samples in which aggregates above 20 mm were used were not porous from the base because of
larger voids, the cement slurry settles down. Also in all those cubes in which compaction was done, the cement
slurry settles down and thus made a flat bottom surface. So finally the conclusion was to use aggregate in the
range of 9.5 mm - l9 mm and to reduce compaction while filling to yield the best results. Also the density of the
concrete is less than the normal one because fine aggregates where not used. Its strength is lower than normal
concrete.

CHAPTER 3
CONCEPT OF BANANA FIBRE
3.1. Materials:
The materials used include local soil (from Cairo, Egypt), commonly available type I
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), and banana fibers. The fiber is “stick-like’ with an embossed
surface to create deformations that provide mechanical anchorage. The lengths of the banana
fibers were between 50mm and 25mm and cut from full-length fibers.
Since banana fiber is acidic fruit material that has a pH value less than 7, and the CEB
is an alkaline material compound that has a pH more than 7, chemical pretreatment has to take
place in order to increase the pH value of the banana fibers. Alkali treatment of cellulosic fibers
is the usual method to produce high quality fibers. Alkali treatment improves the fiber-matrix
adhesion due to the removal of natural and artificial impurities Therefore, the development of a
rough surface topography and enhancement in aspect ratio offer better fiber-matrix interface
adhesion and an increase in mechanical properties.
1.Cement
Chetinadu Cement, 43 grade OPC confirming to IS: 8112 [13] was used for the present study.
The properties of cement were tested in accordance with IS 403 [6] the results are given in Table.
2. Coarse Aggregate
The coarse aggregate used was a normal weight aggregate with a maximum size of 20mm and
was obtained from the local supplier and it was tested in accordance with IS: 2386-1964. The
results are given in Table.
3. Fine Aggregate
Good quality river sand, free from silt and other impurities and which is locally available, was
used in this study. Salient properties of the fine aggregate determined by standard tests
accordance with IS 2386 (part II & III) -1963 and results are given in Table.

4. Metakaolin
The Metakaolin is used for the investigation. The physical properties of metakaolin such as
specific gravity and surface area were measured using the procedure presented by IS 1727-1969.
The particle size of the metakaolin was referred with the help of scanning electron microscope.
The physical properties of metakaolin are given in table.
5. Banana Fibre
The Banana used for this work is from the local village, Tamilnadu region. The fibres are
available in processed and ready-to- use. fibres ‘as available form’ (i.e. plant) to ‘ready to use
form’. Uniform length of fibres was obtained by using cutting machine. Salient physical and
mechanical properties of Banana were determined in their natural form. Length of Banana fibres
was measured by a vernier scale and the diameter by the micrometer. Specific gravity and density
of Banana fibres were determined using a pycnometer. Since the Banana fibres have a tendency
to absorb water especially during the first few hours after immersionwater, the specific gravity
and density were calculated after 24hrs of immersion in water.
Fig. 2.1 Banana fibre used in concrete

6. Water
Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it actively participates in the chemical reaction

with cement. Since it helps to form the strength giving cement gel, the quantity and quality of
water is required to be looked into very carefully. Potable water is generally considered
satisfactory. In the present investigation, tap water was used for both mixing and curing
purposes.
7. Chemical Admixture
Metakaolin concrete requires super plasticizer and it has be noticed through experimentally that
at which stage of replacement of metakaolin concrete requires super plasticizer. In order to obtain
suitable workability, super plasticizer will be added.
3.2. Characteristics of Banana Fibres
Banana fibers are generally lignocelluloses material, consisting of helically wound cellulose
micro-fibrils in amorphous matrix of lignin and hemicelluloses. The cellulose content serves as a
deciding factor for mechanical properties along with micro fibril-angle. A high cellulose content
and low micro-fibril angle impart desirable mechanical properties for banana fibers. Lignins are
associated with the hemicelluloses and play an important role in the natural decay resistance of
the lignocelluloses material. The composition of banana trunk obtained by elemental analysis, as
given in Table
Table3.1 Composition of studied banana trunk fibers

Constituents Percentage
Cellulose 56%
Lignin 17%
Extractives 7%
Moisture 11%
Ashes 9%

3.3. Banana Fibres Chemical Treatment
Alkali treatment increases surface roughness resulting in better mechanical bonding and the
amount of cellulose exposed on the fiber surface. This increases the number of possible reaction
sites and allows better fiber wetting. The possible reaction of the fiber and Sodium Hydroxide
(NaOH) is represented in Equation
Fiber–OH + NaOH → Fiber–O–Na+ + H2O
The banana fibers were cleaned and immersed in 6% NaOH solution for 2 h at room temperature
as shown in Figure 2, and then thoroughly washed by immersion in a clean water tank to remove
the non-reacted alkali until the fibers were alkali free. They were next rinsed under running water
and filtered. The filtered fibers were then dried in an oven at 80 °C for 24 h
Fig. 2.2 Submerging banana fibers in NaOH solution

CHAPTER 4
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

As stated, the main advantage of fiber-reinforced concrete is the reduction of shrinkage and cracking.
The right fiber-reinforced concrete can also provide impact-resistance, increase tensile strength and reduce
voids in the concrete.
A disadvantage of fiber-reinforced concrete is that it can adversely affect workability, especially in the case of
steel fiber-reinforced concrete. Even distribution of fibers throughout your concrete is a concern. There may
also be a danger of fibers balling during mixing.
Another disadvantage to be aware of is that fiber-reinforced concrete is heavier than non-fiber concrete. If
you’re using steel fibers, there’s also the danger of corrosion. Finally, fiber-reinforced concrete tends to be more
expensive than ordinary concrete, although the cost could be offset by other factors.
Advantages
Fibers reinforced concrete may be useful where high tensile strength and reduced cracking are desirable or
when conventional reinforcement cannot be placed
 It improves the impact strength of concrete, limits the crack growth and leads to a greater strain capacity
of the composite material
 For industrial projects, macro-synthetic fibers are used to improve concrete’s durability. Made from
synthetic materials, these fibers are long and thick in size and may be used as a replacement for bar or
fabric reinforcement
 Adding fibers to the concrete will improve its freeze-thaw resistance and help keep the concrete strong
and attractive for extended periods.
 Improve mix cohesion, improving pumpability over long distances
 Increase resistance to plastic shrinkage during curing
 Minimizes steel reinforcement requirements
 Controls the crack widths tightly, thus improving durability

 Reduces segregation and bleed-water
 FRC, toughness is about 10 to 40 times that of plain concrete
 The addition of fibers increases fatigue strength
 Fibers increase the shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams

Disadvantages:
 Fibres in concrete make concrete very harsh and it is difficult to handle and pose problems during
placement.
 Fibres may get concentrated at few places which is not ideal and inturn results in poor quality of
concrete.
 Harsh concrete due to fibres may require higher water/cement ratio which is again not ideal.
 It makes concrete costly and if strength is only criteria for which fibres are used, you might well
use higher grade of concrete instead.( If bending strength is not much of importance).
 A disadvantage of fiber-reinforced concrete is that it can adversely affect workability, especially in the
case of steel fiber-reinforced concrete. Even distribution of fibers throughout your concrete is a concern.
There may also be a danger of fibers balling during mixing.
 Another disadvantage to be aware of is that fiber-reinforced concrete is heavier than non-fiber concrete.
If you’re using steel fibers, there’s also the danger of corrosion. Finally, fiber-reinforced concrete tends
to be more expensive than ordinary concrete, although the cost could be offset by other factors.
 More Buldging
 Cracks at failure load are observed to be very less
 Increases Fibre-Cement Ratio
CHAPTER 5

CASE STUDY 1
5.1 Methodology
1) Conduct the test on aggregate:

1. Sieve analysis test (IS 2720 Part IV - 1985)
2. Aggregate crushing strength (IS 2386 Part IV - 1963).
3. Impact value test (IS 2386 Part IV - 1963).
4. Abrasion value test (IS 2386 Part IV - 1963).
5. Flakiness index test (IS 2386 Part I - 1963).
6. Elongation index test (IS 2386 Part I - 1963).
2) Conduct the test on water:
1. PH value of water
3) Conduct the test on cement
1. Consistency of cement.
2. Setting time test.
3. Then design of concrete mix in which the strength of concrete will
increase and it also reduce the required quantity of cement concrete becomes
economical than conventional concrete. 4) Method Used
1. Trial method
2. Error method
5) Important Criteria
1. High strength is achieved if the particle packing is dense with minimum voids.
For this high paste volume is essential.
2. Mineral and chemical admixtures are used.
3. Two batches of concrete were prepared: one without super plasticizer one with super
plasticizer.
4. In this experimental work for each mix of composite, a total 33 specimen of following
Type were prepared.
5. For compressive strength test, 3 cube of each proportion having size 15X15X15 cm.
6. All above specimens were prepared with various fibers with replacement of cement by
the 10 % - 30% of its weight.

Table3.1- Test and IS Code used

Test As per the Is code Value method
method
Specific gravity Le-chatlier’s flask method 3.137

Fineness of cement (As per IS:269-1976) 97.606% (retained less than
5%)
Initial and final setting (As per IS:4031 part 5) 1.Initial setting time of
time test on cement
cement:71 min(not less
than 30min)
2.Final setting time of
cement: 401min (not
more than600min)
Normal consistency test (As per IS:4031 Part 4) 29% (ranges from 26% to
33%)
Soundness test of cement (As per IS:4031 Part3) 1mm
5.2 Methods of Test

1. Mix proportioning:
The coarse aggregate to cement ratio was adopted as 4 by mass. The water
cement ratio adopted for the mix was 0.36.
2.Collection of raw materials:
All the necessary materials for preparing the fibre reinforced pervious
concrete such as Cement, coarse aggregate, Banana fibre etc. was collected.
3.Preliminary tests on cement and aggregate:
Test to determine specific gravity, fineness, consistency, initial and final
setting time was conducted on cement. The physical properties of coarse aggregate
were studied. In addition aggregate impact test and Los Angeles abrasion test was also
conducted on the aggregate.
4.Batching:

Batching is the process of measuring and combining the ingredients of
concrete.
5. Casting:
Normal pervious concrete cubes and cylinders are casted for testing. Cubes
were cast for testing the compressive strength. Cylindrical specimens were prepared to
determine splitting tensile Strength.
6. Curing:
The specimens were allowed to remain in water for 28 days and the
temperature is maintained at 27±2ºc.
5.3Mix Design
The design of concrete mix is not a simple task on account of the widely varying properties of the
constituent materials , the conditions that prevail at the site work, in particular the exposure condition
that are demanded for a particular work for which the mix is designed . Design of concrete mix
requires complete knowledge of various properties of these constituent material, the implications in
case of change on these condition at site the impact of properties of plastic concrete. The concrete mix
design was prepared according to IS code 10262-2009 to control concrete. The grade M30 and w/C
ratio is 0.55 which is constant for all mix design.
Table3.2 Mix Details for Concrete
Materials 0% MK 5% MK 10% 15% 20%

MK MK MK
Cement(kg/m3) 380 361 342 323 304
Metakaolin(kg/m3) 0 19 38 57 76
Coarse 1169 1169 1169 1169 1169
aggregate(kg/m3)
Fine 656 656 656 656 656
aggregate(kg/m3)
Water 171 171 171 171 171
W/C ratio 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45
SP 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

CHAPTER 6
CASE STUDY 2
Experimental Investigation
6.1. Compressive Strength Test
The nominal dimensions of blocks produced were 12 cm × 12 cm × 9 cm for compressive test.
The specimens for the compressive strength tests were tested according to American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM) international C67-07 [13]. A total of 35 GCEBs were tested for
compressive strength; 5 blocks for each of the 7 mix designs. The blocks were tested under
uniaxial compression load using a COMTEST Impact 2000 KN block (Impact, North Ayrshire,
Scotland), cube and cylinder compression machine with a maximum load capacity of 2000 KN.
The rate of compression was set at 300 N/s (67 lbs/s) until failure.
6.1.1. Compressive Test Results and Discussion
Reinforced blocks with randomly distributed natural banana fibers yielded higher compressive
strength results compared to the unreinforced blocks, as shown in Table 4 and Figure 5. At
0.35% banana fiber content by weight, the percentages of increase in compressive strength
compared to the unreinforced specimens, #1, are presented in Table .
Table 6.1- Average compressive strength results of GCEBs.
Sample #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 Average Standar

-- Compressive d
Strength(MP Deviatio
a) n
Mix
#1(contro 3.21 3.26 3.47 3.36 3.39 3.33 0.10
l)
#2 3.91 4.69 4.56 4.03 4.70 4.37 0.38

#3 4.08 4.83 4.77 5.68 5.45 4.96 0.63
#4 4.29 3.92 3.29 3.49 3.74 3.76 0.39
#5 4.34 4.01 3.85 3.81 4.14 4.03 0.22
#6 5.63 4.92 5.12 5.16 6.13 5.36 0.49
#7 5.96 5.66 6.18 5.47 6.30 5.92 0.35
A research study attributed similar observations made in compressive strength of Polypropylene (PP) fiber
reinforced concrete specimens to the confinement provided by the PP fiber bonding [14]. There was a
noticeable increase of 17% in the strength of the treated fibers by 6% NaOH concentration relative to the
untreated fibers. In this study, the matrix reinforced with only 50 mm fibers (mix # 7) recorded the highest
compressive strength with value of 5.92 MPa. A research study also observed that longer PP fibers (12 mm)
performed better in compressive strength at 28 days compared to shorterfibers (6 mm) [15]. Cracks typically
formed before peak load was reached during testing. This observation was true for both plain and fiber
reinforced specimens.
Fig.6.1 Average compressive strength results for GCEB mixes

Table 6.2Percentage increase in compressive strength.
Mix Type % Increase
#2 31 %
#3 49 %
#4 13 %
#5 21 %
#6 61 %
#7 78 %
6.1.2. Failure Mode of Plain and Reinforced Blocks
The failure mode of the plain and reinforced CEBs are very close to the failure mode of the
typical concrete blocks. However, there is a slight difference in failure mode between the plain
and the reinforced blocks as shown in Figure 6. Soil spalling is observed in the plain CEB
compression failure leading to a void in the block, while in the reinforced GCEB compression
failure sample, fibers held the soil, preventing a void.
6.2. Flexural Tensile Strength Test:
Flexural strength testing was done according ASTM C67-07 [13]. The loading scheme was
modified from third-point loading to center-point loading. A total of 5 samples were tested for
each of the seven mix designs. A Universal Hydraulic UH Series Shimadzu universal testing
machine with a maximum load capacity of 1000 KN was used. The machine was set up with a
Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) displacement sensor to record mid-span
deflection as shown in Figure 7. The values for flexural strength were computed using Equation
(2):

S = 3WL/2bd2 (2)
where:
S = Modulus of rupture of the block at the plane of failure, PSI (Pound per Square Inch) (MPa);
W = Maximum load indicated by the testing machine, lbs (N);
L = Span length, in (mm); b = Average width of the block at
the plane of failure, in (mm); d = Average depth of the block at
the plane of failure, in (mm).

Fig4.2 (a) Leveling the two supports and centering Linear Variable Differential Transformer
(LVDT); (b) Flexural strength test set-up.
Using center point loading, flexural strength is determined assuming simple, pure bending.
In this case the span to depth ratio was approximately 2. Failure of the tested blocks did not
always occur at the mid-point. During testing, all the unreinforced blocks experienced sudden
failure, while none of the fiber reinforced blocks did, as shown in Figure 8. The reinforced
GCEBs with treated 50 mm of banana fibers (mix #7) yielded the highest average modulus of
rupture (MOR) with a value of 0.95 MPa; also, the average flexural strength and the maximum
displacement of the blocks are shown in Table 6. Table 7 presents the percentage of increase in
flexural strength compared to mix # 1 with a value of 0.49 MPa.
Fig (a) Unreinforced CEB Bending Failure (b) Reinforced B-CEB Bending Failure
Table4.3 - Average flexural strength and maximum mid-span displacement results of
GCEBs
Sample # 1 #2 #3 #4 #5 Avg.Flexural Standard Max.
Strength(MPa) Deviation Displacement
(mm)
Mix
#1 0.57 0.62 0.40 0.41 0.57 0.49 0.10 0.8
#2 0.61 0.59 0.53 0.70 0.70 0.63 0.07 1.5

#3 0.82 0.75 0.74 0.69 0.84 0.77 0.06 2.8

#4 0.46 0.73 0.43 0.66 0.58 0.57 0.13 3.0
#5 0.79 0.71 0.77 0.73 0.70 0.74 0.04 2.0
#6 0.81 0.64 0.73 0.77 0.68 0.73 0.07 2.3
#7 0.88 0.96 0.99 1.00 0.94 0.95 0.05 3.4
Table4.4 Percentage increase in flexural strength.

Mix Type % Increase
#2 28 %
#3 58 %
#4 17 %
#5 51 %
#6 49 %
#7 94 %
Fibers are known to oppose crack formation in step with increasing stress and also bridge micro
cracks from expanding [15,16]. The block geometry did not provide enough span to allow for
failure to occur at the center of the blocks, which would have allowed for a better assessment of
the influence of the fibers. Also, the center point is not always the weakest point in the block,
therefore values reported using center-point loading could be higher compared to third-point
loading results. Most of the 35 tested samples’ failures occurred at the mid-point. Each tested
sample exhibited linear elastic characteristics prior to initial crack, which typically occurred at
peak load. The load-deflection responses of the fiber-reinforced samples were different from the
unreinforced ones. Typical load-deflection curves of the tested samples are presented in Figure.
In general, thefiber-reinforced blocks performed better in post-initial crack behavior compared

to the plain matrix. The results also suggest that the fibers affect the brittle behavior of the
matrices. The unreinforced samples exhibited sudden failure in all instances. Most of the fiber-

reinforced matrices experienced complete failure at more than 2 mm deflection, while the plain
samples experienced complete failure at less than 1 mm displacement. It was also observed that
some of the fibers’ cracks bridged. That could explain the cause of gradual failure as shown in
Figure.
The fibers at the crack zone bear the tensile stress transferred from the rupture section. Previous
studies established a relationship between increased aspect ratio of fibers and the ability of fibers
to bridge micro cracks. In this study, the 50 mm fibers had a higher aspect ratio and produced a
higher tensile strength in matrices compared to the 25 mm fibers, suggesting that their embedded
length was insufficient to develop full tensile capacity.
Fig. 6.4 Load vs Deflection curve

Fig.6.5 Banana fibers bridging the GCEB cracks during failure.
The findings point out that extensible banana fibers did not totally pull out of matrices when
specimens reached peak strength. It was also noted that gradual fiber slipping and stretching
resulted in a high post-peak strength even at high deformation levels. Comparing the results from
the different matrices in this study, matrices with different proportions of the shorter fibers (25
mm) did not sustain as much fiber slippage as matrices with only 50 mm fibers. Subsequently,
more gradual failure, after initial crack of all the fiber-reinforced matrices, suggests an improved
performance in ductility that can be attributed to the banana fibers. Also, both fiber pullout and
breakage were observed in GCEBs.
6.3. Water Absorption Test
The specimens from the flexural tests were used for the water absorption test. The water
absorption test is basic in nature but may be the most useful in assessing the durability of
GCEBs. After 28 days curing, GCEBs were weighed and recorded. This was the dry weight
(Wd). The weighted samples were then totally immersed in a water tank for 24 h. They were then
taken out, wiped with a cloth, and reweighed. The weight of each specimen was recorded. This
was the wet weight (Ws). The water absorption of the samples was calculated using Equation.
WA (%) = 100 × (Ws − Wd)/Wd

where:

WA = Block water absorption;
Ws = Saturated weight of the block after submersion in cold water; Wd
= Dry weight of the block
The absorption measures the unit’s total capacity to absorb moisture.
The measure of plain-CEB recorded approximately 7.4% water
absorption, while the water absorption of the GCEB with banana fibers
recorded an average of 10.6%. The final density of the block is 128
PCF (Pound per Cubic Feet). Blocks with banana fibers have a slightly
higher water permeability or absorption than plain blocks. The higher
water absorption capacity of fiber-reinforced blocks may be attributed
to the amount of water absorbed by the cellulose fiber. It can be
concluded that fibers increase block permeability to water. The
resulting data, however, shows that all the processed GCEBs were
either in the 10%–20% water absorption range or below. Therefore,
with respect to this parameter, all the GCEBs met the minimum
requirements for their use in building construction [17].
6.4. Relationship between Flexural Strength, Compressive Strength, and Fiber Length
Table 8 and Figure 11 summarize the average compressive and flexural strength results in each
of the seven GCEB mixes. The ratios between the values of such strengths are also presented.

The recorded compressive strength values were, on the average, 5.45 to 7.35 times higher than
the flexural strength values. Mix # 5 recorded the lowest compressive strength to flexural
strength ratio of 5.45, while mix # 6 recorded the highest ratio of 7.35. The average compressive
strength to flexural strength ratio for the banana fiber reinforced blocks was 6.5.
Table 6.5-Ratio and average values of compressive and flexural strength.

Compressive Flexural Strength Ratio
Average Mix Strength (MPa) (MPa)
#1 3.33 0.49 6.80
#2 4.37 0.63 6.94
#3 4.96 0.77 6.44
#4 3.76 0.57 6.60
#5 4.03 0.74 5.45
#6 5.36 0.73 7.35
#7 5.92 0.95 6.23
4.53 0.70 6.54
Average

Fig.6.6 Average compressive and flexural strength
CHAPTER 7
CURRENT SCENARIO & RESULT
There has been a rapid attention in research and development in the natural fibre composite field
due to it’s better formability, abundant, renewable, cost-effective and eco-friendly features.
The impact strength of the banana fibres is found to be comparable and better than that of the
glass fibres, so banana fibres can replace glass fibres in terms of its impact strength.
The banana fibre reinforced polyster composite material prepared by adopting Hand Lay-up
method subjected to a Tensile and Impact tests and the results are analysed.
We have casted cubes of 15×15cm and cylinders of 15×30cm size for testing the strength
values. Also casted cylinders of size 20×20cm for testing permeability. The water cement ratio
used is 0.36. The workability is determined by using slump test and compacting factor test. The
given slump in all mix are true slump and the compacting factor value is within the range
between 0.8 to 0.9.So the concrete are highly workable. Firstly compressive strength and
permeability is calculated in 7 days by using 10mm and 12mm size aggregate, and comparing the
test values.
When comparing with 12mm and 10mm size aggregates the maximum compression strength
will be at 10mm aggregate. But value of 10mm aggregate will not that much increase, when
comparing with 12mm size aggregate. When comparing between 10 and 12mm sized aggregate
the permeability will be more for 12mm aggregate. The value have a great difference in
permeability. So take both permeability and strength characteristics we conclude that 12mm
sized aggregate is more suitable for the research.
7.1 28day compressive strength test using 12mm sized aggregate
Table7.1 - 28day compressive strength test using 12mm size aggregate

0% of Fibre Trial 1 (KN) Trial 2 (KN) Trial 3 (KN) Average Strength
value (KN) (N/mm^2)
0% 234 228 230 230.67 10.25
0.1% 170 172 170 170.67 7.58
0.2% 242 240 245 242.33 10.77
0.3% 210 220 200 210 9.33
0.4% 190 200 180 190 8.44

Fig.7.1Graph of compressive strength vs % of fibre
From this graph it came to understand that the optimum value will be at 0.2% of the fibre in
pervious concrete. Further adding the % of fibre it is clear that the compression strength is
decreasing. At the normal pervious concrete to 0.1% fibre reinforced concrete the value of
compression strength is decreasing and from 0.1 to 0.2% the graph shows sudden increase. The
optimum value is 10.77N/mm2 at 0.2%.
7.2 28 day split tensile strength using 12mm sized aggregate
Table7.2- split tensile strength using 12mm sized aggregate

0 % of Fibre Trial 1 (KN) Trial 2 (KN) Trial 3 (KN) Average Strength
Value (KN) ( N/mm2)
0% 58 64 62 61.33 0.867
0.1 % 50 48 52 50 0. 707
0.2 % 90 110 100 100 1.414
0.3 % 50 60 55 55 0.778
0.4 % 50 40 45 45 0.636

Fig.7.2 Graph of split tensile strength vs % of fibre
From this graph it came to understand that the optimum value will be at 0.2% of the fibre in
pervious concrete. Further adding the % of fibre it is clear that the split tensile strength is
decreasing. At the normal pervious concrete to 0.1% fibre reinforced concrete the value of split
tensile strength is decreasing and from 0.1 to 0.2% the graph shows sudden increase. The
optimum value is 1.414N/mm2 at 0.2%.
7.3 Permeability value using 12mm size aggregate
Table 7.3 permeability value using 12mm size aggregate

% of Fibre Trial 1 ( liters) Trial 2 ( liters) Trial 3 ( liters) Permeability
( liters)
0 7.8 7.9 7.3 7.6
0.1 9.4 9.8 9 9.4
0.2 12.2 12 12.5 12.23
0.3 13 12.8 13.2 13
0.4 13.8 13.6 14 13.8

The variation in the permeability values with respect to changes in fiber content can be observed.
The permeability of banana fibre mixed pervious concrete is increased as comparison to plain
pervious concrete. This increased permeability is caused due to increase in void ratio. As the
number of voids increases, water passing through concrete specimen also increases. From this
graph it is clear that, by increasing the fibre content the permeability will increases. From the
permeability characteristics, obtained that the permeability in 1 m2 area is nearly 248liters. So
banana fibre reinforced pervious concrete is highly effective.

CHAPTER 8
APPLICATIONS
• Fibres are used as the building block of human existence and thrive.
• The fibre technology is mostly comprised of artificial fibres in the present day due to their longevity,
stability and inertness.
• These fibres destroys the integrity of nature as they are non biodegradable and pollutant in nature.
• These composites add to the effectiveness of the artificial composites.
• Effectively considered as a waste material after the harvest of the fruit, banana fibre has shown
remarkable properties as an additive in the preexisting fibres.

The applications of fibre reinforced concrete depend on the applicator and builder in taking advantage of the
static and dynamic characteristics of the material. Some of its area of application is-
 Runway
 Aircraft Parking
 Pavements
 Tunnel Lining
 Slope Stabilization
 Thin Shell
 Walls
 Pipes
 Manholes
 Dams
 Hydraulic Structure
 Elevated decks
 Roads
 Bridges
 Warehouse floors

CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
The meaning of this experimental study was to evaluate the influence of banana fiber length on
the compressive and flexural strength of GCEBs. The results presented in this study provide
important insights into the influence of fiber length on the flexural and compressive strengths of
GCEBs. In GCEB matrices, soil constituents, fibers content, level of chemical stabilization (OPC
content), compaction effort, and curing conditions all contribute to high mechanical properties.
The results made plain that the treated 50 mm fibers were the better performing fiber in this
study. Compared to the unreinforced specimens, specimens reinforced with 50 mm fibers at
0.35% by weight, were 94% and 77% higher, in terms of flexural and compressive strength,
respectively.
The incorporation of fibers into the matrices prevented sudden failure of the tested samples
during the MOR test Material properties of banana reinforced GCEB are largely influenced by
fiber type, fiber volume, fiber geometry and length (aspect ratio), fiber surface conditions,
method of production, and composition of matrices. All these factors were considered when
selecting the engineered natural banana fibers used.
The findings show that with an adequate understanding of GCEBs specimens, such fibers can
enhance the lateral load performance of earthen masonry. Consequently, experimental work and
sample size will be increased to validate these initial findings.
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the strength and permeability characteristics of
pervious concrete and to compare the behavior of plain pervious concrete and Banana fibre
reinforced pervious concrete. The experimental work includes compressive strength tests, split
tensile strength tests, permeability tests on concrete specimens. The following observations were
made:
1. When comparing with 12mm and 10mm size aggregates the maximum compression
strength will be at 10mm aggregate. But value of 10mm aggregate will not that much increase,
when comparing with 12mm size aggregate.

2. When comparing between 10 and 12mm sized aggregate the permeability will be more
for 12mm aggregate. The value have a great difference in permeability.
3. Comparing the two sized aggregate in compressive strength and permeability, concluding
that 12mm size aggregates is convenient for pervious concrete.
4. Then for the particular mix examined of 28 day, the compressive strength values ranges
between 7.58 to 10.77 N/mm2 for 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4%. Banana fibre reinforced
concrete gets its maximum value at 0.2% banana fibre reinforced concrete.
5. The split tensile strength values ranges between 0.707 to 1.414N/mm2 for 0%, 0.1%,
0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4% banana fibre reinforced concrete gets its maximum value at 0.2% banana
fibre reinforced concrete.
6. Compressive strength values and split tensile strength values are highest for 0.2% banana
fibre reinforced concrete and decreases with further increase in fibre contents.
7. From the permeability characteristics, obtained that the permeability in 1 m2 area is

nearly 248liters. So banana fibre reinforced pervious concrete is highly effective.
8. We conclude that the amount of fibre used should be in the range of 0.2% to obtain
pervious concrete with good strength and permeability characteristics.
9. In literature survey it is analysed that synthetic fibres are mostly used in strengthened to
pervious concrete. But the result of this project implies that natural fibres such as banana fibre
gives the same result as synthetic fibres give.

REFERENCES
1. Domke V, “ Improvement in the strength of concrete by using industrial and agricultural
waste” , IOSR Journal of Engineering, volume2(4), 2012, 755-759
2. Ramkrishna G, Sundararajan T, “Impact Strength of a few natural fibre reainforced

cement mortar slabs: a comparative study”, Cement and Concrete Composites, 27, 2005,
547-553.
3. Dhawal Desai, “Pervious Concrete- Effect of material proportion on porosity’,
International Journal of engineering and science, Issue-3, Volume-2, April 2010.
4. R.N.SWAMY, “Concrete Technology and Design”, Natural Fibre Reinforced Cement
and Concrete, volume5, Blackie, Glasgow, 1988.
5. Shekarchi A, Bonakdar M, Akashi A, “Transport properties in metakaolin blended
concrete’, Cement and concrete research, volume-33, 2003, 1473-1479.
6. Chinnu Marim Ninan and Dr. M. Nazeer, “Investigation on strength Development of
Portland Cement-slag-Metakaolin Cementitious system”, International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, 7(5), 2016, 28-36.
7. V. Subbamma and Dr. k. Chandrasekhar Reddy, “Experimental study on Compressive
Strength of Plain Cement Concrete with Partial Replacement of cement by Fly ash and
Metakaolin”, Internatonal Journal of Civil Engineering and Tchnology, 7 (6), 2016,
82-89.
8. Vu.D.D, Stroven P,Bui V.B “Strength and Durability aspects of calcined kaolin-blended
Portland cement concrete”, Cement and concrete composites, volume 23, 2001, 471-478.
9. Bai, j Sabir B.B and Kinuthia J.M, “Workability of concrete incorporating Pulverized
fuel ash and Metakaolin”, Magazine of concrete research, Volume 51, No.2, 1999,
207216.
10. Kumbhar Pd, “Strength and workability properties of high performance concrete
Incorporating High Reactivity Metakaolin”,Modern Engineering Research, Volume 2,
2012, 1099-1104.



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A

[Fibre Reinforced Concrete Using Banana Fibre]

[Prof. Priya Figueredo]

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

D Y PATIL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY KOLHAPUR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

[Fibre Reinforced Concrete Using Banana Fibre]

Shivaji University Kolhapur during the year 202-2021

Seminar Guide HOD

Department Of Civil Engineering,

Department Of Civil Engineering,

Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O →Al2O3. 2SiO2 + 2H2O Kaolinite Metakaolin Steam

Department Of Civil Engineering,

Department Of Civil Engineering,

Fig.1.1 Banana fibre

1.2. Problem of the Research

Although concrete is a widely used construction material, it has major

Department Of Civil Engineering,

Department Of Civil Engineering,

Department Of Civil Engineering,

Department Of Civil Engineering,

Fig. 2.1 Banana fibre used in concrete

Department Of Civil Engineering,

Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it actively participates in the chemical reaction

3.2. Characteristics of Banana Fibres

Table3.1 Composition of studied banana trunk fibers

Department Of Civil Engineering,

Fiber–OH + NaOH → Fiber–O–Na+ + H2O

Fig. 2.2 Submerging banana fibers in NaOH solution

Department Of Civil Engineering,

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

 Controls the crack widths tightly, thus improving durability

Department Of Civil Engineering,

Department Of Civil Engineering,

1) Conduct the test on aggregate:

Department Of Civil Engineering,

Table3.1- Test and IS Code used

Specific gravity Le-chatlier’s flask method 3.137

5.2 Methods of Test

Department Of Civil Engineering,

Materials 0% MK 5% MK 10% 15% 20%

Department Of Civil Engineering,

The nominal dimensions of blocks produced were 12 cm × 12 cm × 9 cm for compressive test.

6.1.1. Compressive Test Results and Discussion

Table 6.1- Average compressive strength results of GCEBs.

Sample #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 Average Standar

#2 3.91 4.69 4.56 4.03 4.70 4.37 0.38

Fig.6.1 Average compressive strength results for GCEB mixes

Department Of Civil Engineering,

Table 6.2Percentage increase in compressive strength.

Mix Type % Increase

6.1.2. Failure Mode of Plain and Reinforced Blocks

6.2. Flexural Tensile Strength Test:

Department Of Civil Engineering,

W = Maximum load indicated by the testing machine, lbs (N);

L = Span length, in (mm); b = Average width of the block at

the plane of failure, in (mm); d = Average depth of the block at

the plane of failure, in (mm).

Department Of Civil Engineering,

Table4.3 - Average flexural strength and maximum mid-span displacement results of

Department Of Civil Engineering,

#3 0.82 0.75 0.74 0.69 0.84 0.77 0.06 2.8

Table4.4 Percentage increase in flexural strength.