Counseling
-the process of guiding a person during a stage
of life when reassessments or decisions have to
be made about himself or herself and his or her
life course.
RA 9258
-Guidance and counseling is defined by the law
as “the profession that involves the use of an
integrated approach to the development of
well-functioning individual.
Context and the Basic Concept of Counseling
Peer as Context
-Many personal issues are often introduced to
the individual by their peers.
Neighborhood as Context
-The interactions between the family and its
neighborhood as immediate context are also
important to consider. The behavioral problems
in this particular neighborhood require that
families work against crime and social isolation
that may impact them.
Culture as Context
-Culture provided meaning and coherence of
life to any orderly life such as community
organization. Various sectors of community
families, peers, and neighborhood are all
bound together by a cultural context that
influences them all as individual members.
Counseling as Context
-The National Institute of Health recognizes
counseling itself as a context. Regardless of
therapeutic approach in use, the counseling
situation itself is a context.
Counseling Process
The process factors constitute the actual
counseling undertaking. It which it has six
stages:
• Developing trust
• Exploring problem areas
• Helping to set goals
• Empowering into action
• Helping to maintain change
• Agreeing when to end the helping
relationship
Principles of Counseling
Advice
-Counseling may involve advice-giving as one
of the several functions that counselors perform.
Reassurance
-Counseling involves providing clients with
reassurance, which is a way of giving them
courage to face a problem or confidence that
they are pursuing a suitable course of action.
Reorientation
-It involves a change in the client’s emotional
self through a change in basic goals and
aspirations.
Reassurance
-Counseling involves providing clients with
reassurance, which is a way of giving them
courage to face a problem or confidence that
they are pursuing a suitable course of action.
Release of emotional tension
-Counseling provides clients the opportunity to
get emotional release from their pent-up
frustrations and other personal issues.
Counseling experience shows that as persons
begin to explain their concerns to a
sympathetic listener, their tensions begin to
subside.
Listening skills
-Listening attentively to clients is the counselor’s
attempt to understand both the content of the
clients’ problem as they see it, and the emotions
they are experiencing related to the problem.
Empathy
-It requires the counselors to listen and
understand the feelings and perspective of the
client and positive regard is an aspect of
respect. Putting yourself into the shoes of your
client.
Core Values of Counseling
Respect of human dignity
-This means that the counselor must provide a
client unconditional positive regard,
compassion, non-judgmental attitude,
empathy, and trust.
Partnership
-A counselor has to foster collaboration with the
various disciplines that come together to
support an integrated healing that
encompasses various aspects such as the
physical, emotional, spiritual, and intellectual.
Autonomy
-This entails respect for the confidentiality and
trust in a relationship counseling and ensuring a
safe environment that is needed for healing.
Responsible caring
-This primarily means respecting the potential of
every human being to change and to continue
learning throughout his/her life, and especially
in the environment of counseling.
Personal integrity
-Counselors must reflect personal integrity,
honesty, and truthfulness with clients.
Social justice
-This means accepting and respecting the
diversity of the clients, the diversity of
individuals, their cultures, languages, lifestyles,
identities, ideologies, etc. regardless of the
presented issues.
Professionals and Practitioners in Counseling
Professional Counseling
-is a professional relationship that empowers
diverse individuals, families, and groups to
accomplish mental health, wellness, education,
and career goals.
Areas of Specialization Where Counselors Work
Child development
-It is a counseling area of specialization includes
parent education, preschool counseling, early
childhood education, elementary school
counseling.
Adolescent development
-It covers middle and high school counseling,
psychological education, career development
specialist.
Gerontology
-It is an area of specialization which is
considered as the fastest growing field and
essentially involves counseling of older citizens.
Marital relationship counseling
-It includes premarital counseling, marriage
counseling, family counseling, sex education,
sexual dysfunction counseling, and divorce
mediation.
Health
-It is an area of specialization offers possibility for
nutrition counseling, exercise and health
education, nurse-counselor, rehabilitation
counseling, etc.
Career/lifestyle.
-As an area of specialization, career and
lifestyle counseling includes guidance on
choices and decision-making pertaining to
career of lifestyle; guidance on career
development; provision of educational and
occupational information to clients and
conducting on career lifestyle trends.
Drugs
-Drugs are area of specialization has several
options such as substance abuse counseling,
alcohol organizational development, director
industrial psychology specialist, and training
manager.
Career Opportunities for Counselors
Educational School Counselors
-They offer personal, educational, social and
academic counseling services.
Code of Ethics of Counselors
Principle 1. Respect for the rights and dignity of
the client
Guidance counselors honor and promote the
fundamental rights, moral and cultural values,
dignity, and worth of clients.
Principle 2. Competence
Guidance counselors maintain and update
their professional skills. They recognize the limits
of their expertise, engage in self-care.
Principle 3. Responsibility Guidance counselors
are aware of their professional responsibility to
act in a trustworthy, reputable, and
accountable manner toward clients,
colleagues, and the community in which they
work and live.
Principle 4. Integrity
Guidance counselors seek to promote integrity
in their practice. They represent themselves
accurately and treat others with honesty,
straightforwardness, and fairness.
Vocational or career counselors
-These professionals facilitate career decision-
making. They aid individuals or groups in
determining jobs that are best suited to their
needs, skills, and interests.
Marriage and family counselors
-These professionals offer a wide range of
services for couples and families.
Addictions and behavioral counselors
-These professionals work with people suffering
from addictions.
Mental health counselors
-These professionals work with people suffering
from mental or psychological distress such as
anxiety, phobias, depression, grief, esteem
issues, trauma, substance abuse, and related
issues.
Clientele and Audiences of Counseling
Characteristics of the Clientele and Audiences
of Counseling
• The clientele and audiences of
counseling is normal people.
• They are not in need of clinical or mental
help.
• They are youth in need of guidance at
critical moments of their growth, anyone
in need of assistance in realizing a
 change in behavior or attitude, or simply
seeking to achieve a goal.
• Others may be people in need of
premarital and marital counseling, grief
loss, domestic violence and other types
of abuse, or coping with terminal illness,
death, and dying.
The Settings, Processes, Methods, And Tools In
Counseling
Government Setting
-Counseling professionals in government setting
work with various government agencies that
have counseling services such as social welfare,
correctional department, the court system,
child and women affairs services, schools,
military, police, hospitals, mental and foster
homes, and rehabilitation centers.
Private Sectors Setting
-In the private sector, counselors range from
independent providers of services or work for
NGOs, or specialized for profit centers and
organizations that render variety of counseling
services.
Civil Society Setting
-The context of civil society is generally charities
or non-profit and issue-based centers or
organizations such as for abused women,
abandoned children, and elderly, veterans,
teachers, professionals, or religious groups. The
processes. Methods, and tools used resemble
each other.
School Setting
-In the school setting, the role of school
counselor is more complex since the needs of
students can vary widely. As such, school
counselors assume many different
responsibilities and tasks based on the
particular needs of students and the school
context.
Community Setting
-The community has the greatest and widest
application of counseling services considering
the diversity of people who constitute the
community.
The Individual as a Client of Counseling
• The individual needs capacitation to be
able to manage well their unique
circumstances, which may be very
difficult to endure alone.
• Without acquiring enough strengths and
ability to go through such life experience,
people are vulnerable, and many come
out worse.
The Group and Organization as Client of
Counseling
• Groups exist in communities,
organizations, students in schools,
teachers in school, and departments in
workplaces, and such an entity can
undergo group counseling to meet
counseling needs on that level.
• The needs can range from desire to
reduce conflict or manage it, become
more productive as a team or work
better together.
The Community as Client of Counseling
• When people experience something
collectively, which may be socially
troubling and constitute the danger of
blocking their collective capacity to
move on, counseling us necessary to be
undertaken on a community level.
Therapies in Counseling
Adlerian Therapy
-It was developed by Alfred Adler, who
believed that the first six years of life influence
an individual.
Person-centered Therapy
-Originated from Carl Rogers. According to him,
people get, share or surrender power and
control over themselves and others, and so
empowerment depended on the self and such
required non-directive process.
Existential Therapy
-It focuses on the human capacity to define
and shape his/her own life, give meaning to
personal circumstance through reflection,
decision making, and self-awareness.
Behavior Therapy
-It uses many action-oriented methods to help
people take steps to change what they are
doing and thinking. This therapy also help the
clients to change their unhealthy behaviors.