Cell chemistry

Temperature effects &characteristics

Internal impedance
Cell chemistry
 The voltage of cell is fixed by the
characteristics of cell, the so called cell
chemistry.

 Actual voltage appearing in any cell

depends on load current & internal
impedance.
 Typical cell life
1. Zinc Carbon 2-3 yrs.
2. Alkaline 5 yrs.
3. Lithium >10 yrs.
Temperature;
 Cell characteristics change with
temperature.
 Low temp freezes electrolyte.
 High temp may destroy the battery.
 Rate of chemical reactions
increases with temperature.
 Affects battery life.
Internal impedance
 Internal impedance
determines current.
 It is affected by
electrolyte.
 Temp. dependent.
 Decreases voltage of
cell during discharge.
 Voltage drop across
internal resistance-IR.
Lead acid battery;
 Invented by French physicist GASTAN PLANTE

 Oldest rechargeable battery

 Nominal cell voltage is 2.105v

 Second lowest energy-to-weight ratio (next to the

nickel-iron battery)
Electrochemistry
I
Sulfuric Acid Electrolyte:
- +
Terminals

Oxidation at the Negative

Sulfuric
Acid Plate (Electrode: Anode):
Solution
H2SO4

Spongy Lead Oxide Reduction at the Positive

Lead (Pb) (PbO2) Plate ( Electrode: Cathode):

Cell: 2 V
Battery: Multiple cells
Construction;
 consist of Lead &Lead Oxide
electrodes
 Which are dipped in Sulphuric
acid
 Normal Lead acid battery is
six cell battery

 Separators are present in between electrodes

Separators
 wood
 rubber
 glass fiber mat
 cellulose
 sintered PVC
 micro porous
PVC/polyethylene.
applications
 Submarines

 Motor car ignition

 Industries

 To maintain required
voltages in sub stations