I&S

The people of black skin are known as blacks or afro-americans. The

people fear the use of federal action. As such this will increase the threat of
a riot or protests.
During the slave trade. The british used slaves since they had no rights and
posed no threat. This let them use them freely. The abolition of slavery
started with Abraham lincoln in america.

The blacks were more accepted during ww2 when they were given the
same rights as the whites and they joined the army. The whites still had a
superiority complex. After the war the blacks did not want to lose their
rights and they wanted to keep their position. This kickstarted the civil rights
movement. This was further fueled by rosa park when she declined the
seat to a white in montgomery.

UNIT: CIVIL WAR

Note: civil war is not the same as civil rights movement

During the 1950s black people had to attend a black only school. These
school did not have any good facilities and infrastructure. This leads to
children having to freeze during winter times. This meant many kids would
skip school.
HUMAN RIGHTS
● They cannot be granted or revoked
● The are universal
● The UN helped reaffirm faith in human rights - the UN general
assembly adopted the universal declaration of human rights
● All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights
● The declaration takes no sides as to which are more important
insisting on universality, indivisibility, and interdependence
● It is not easy to enforce these rights
● The declaration was written by the western world and as such they
didn’t count for the eastern side.
● In 1980’s the UN came up with an extra human right known as
“development”

Key word - vuca

In the north The Plessy vs Fergson case was a decision where they made
the doctrine known as separate but equal.

In the south they made the jim crow laws which were more racial and badly
impacted the blacks. In every part of south society african americans were
discriminated against.

Soon during 1945 the brown vs BoE case ended with the outlawing of the
plessy vs ferguson case in schools. The significance of this case improved
opportunities for african americans.
Thurgood marshall became the first african american to be apart of the
supreme court.

Racial Discrimination
SOCIAL DARWINISM
NAACP aim was to improve black lives.
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People - NAACP
Little rock nine was a major event in civil rights.

The plessy vs ferguson case decided that segregated schools were

unequal since it gave an inferiority complex within students and such they
were combined for equality.

James Merideth started the march against fear in 1966. He intended on

marching on his own from Memphis to Jackson. He started to gain attention
and was shot on the second day of the march. He survived.
Bloody sunday:
March from Selma march 7 1965 - march 25 1965

Literacy tests:
The voting rights act ended formal and informal barries to voting.
JOHN F. KENNEDY
METHODS OF PROTEST

Violent methods Non-violent methods

Attacks rally
War Peace parade
assassination speeches

Non-violent methods were the most effective in the civil rights movement as
they had a greater impact and showed just how unjust the treatment black
people were getting was.
In modern times a peaceful solution is better as today violent methods lead
to high numbers of deaths and injuries. This method is also the most
respected and you will get the favour of the people. In times before
advanced weaponry the best method would have been violent. This is
because power meant everything. The more people you can get to fight for
your cause shows that you have more power.

Investigate racial profiling - suspecting that a single person is like the

others of the same race

UNIT - POPULATION & MIGRATION

KC:
RC:
GC: orientation in space & time
SOI:

17% earth’s surface have humans

4% is farming

Throughout history India has maintained its pop growth

Then China gains a sudden pop growth
During the black death europe lost millions
In 16th century most countries outside of asia and europe had extremely
low population growth.
1816 - 1 bil

1 bill - 1816
Demand for slaves, migration, and money lead to an increase in the
requirement of children. There was also an improvement in medicine
lowering the death rate. One example is anesthesia.
2 bill - 1930
3 bill - 1960
4 bill - 1974
5 bill - 1987
6 bill - 1999
7 bill - 2011

Population - all the persons inhabiting a country

Demographers - people who study human population
Carrying capacity - the largest population that an environment can support
based on its resources available.
Optimum population - a population that can best benefit from the resources
available. This is the only time we can get maximum quality of life.
Overpopulation - resources < population
Underpopulation - population cannot fully utilize the resources.

Population growth is the change in population over time. Can be quantified

as the change in population over time.

Malthusian theory is that

Growth rate can be both positive and negative. It can be measured in
absolute numbers and percentages. Population change is an important
indicator of economic development, social upliftment, and the historical and
cultural background of a region.

Growth rate of population: the change in population shown in percentage.

birth rate - number of live births per 1000 population

Death rate - number of deaths per 1000 population
Natural growth - birth rate - death rate

Immigration rate - number of immigrants per 1000 in the host country per
year
Emigration rate - number of emigrants per 1000 in the host country per
year
Population density Population distribution
Is the average number of ppl in an How ppl are spread out in an area
area
numbers Description
Total Fertility rates: refers to the average number of children born in a
woman’s lifetime
Mortality rate: the number of deaths during a period of time in a certain
group of people
Population explosion: a rapid increase in population
Morbidity rate: chances of a disease appearing in a population
Comorbidity: chances of a person having more than one disease.
Multicommodity: chances of a person having more than two diseases.

Factors affecting fertility rates:

1. Biological factors - age and sex of a person
2. Physiological factors - body type, child bearing capacity
3. Social factors - religion, caste, race, family system, education, status
of women
4. Economic factors - urbanisation, occupation of the family economic
conditions.
5. Family planning
Antinatalism: a social outlook that looks negatively at birth
Key points on a DTM:
● The shape of the pyramid can tell us a lot about an area’s population
● Gives us information about birth rate, death rate, average life
expectancy
● Number of dependants
 Birth Death Natural Reason for Reason example
rate rate growth birth rate for death
rate
Stage 1- high high Slow No birth Disease Remote
high increas control tribes
stationary e Famie
stage High infant
mortality Poor
hygiene
More
hands Lack of
required medicine
for work

religion
Stage 2 - high Falls Rapid Same as Improve Ethiopia,
early rapidl increas stage 1 d chad
expanding y e medical
stage care

Improve
d water
and food

Improve
d
transport
ation

Decreas
e in child
mortality
Stage 3 - Falls Falls Slowly Family Laws India,
late rapidl rapidl increasi planning against Brazil
expanding y y ng child
stage Lower labour
infant
mortality

Industrial
economy

Higer cost
of living

Better
conditions
for women
Stage 4 - low low Slow Good Medical Russia,
Low increas health advance UK,
stationary e/stable s USA,
stage Late France
 marriage Better
food
Improving
status of Preventa
women tive
medicine

Stage 5:
● Natural decrease stage
Fact Iceland Argentina
Area (km2) 103,000
Population 339,037
Average population 3.3
density (people/area
km2)
Annual population 2.9
growth rate (%)
Net migration (per 1.125
1000)
Infant mortality rate 1.5
(per 1000 births)
 1. a)
Canada is shown to be under populated as it has an extremely low
population density at 3.4 people per km2
b)
Canada has a population density of

MIGRATION
Emigrant: leaving a place
Immigrant: entering a place
ECO-SYSTEMS
Examples are in canada and alaska
Deserts have the most extreme weather conditions
Desert expansion: desertification
URBAN STUFF?

Urban sprawl - urban expansion

Models in urban cities
1. Burgess concentric circle model

2. Sector model
3. Multiple nuclei model
Causes of Urbanisation
1. Natural increase
2. Rural - urban migration

Centripetal migration in urban areas:

A major pull factor that leads to people migrating inwards for jobs or
education.
SMART CITIES!!!!!

To improve the quality of life

Pandemic helped by smart solution stuff
Exurbanisation - when people move away from the cities

In the US around 1990 exurbanisation occurred. Many of the high class

moved out of the city and lived in high class homes in the countryside. This
led to cities becoming more spread out with many smaller cities connecting
them.

Urban decay - when a city or part of a city falls into disrepair

White flight - large-scale migration of whites

Natural increase -
People who move to cities tend to be young which results in higher natural
increase
Centrifugal movement:

Suburbanisation:

Urban Sprawl:
Counter urbanisation:

Reasons for counter urbanisation:

Consequences of centrifugal movement:

ECONOMIC AGENTS

RC: power & causality

KC: systems
GC: fairness and development
SOI: The power a nation has and the systems in place will hinder or help
develop the nation

consumers/households

Government
Attrition is a process in which the workforce dwindles at a company,
following a period in which a number of people retire or resign, and are not
replaced. A reduction in staff due to attrition is often called a hiring freeze
and is seen as a less disruptive way to trim the workforce and reduce
payroll than layoffs.
Types of economies:
North Korea’s economic control

BPL - below poverty line

Sharing economy:
Resource management:

CANADA AIMS TO BAN SINGLE-USE PLASTICS BY 2021

PERU RESTRICTS SINGLE-USE PLASTIC - Visitors will no longer

be allowed to carry in single-use plastics into Peru's 76 natural and cultural
protected areas

SAN DIEGO BANS STYROFOAM FOOD AND DRINK

CONTAINERS -

Unemployment - number of adults, 16+, who are willing to work and are looking for work but are
unable to work.
Job loser - someone who involuntarily lost their job
Reentrant - someone who used to work full time but left the labour force but now wants to work
again
Job leaver - people who voluntarily quit
New entrant - never worked a full time job for 2 weeks or more.

frictional unemployment - ppl who finds jobs suited for them

structural unemployment - pp whose skills don’t match theirwork
cyclical unemployment -
Seasonal unemployment - job adjustments according to seasons