Differential Equations

Session Guide No. _____

INTEGRATING FACTORS

Prepared by:

FRANCIS S. ESCARO
MAED-MATH TEACHING
BAUAN TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL
 Objectives

At the end of the ________ session, the teachers should be able to:
. Define an integrating factor.
2. Find the integrating factor of a first order linear differential
equation.
3. Solve equations using integrating factors.

Key Understandings

1.
2.
3.
Materials Time Allotment

Power point presentation, board and Note: Sessions are supposed to last
marker, work sheet for 1.5 hrs.

References

Elementary Differential Equations by William F. Trench

Procedure

Preliminary Activity (10 mins)

A. Determine whether the given first order differential equation is exact or not:

1. ( 2 x+ y +1 ) dx + ( 2 y+ x+1 ) dy=0
2. ( 6 x + y 2 ) dx+ ( 2 xy −3 y 2 ) dy =0
3. (3 xy + y 2)+ ( x 2 + xy ) y ' =0

Is there any equation that is not exact? If so, how do you think we can solve
equations that is not exact?

B. Solve using integrating factors.

ACTIVITY (20 mins)

Use the following steps to solve the given equation.

STEPS IN SOLVING EQUATION USING INTEGRATING FACTORS

1. Identify the parts of the equation.
2. Check the exactness of the equation.
3. If the equation is not exact, multiply both sides of the equation by the integrating
factors (μ( x )¿ to make the equation exact.
M y −N x
 μ ( x )=± e∫ p (x ) dx, where p ( x ) = and p(x ) is independent of y.
N
N x −M y
 μ ( x )=± e∫ q ( y )dx , where q ( y ) = and q ( y) is independent of x.
M
∂M
4. Get the partial derivative of y with respect to x ( ) and
∂x
5. Determine its anti-derivatives of the value obtained in step 4.
∂M
6. Determine the partial derivatives of x with respect to y ( ¿ given the value
∂y
obtained in step 5.
7. Equate the value obtained in step 6 to the value of N.
8. Solve for h’(y)
9. Integrate h’(y)dy.
10. Substitute h(y) into step 4.

1. (3 xy + y 2) dx + ( x 2+ xy ) dy=0

ANALYSIS (10 mins)

1. What is an integrating factor?

2. How to determine the integrating factors of a non-exact differential equation?
3. How to solve differential equations using integrating factors?

ABSTRACTION (10 mins)

1. Integrating factor is a function in the form of μ=μ ( x , y ) . A value that is being

multiplied to a non-exact differential equation to make it an exact differential
equation.
2. To solve differential equations using integrating factors, the following steps
should be followed:

1. Identify the parts of the equation.

2. Check the exactness of the equation.
3. If the equation is not exact, multiply both sides of the equation by the integrating
factors (μ( x )¿ to make the equation exact.
M y −N x
 μ ( x )=± e∫ p (x ) dx, where p ( x ) = and p(x ) is independent of y.
N
N x −M y
 μ ( x )=± e∫ q ( y )dx , where q ( y ) = and q ( y) is independent of x.
M
∂M
4. Get the partial derivative of y with respect to x ( ) and
∂x
5. Determine its anti-derivatives of the value obtained in step 4.
∂M
6. Determine the partial derivatives of x with respect to y ( ¿ given the value
∂y
obtained in step 5.
7. Equate the value obtained in step 6 to the value of N.
8. Solve for h’(y)
9. Integrate h’(y)dy.
10. Substitute h(y) into step 4.

APPLICATION (30 mins)

Solve the following differential equation

1. ( 3 xy− y 2 ) dx + x ( x− y ) dy =0
2. 3 x 2 ydx +2 x3 dy=0

Closing

If one is working from the point of view of getting beauty into one’s equation, one is
on a sure line of progress”
- Paul A.M. Dirac