9th Science Term 2 Guide by Yovan Peter - English Medium

Guide
TERM
II
Book back
Questions with
Answers
SCIENCE WORLD IN TRICHY

Visit: https://yovanpetertrichy.blogspot.com
STANDARD NINE
TERM - II
VOLUME 3
SCIENCE GUIDE
97864 51463
GUIDE CREATORS
TEACHERS
A.YOVAN PETER,M.Sc.,B.Ed.,
B.T ASST SCIENCE
ST.JOSEPH'S COLLEGE HR SEC SCHOOLTRICHY-2
D.Felix Arockia Raj,M.Sc.,B.Ed.,

PG ASST CHEMISTRY
ST JOSEPH'S COLLEGE HR SEC SCHOOL,TRICHY-2
Z.YASMIN,M.Sc.,B.Ed.,
B.T ASST SCIENCE
CHENNAI HIGH SCHOOL
SHARMA NAGAR, CHENNAI-39.
B.CHITHAMBARAM,B.Sc.,B.Ed.,
B.T ASST SCIENCE
GOVT HR SEC SCHOOL
KURATHIYARAI, KANYAKUMARI DISTRICT.
A.EFFE,M.Sc.,M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
B.T ASST SCIENCE
GOVT HIGH SCHOOL
EZHAKARAM, KOTTAR, KANYAKUMARI DISTRICT.
97864 51463
Table of Contents
Unit Title Page
1 Heat 1
2 Electric charge and electric current 6
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H
3 Magnetism and Electromagnetism 11
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4 Periodic classification of elements 15
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5 Chemical bonding IN 18
6 Acids, Bases and Salts 23

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7 Organization of Tissues 26
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8 Organ Systems in Animals 37

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9 Parts of Computer 46
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C
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E - book Assessment DIGI links
Lesson Qr code Video's Visit Here.

Youtube Address:Science World In Trichy
9 SCIENCE - TERM 2 SCIENCE WORLD IN TRICHY
UNIT
1 Heat
6. In which mode of transfer of heat,

TEXT BOOK EXERCISES molecules pass on heat energy to
neighbouring molecules without actually
moving from their positions?
I. Choose the correct answer:
a) Radiation b) Conduction
1. Calorie is the unit of
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c) Convection d) Both B and C
a) heat b) work
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Answer: d. Both B and C
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c) temperature d) food
7. A device in which the loss of heat due to
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Ans: a. heat
conduction, convection and radiation is
2. SI unit of temperature is IN minimized is
a) fahrenheit b) joule a) Solar cell b) Solar cooker
c) celsius d) kelvin c) Thermometer d) Thermos flask

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Ans: d.kelvin Ans: d. Thermos flask

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3. The Specific heat capacity of water is II. Fill in the blanks:

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a) 4200 Jkg-1K-1 b) 420 Jg-1K-1

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1. Te fastest mode of heat transfer is .

c) 0.42 Jg-1K-1 d) 4.2 Jkg-1K-1
Ans: radiation
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Ans: a. 4200 Jkg-1K-1 2. During day time, air blows from

C
to .
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4. Two cylindrical rods of same length have Ans: sea to land

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the area of cross section in the ratio 2:1. If

3. Liquids and gases are generally
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both the rods are made up of same material, conductors of heat.

which of them conduct heat faster?
Ans: (poor conductor) Convection
a) Both rods b) Rod-2
c) Rod-1 d) None of them 4. Te fi ed temperature at which matter
changes state from solid to liquid is called
Ans: b.Rod-2 .
Ans: melting
5. Two cylinders of equal height and radius
are made of copper and aluminium. III. Assertion and Reason type questions:
Which of them conducts heat faster? Mark the correct choice as:
a) Copper rod b) Aluminium rod a. If both assertion and reason are true
c) Both of them d) None of them and reason is the correct explanation
of assertion.
Ans: ht
a.tps://
Copper rod
1.Heat 1 https://yovanpetertrichy.blogspot.com
b. If both assertion and reason are true but 2. Ice is kept in a double-walled container.
reason is not the correct explanation of Why?
assertion.
Double walled container are used to make ice
c. If assertion is true but reason is false. box because the space two wall is kept with a
d. If assertion is false but reason is true. vacuum which provides a insulation cover to the
inner box, therefore the outer heat of the box
1. Assertion: Food can be cooked faster in can't after inside the box and melt the ice.
copper bottom vessels.
3. How does the water kept in an earthen pot
Reason: Copper is the best conductor of remain cool?
heat. In earthen pot water gets evaporated quickly
Ans: a.If both assertion and reason are through the pores. Cooling is caused by
true and reason is the correct explanation evaporation.Some heat energy is utilised during
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of assertion. the process of evaporation therefore water kept
in earthen pot become cool in summer.
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2. Assertion: Maximum sunlight reaches
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earth’s surface during the afternoon time. 4. Differentiate convection and radiation.
Reason: Heat from the sun reaches earth’s
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surface by radiation. Convection Radiation
Ans: a.If both assertion and reason are
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true and reason is the correct explanation Flow of heat through a flow of heat from one
of assertion. fluid from places of
place to another by
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higher temperature to
3. Assertion: When water is heated up to places of lower means of
100oC, there is no raise in temperature until
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temperature by electromagnetic waves.

movement of the fluid
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all water gets converted into water vapour.

itself.
Reason: Boiling point of water is 10oC.
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Ans: c. If assertion is true but reason is false. 5. Why do people prefer wearing white clothes
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during summer?
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4. Assertion: Aluminium conducts heat During summer most of people prefer to wear
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faster than copper. white dress because white reflects light. whereas a
black object is black because it's absorbing all the
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Reason: Specific heat capacity of light ,its not reflecting any colour so in order to
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aluminium is higher than that of copper. keep your body temperature normal it's better to
wear white dress.
Ans: d. If assertion is false but reason is
6. What is specific heat capacity?
true.
Thus, specific heat capacity of a substance is
IV. Short answers questions: defined as the amount of heat required to raise the
1. Define conduction. temperature of 1 kg of the substance by 10C or 1 K.
7. Define thermal capacity.
Process of transfer of heat in solids from a
region of higher temperature to a region The amount of heat energy required to raise the
temperature of a body by 10C.
of lower temperature without the actual
8. Define specific latent heat capacity.
movement of molecules.
Amount of heat energy absorbed or liberated by
unit mass of substance during change of state
without causing any change in temperature.
V. Answer in detail: Winds

1. Explain convection in daily life. Air flows from area of high pressure to
Convection in daily life area of low pressure. The warm air molecules
over hot surface rise and create low pressure.
Hot air balloons
So, cooler air with high pressure flows towards
Air molecules at the bottom of the low pressure area. This causes wind flow.
balloon get heated by a heat source and rise. Chimneys
As the warm air rises, cold air is pushed
Tall chimneys are kept in kitchen
downward and it is also heated. When the hot
and industrial furnaces. As the hot gases
air is trapped inside the balloon, it rises.
and smoke are lighter, they rise up in the
atmosphere.
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2. What are the changes of state in water?
Explain.
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Change of state of matter
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The process of changing of a substance
from one physical state to another at a definite
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temperature is defined as change of state.
Hot air balloon
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Breezes
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During day time, the air in contact with the

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land becomes hot and rises. Now the cool air

over the surface of the sea replaces it. It is called
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sea breeze. During night time, air above the sea

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is warmer. As the warmer air over the surface

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of the sea rises, cooler air above the land moves

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towards the sea. It is called land breeze.

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Change of state of matter
Sea
water molecules are in liquid state at
breeze
normal temperature. When water is heated to
1000C, it becomes steam which is a gaseous
state of matter. On reducing the temperature
of the steam it becomes water again. If we
reduce the temperature further to 00C, it
Land
becomes ice which is a solid state of water. Ice on
breeze
heating, becomes water again.
Land breeze and sea breeze
3. How can you experimentally prove that
Thus, water changes its state when there is a
water is a bad conductor of heat? How
change in temperature. There are different
is it possible to heat water easily while
such processes in the change of state in matter.
cooking.
Melting – Freezing i) Take hard glass test tube and drop in it a tiny
Te process in which a solid is converted cube of ice ,wrapped in a guauze. Fill 3/4 of
to liquid by absorbing heat is called melting or the tube with ice cold water and then set up
the apparatus as shown in a diagram.Heat the
fusion. Te temperature at which a solid changes
test tube near its mouth. it is observed that in
its state to liquid is called melting point. Te few moments water starts boiling near the
reverse of melting is freezing. Te process in top, but the ice at the bottom does not melt.
which a liquid is converted to solid by releasing This experiment shows that water is a bad
conductor of heat.
heat is called freezing. Te temperature at
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which a liquid changes its state to solid is called
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freezing point. In the case of water, melting and
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boiling occur at 00C. water vapour
Boiling-Condensation
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Te process in which a liquid is converted ice cold water
to vapor by absorbing heat is called boiling or
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vaporization. Te temperature at which a liquid Heating burner
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changes its state to gas is called boiling point.

Te process in which a vapor is converted to cube of ice
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liquid by releasing heat is called condensation.

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Te temperature at which a vapour changes

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its state to liquid is called condensation point.

Boiling point as well as condensation point of ii)The crucial knowledge to understand and apply
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water is 1000C. is that boiling water doesn't get any hotter than
C
1000C/212oF.Because of this ,high heat won't cook

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Ga
s already-boiling -hot food faster. Choose a pot
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Melting Boiling
Temperature
Point
Vaporizing
Condensing with a lid: A boil lid will trap faster. A large pot
id
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L iqu will take longer to boil.

Melting
Point
Freezing
lid VI.Complete the missing terms in the
So
following table:
Heat
Process Phase I Phase II
Various stages of conversion of state of matter
Sublimation solid Vapour
Sublimation
Solidification liquid Solid
Some solids like dry ice, iodine, frozen
carbon dioxide and naphthalene balls change melting Solid Liquid
directly from solid state to gaseous state without Freezing Liquid solid
becoming liquid. The process in which a solid is Condensation vapour liquid
converted to gaseous state is called sublimation.
VII.Identify the answer for the following To find the final temperature.
O N E L A T E N T S 100 can be factored out

Y O M N E H E A T O to get (1 x 90) + (6 x 20)) / 7
S P E C I F I C S T = 90 + 120 /7
S J O U L E X B I A = 210/7 = 30oC
C O N V E C T I O N
3. How much heat energy is required to
Clues:
change 2 kg of ice at 0ºC into water at 20ºC?
1. A form of energy. Answer: Heat
(Specific latent heat of fusion of water =
2. Unit for heat energy. Answer: Joule
3,34,000J/kg, Specific heat capacity of
3. Hidden heat Answer: Latent
water = 4200JKg-1K-1).
4. If the mass of substance is mentioned,
then heat capacity can be replaced with Heat=mhfg+mCp∆THeat=mhfg+mCp∆T
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------- heat capacity. Here, m ( mass of ice) = 2 kg
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Answer: Specific
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hfg (latent heat of fusion of ice) = 334000 J/Kg
5. Process taking place in fluids due to heat
exchange.
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Answer: Convection Cp of water (specific heat) = 4200JKg-1K-1
Problems: IN∆T(Temperature difference) = 20 °C
1. What is the heat in joules required to raise
the temperature of 25 grams of water from Therefore, Heat required
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= 2 x 334000 + 2 x 4200 x (20 - 0 )

0ºC to 100ºC? What is the heat in Calories?
Heat reqd= 8,36,000J
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(Specific heat of water = 4.18 J/gºC) Therefore, to melt 2 kg of ice 8,36,000J of heat is
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Solution: required.
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Use the formula q = mc∆T 4. A piece of aluminium of mass 0.5 kg

where is heated to 100ºC and then placed in
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q = heat energy 0.4 kg of water at 10ºC. If the resulting

C
m = mass temperature of the mixture is 30ºC, what

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c = specific heat
is the specific heat capacity of aluminium?
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∆T = change in temperature
(SHC of water = 4,200J/KgºC)
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q = (25 g)x(4.18 J/g·°C)[(100 °C - 0 °C)]

mxCx∆T = mxCx∆T
q = (25 g)x(4.18 J/g·°C)x(100 °C)
q = 10450 J 0.4x4200x(30-10)=0.5xCx(100-30)
2. What could be the final temperature of a C =0.4x4200x20

mixture of 100 g of water at 90ºC and
0.5x70
600g of water at 20ºC.
For temperatures between the freezing and =33600/35=960 J/Kg0C
boiling point of water, the heating curve is
linear. Thus, we can use: Prepared by
=((100 x 90) + (600 x 20))/700 A.YOVANPETER,M.Sc.,B.Ed.,
Or: ((100 x 90)(temperature of first sample
BT ASST SCIENCE
weighted by mass) + (600 x 20)(temperature ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE HR SEC SCHOOL,
of second sample weighted by mass) / (700) TRICHY-2
(total mass)
UNIT
Electric charge and
2 electric current
5. In an electrolyte the current is due to the
TEXT BOOK EXERCISES flow of,
a) electrons
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I. Choose the correct answer b) positive ions
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c) both (a) and (b)
1. In current electricity, a positive charge
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refers to, d) neither (a) nor (b)
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a)) presence of electron Ans: c) both (a) and (b)
b)) presence of proton
IN
6. Heating effect of current is called,
c)) absence of electron
a) Joule heating
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d)) absence of proton

b) Coulomb heating
Ans: c)) absence of electron c)) voltage heating
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2. Rubbing of comb with hair d)) Ampere heating

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a)) creates electric charge Ans: a) Joule heating

b)) transfers electric charge
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7. The following is not a safety device.

c)) either (a) or (b)
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a)) fuse b)) trip switch

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d)) neither (a) nor (b)

c)) ground connection d) wire
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Ans: b)) transfers electric charge

Ans: d) wire
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3. Electric field lines from positive

8. Electroplating is an example for
charge and in negative charge.
a)) heating effect b)) chemical effect
a)) start; start b)) start; end
c)) flowing effect d)) magnetic effect
c)) start: end d)) end; end
Ans: b)) chemical effect
Ans: c)) start: end
4. Potential near a charge is the measure of 9. Resistance of a wire depends on,
its to bring a positive charge at a)) temperature b)) geometry
that point. c)) nature of material d)) all the above
a) force b) abiility
c) tendency d) work Ans: d)) all the above
Ans: d) work
2.Electric charge and electric current 6 https://yovanpetertrichy.blogspot.com
10. In India the frequency of alternating IV. Fill in the blanks

current is, 1. Electrons move from potential to
a)) 220 Hz b)) 50 Hz potential.
c)) 5 Hz d)) 100 Hz Ans: high,low
Ans: b)) 50 Hz 2. The direction opposite to the movement
of electron is called current.
II. Match the following
Ans: conventional
1. Electric Charge (a) ohm
2. Potential difference (b) ampere 3. The e.m.f of a cell is analogues to
of a pipe line.
3. Electric field (c) coulomb
4. Resistance (d) newton per Ans: pump
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coulomb 4. The domestic electricity in India is an ac
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5. Electric current (e) volt with a frequency of Hz.
IC
Ans: 50
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Ans:
5. Trip switch is a safety device.
1. Electric Charge (a) coulomb
Ans: electro mechanical
IN
2. Potential difference (b) volt
V. Conceptual questions
3. Electric field (c) newton per coulomb
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4. Resistance (d) ohm 1. A bird sitting on a high power electric line

is still safe. How?
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5. Electric current (e) ampere

a) Electricity flows along the path of least
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(low) resistance. Birds have high resistance.

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III. True or False b) Birds are not good conductors of

electricity. Their cell and tissue don't offer
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1. Electrically neutral means it is either zero electrons an easier route.

C
or equal positive and negative charges. As a result the electricity by passes the bird.
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2. Two resistors 12Ω and 6Ω are first

Ans: True
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connected in series and then in parallel.

2. Ammeter is connected in parallel in any
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The current-voltage graph for the two

electric circuit. connections will be represented by which
Ans: False lines in the graph?
3. The anode in electrolyte is negative.
Ans: False A
Voltage (V)
4. Current can produce magnetic field.

B
Ans: True
5. Electric fuse works on Joule heating
principle.
Current (I) https://
Ans: True
2.Electric charge and electric current 7 yovanpetertrichy.blogspot.com
Resistance in the parallel circuit is less than the VI. Answer the following
resistance in series. The slope of line B is less than 1. On what factors does the electrostatic
the slope of line A. Hence the resistance of line B force between two charges depend?
is less than the resistance of line A.Thus the line
i. value of charges on them,
B represent parallel circuit and the line A
ii. distance between them and
represent series circuit.
iii. nature of medium between them.
3. Does a solar cell always maintain the
potential across its terminals constant? 2. What are electric lines of force?
Discuss. The electric lines of force are straight or
curved paths along which a unit positive
The potencial across the terminals of the
charge tends to move in the electric field.
solar cell changes according to the intensity
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of the sun.
3. Define electric field.
H
It gives high potencial at high temperature Electric field at a point is a measure of
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and low potencial at low temperature. force acting on a unit positive charge
placed at that point.
4. What is the efective resistance across the
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terminals a and b of the arrangement of
4. Define electric current and give its unit.
resistors?
IN
Current is the rate at which charges flow
a past a point on a circuit. The standard SI
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R unit for current is ampere with the

symbol A.
R R R
R
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b
5. State Ohm’s law.
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Ohm’s law states that electric potential

Resistance in series combination = Rs = R1+R2 difference across two points in an
E
= 2R electrical.circuit is directly proportional to

C
the current passing through it Ohm’s law is

Resistance in parallel
}
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1/Rp = 1/R1 +1/R2 written as, V = I R

combination
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1/Rp = 1/R +1/R+ 1/2R

6. On what factor does the resistance of a
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1/Rp = 2+2+1/2R
= 5/2R wire depend at a particular temperature?
R =2/5 R Ω
The resistance offered by a material at a
particular temperature depends on the,
5. Can electroplating be possible with
i. geometry of the material and
alternating current?
In case of alternating current, the ii. nature of the material.
direction of current keeps changing. Due
to this the metallic ions in the electrolyte 7. Name any two appliances which work
keep shunting between electrodes,that under the principle of heating effect of
keep changing polarity. Hence current.
electroplating cannot be possible with Iron box, Water Heater , toster
alternating current.
2.Electric charge and electric current 8 https://yovanpetertrichy.blogspot.com
8. Draw a circuit with a 2Ω and 5Ω resistors VII. Exercises
in series. Connect another 3Ω resistor
1. Rubbing a comb on hair makes the comb
parallel to the above connection.
get – 0.4C. (a) Find which material has
lost electron and which one gained it.
(b) Find how many electrons are
transferred in this process.
i) Hair lost the electrons ,Comb gain the

9. How are the home appliances connected in electron
general, in series or parallel. Give reasons. ii) The number of electrons transfered is 4
Parallel circuit 2. Calculate the amount of charge that would
In a house there are many electrical flow in 2 hours through an element of an
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appliances that have to run indipendent of electric bulb drawing a current of 2.5A.
H
each other. If one appliance is turned on or
t = 2 hrs
off it should not affect the other appliances.
IC
When appliances are connected in a parallel =2x60x60=7200 sec
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arrangement, each of them can be put 'on' I =2.5A
and 'off ' indipendently. This is a feature
that is essential in a house wiring.
IN I =q/t
When house wiring is done in q =It=2.5x7200=18000C
parallel the potential difference across each
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appliance is the same and equal to the 3. The values of current I flowing through a
potencial difference being provided by the resistor for various potential differences V
R
power company (House). across the resistor are given below. What
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10. List the safety features while handling is the value of resistor?
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with electricity.
I (ampere) 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Ground connection
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V (volt) 1.6 3.4 6.7 10.2 13.2

The metal bodies of all the electrical appliances
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are to be connected to the ground by means of a [Hint: plot V-I a graph and take slope]
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third wire apart from the two wires used for

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electrical connection. S.No V(Volt) R=V/IΩ

I(Ampere)
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Trip switch 1 0.5 1.6 3.2

2 1.0 3.4 3.4
It is an electromechanical device which does not 3 2.0 6.7 3.35
allow a current beyond a particular value by 4 3.0 10.2 3.4
automatically switching off the connection. We 5 4.0 13.2 3.3
have trip switches of various current ratings used
for specific purposes. It works on relay principle. Average Resistance (R=R1+R2+….+R5)
Fuse
A fuse is another safety mechanism which works =(3.2+3.4+3.35+3.4+3.3)/5
on joule heating principle. Fuse is a wire made up
of a Nickel and Chromium alloy which has a =3.33Ω
definite melting point. If current passes through
the fuse beyond a particular desired value, the
excess heat produced melts the fuse wire, thus the
electrical connection is cut-off.
2.Electric Charge and Electric Current 9 https://yovanpetertrichy.blogspot.com
5. A wire of resistance 10 Ω is bent in

the form of a circle .Find the effective
resistance between the points A and B
which lies on the diameter.
R/2 Total Resistance R=10 Ω

a b
above AB R/2=5 Ω
below AB R/2=5 Ω
Resistance in parallel:1/R = 1/R1+1/R2

R/2 =1/5+1/5=2/5
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4. Find the value of current in the circuit.
H
R=2.5 Ω
IC
I yovanpetertrichy.blogspot.com
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2v 30Ω 30Ω
IN
30Ω
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Resistance in series Rs=R1+R2

R
=30+30=60Ω
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Resistance in parallel 1/Rp=1/Rs+1/R2

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1/R=1/60+1/30
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1/R=1+2/60 Prepared by
C
=3/60
Z.YASMIN,M.Sc.,B.Ed.,
N
=1/20 R B.T ASST SCIENCE

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Rp=20 Ω CHENNAI HIGH SCHOOL

SHARMA NAGAR, CHENNAI-39.
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V=IR
I = V/R
= 2/20
=1/10
I = 0.1A
.................................*********************...............................
97864 51463
2.Electric Charge and Electric Current 10 https://yovanpetertrichy.blogspot.com
UNIT
Magnetism and
3 Electromagnetism
5. The unit of magnetic flux density is
TEXT BOOK EXERCISES
a) Weber b) weber/metre
c) weber/meter2 d) weber . meter2
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I. Choose the correct answer. Ans: c.weber/meter2
H
1. Which of the following converts electrical II. Fill in the blanks.
IC
energy into mechanical energy. 1. The SI Unit of magnetic field induction is
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a) motor b) battery .
c) generator d) switch IN Ans: Testa
Ans: a) motor 2. No force acts in a current carrying

conductor when it is to the
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2. An electric generator converts magnetic field.

a) electrical energy into mechanical energy
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Ans: Parallel
b) mechanical energy into heat energy
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c) electrical energy into electrical energy 3. Devices which is used to convert high
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alternating current to low alternating

d) mechanical energy into electrical energy.
current .
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Ans: d) mechanical energy into electrical energy. Ans: set up transformer

C
4. An electric motor converts .

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3. The part of the AC generator that passes

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the current from the armature coil to the Ans: electrical energy in to mechanical energy.
external circuit is 5. A device for producing electric current is
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a) field magnet b) split rings .

c) slip rings d) brushes Ans: Generator
Ans: d) brushes III. Match the following.
4. Transformer works on 1. Magnetic material (a) Oersted

a) AC only 2. Non-magnetic material (b) iron
b) DC only 3. Current and magnetism (c) induction
c) both AC and DC 4. Electromagnetic (d) wood
d) Ac nor efectively than DC
induction
Ans: a) AC only 5. Electric generator (e) Faraday
3.Magnetism and Electromagnetism 11 https://yovanpetertrichy.blogspot.com

Ans:
1. Magnetic material V. Answer in brief.
(a) iron
1. State Fleming’s Left Hand Rule.
2. Non-magnetic material (b) wood
Fleming’s Left hand Rule states that
3. Current and magnetism (c) Oersted while stretching the three fingers of left
4. Electromagnetic hand in perpendicular direction with
(e) Faraday
each other, if the direction of the current
induction is denoted by middle finger of the left
5. Electric generator (e) induction hand and the second finger is for
direction of the magnetic field then the
IV. True or False: thumb of the left hand denotes the
direction of the force or movement of the
1. A generator converts mechanical energy conductor.
into electrical energy.
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Ans: True 2. Define magnetic flux density.
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2. Magnetic field lines always repels each The number of magnetic field lines
IC
other and do not intersect. crossing unit area kept normal to the direction
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Ans: True of field lines is called magnetic flux density. Its
unit is Wb/m2
3. Fleming’s Left hand rule is also known as IN
Dynamo rule.
Ans: False
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Fleming’s Right hand rule is also known as

Dynamo rule.
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4. The speed of rotation of an electric motor

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can be increased by decreasing the area of

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the coil.
E
Ans: False,
The speed of rotation of an electric motor Magnetic flux density
C
can be increased by increasing the area of

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the coil. 3. List the main parts of an electric motor.

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i) Field Magnet
5. A transformer can step up direct current. ii) A rectangular coil
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Ans: False, iii) Commutator

A transformer can step up alternating iv) Carbon brushes
current. 4. Draw and label the diagram of an AC
6. In a step down transformer the number generator.
turns in primary coil is greater than that of B C C B
the number of turns in the secondary coil.

N S N S
Ans: True
A D D A
B1 B1
S1 S1
B2 B2
S2 S2
Slip Rings Brushes Load Slip Rings Brushes Load

Case 1 Case 2
AC generator https://https://
5. State an important advantage of ac over dc. 9. State Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic
1. The AC can be carried over long distances induction.
2. Generating AC is easier than DC
3. The loss of energy while distributing First Law:
current in the form of AC is negligible. whenever there is a change in the
4. The AC can be easily converted in to DC magnetic flux linked with a closed circuit
6. Differentiate step up and step down an emf is produced.
transformer. Second Law:
Step Up The amount of emf induced varies directly

Step
Ionic Down
Compounds
Transformer Transformer as the rate at which the flux changes.
VI. Answer in detail.
1.It is used to 1.It is used to
change a high 1. Explain the principle, construction and
Y
change a low
alternating voltage working of a dc motor.
H
alternating voltage
to low alternating
IC
to high alternating Principle:
voltage. voltage. Whenever a current carrying conductor is
TR
2.The number of 2.The number of placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a
turns in the turns in the mechanical force.
IN
secondary coil is secondary coil is less
more than the than the number of
LD
number of turns in turns in the primary

R
the primary coil. coil.

F
O
7. A portable radio has a built in transformer I B I

W
F
so that if can work from the mains instead Permanent
N
S
of batteries. Is this a step up or step down magnet Coil
E
Permanent magnet
transformer? Carbon brush
C
Carbon brush
Ans: Step down transformer.
N
Commutator
8. Two coils A and B of insulated wire are kept
IE
close to each other. Coil A is connected to a

SC
galvanometer. While coil B is connected to a

battery through a key. What would happen if Construction:
(i) a current is passed through coil B by An electric motor, consists of a rectangular
plugging the key? coil ABCD of insulated copper wire. The
coil is placed between two poles of a field
(ii) the current is stopped by removing
magnet such that the arm AB and CD are
the plug from the key? perpendicular to the direction of magnetic
i) As the key is plugged, at that instant, field. The ends of the coil are connected to
the two halves S1 and S2 of a split ring. The
there is a deflection in the galvanometer
inner side of these halves are insulated and
due to induced emf ( generation of attached to an axle. The external
current) conducting edges of S1 and S2 touch two
ii) As the key is removed there is conducting stationary brushes B1 and B2,
respectively.
a deflection but in the opposite direction.
Working: Step down transformer: Te transformer

used to change a high alternating voltage
1. DC power supply
to a low alternating voltage is called a step
is switched on
down transformer (Vs < Vp). In a step down
2. Current flows into transformer, the number of turns in the
and out of the coil
secondary coils are less than the number of
through the carbon
brushes turns in the primary coil (Ns < Np).
3. Current in the coil 3. Draw a neat diagram of an AC generator.
produces a magnetic
field
B C C B
4. Magnetic fields due to S

N N S
current and permanent
Y
magnets combine to A D D A
form catapult fields
H
B1 B1
S1 S1
IC
B2 B2
S2 S2
Slip Rings Brushes Load Slip Rings Brushes Load

5. Magnetic forces
TR
Case 1 Case 2
act on the sides of
the coil beside the
poles of the magnets IN
6. Magnetic forces
LD
produce turning
effect to rotate
the coil
R
2. Explain two types of transformer.

O
Step up transformer: The transformer Prepared by

W
used to change a low alternative voltage to Z.YASMIN,M.Sc.,B.Ed.,

B.T ASST SCIENCE
E
a high alternating voltage is called a step CHENNAI HIGH SCHOOL

C
up transformer. ie (Vs > Vp) . In a step up SHARMA NAGAR, CHENNAI-39.

N
transformer, the number of turns in the

IE
secondary coil is more than the number of

SC
turns in the primary coil (Ns > Np).

.............................*********************...............................
Iron core
Step-up
transformer
Secondary
Primary coil coil
110/120 220/240
volts volts
97864 51463
Step-up
transformer
Primary coil
110/120 220/240
volts volts
Step up and Step down transformers

UNIT
Periodic classification of
4 elements
5. If the electronic configuration of an element
TEXT BOOK EXERCISES is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1, then it will occupy
block of
Y
I. Choose the correct answer the periodic table
H
1. If Dobereiner is related with ‘law of triads’, a) s b) p c) d d) f
IC
then Newlands is related with Ans: b) p
TR
a) Modern periodic law II. Fill in the blanks
b) Hund’s rule
1. In Dobereiner’s triads, the atomic weight of
IN
c) law of octaves
the middle element is the of
d) Pauli’s Exclusion principle the atomic masses of 1st and 3rd elements.
LD
Ans: c) law of octaves Ans: Average

R
2. Modern periodic law states that the physical 2. Noble gases belong to group of
O
and chemical properties of elements are the the periodic table.

W
periodic functions of their Ans: 18th

3. The basis of the classifications proposed by
E
a) atomic numbers b) atomic masses

C
c) similarities d) anomalies Dobereiner, Newlands and Mendeleev was

N
.
Ans: a) atomic numbers Ans: Atomic mass
IE
3. Elements in the modern periodic table are 4. B, Si, Ge and As are the examples of
SC
arranged in groups and periods. .

Ans: metalloids
a) 7, 18 b) 18,7 c) 17,8 d) 8, 17 5. Example for liquid metal is .
Ans: b) 18,7 Ans: mercury
4. The increasing order of the energy of III. Match the following
subshells is
1. Triads Newlands
a) s>p>d>f b) s<p<d<f
2. Alkali metal Calcium
c) s<p<f<d d) p<s<d<f 3. Law of octaves Henry Moseley
4. Alkaline earth metal Sodium
Ans: b) s<p<d<f 5. Modern Periodic Law Dobereiner
4.Periodic classification of elements 15 https://yovanpetertrichy.blogspot.com

VI. Answer the following
Ans:
1. Triads 1. State modern periodic law.

Dobereiner
Chemical and Physical properties of
2. Alkali metal Sodium elements are periodic functions of their atomic
3. Law of octaves Newlands numbers is called modern periodic law.
4. Alkaline earth metal Calcium 2. What are groups and periods in the modern
5. Modern Periodic Law Henry Moseley periodic table?
Vertical columns called ‘groups’
IV. State whether True or False
Horizontal rows called ‘period’.
1) Newlands’ periodic table is based on
atomic masses of elements and modern 3. What are the limitations of Mendeleev's
periodic table is based on atomic number periodic table?
of elements No proper position could be given to the
Y
element hydrogen. Non-metallic hydrogen
H
Ans: True
was placed along with metals like lithium
IC
2) Metals can gain electrons (Li), sodium (Na) and potassium (K).
Ans: False, Metals can lose electrons The increasing order of atomic mass
TR
3) Alloys bear the characteristics of both was not strictly followed throughout.
metals and nonmetals IN Eg. Co & Ni, Te & I
Ans: True No place for isotopes in the periodic table
4) Lanthanides and actinides are kept at 4. State any five features of modern periodic
LD
the bottom of the periodic table because table.

they resemble each other but they do not All the elements are arranged in the
R
resemble with any other group elements increasing order of their atomic number
O
Ans: True Te horizontal rows are called periods.

W
5) Group 17 elements are named as Tere are seven periods in the periodic table.
The elements are placed in periods based
E
Halogens
on the number of shells in their atoms
C
Ans: True
Vertical columns in the periodic table starting
N
V. Assertion and Reason

from top to bottom are called groups. Tere
IE
Statement: Elements in a group generally are 18 groups in the periodic table

possess similar properties but elements along
SC
Based on the physical and chemical

a period have different properties. properties of elements, they are grouped
Reason: The difference in electronic into various families.
configuration makes the element differ in VII. Complete the following table
their chemical properties along a period. Number of Sub shell electronic
Element
a) Statement is true and reason explains the electrons configuration
statement. N 7 1s2 2s2 2p3
F 9 1s 2s p
b) Statement is false but the reason is
correct. Na
Ans: a) Statement is true and reason explains the Cl
statement. Ar
1.Periodic classification of elements 16 yovanpetertrichy.blogspot.com
Ans:
7. I am used as a disinfectant for drinking
Number of Sub shell electronic
Element water. (8 letters)
electrons configuration
N 7 1s2 2s2 2p3 8. I am mixed with salt and used for thyroid
health (6 letters)
F 9 1s2 2s2 2p5
9. I am the key part of biological molecules
Na 11 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 and have the valency of four. (5 letters)
Cl 17 1s22s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 10. I am the first in the noble gas group and
used to fill balloons (6 letters)
Ar 18 1s22s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
VIII. Arrange the jumbled letters to answer S.No Jumbled letters Answer
the following
Y
1 L A O H S E N G HALOGEN
H
1. We are a family of five and lies in 17th
2 S D I M U O SODIUM
IC
group of periodic table (7 letters)
2. I am being stored in kerosene and be cut IRIDIUM
TR
3 R I D M U I I
by knife (6 letters)
4 T I R N G O N E NITROGEN
3. I am the most corrosion resistant silvery
IN
white metal and lies in group 9 (7 letters) 5 N R O I IRON
LD
4. I am being used as refrigerant in liquid

form with atomic number 7 (8 letters) 6 I H N M U I N O NIHONIUM
R
5. I am in your blood as hemoglobin and 7 H C L E I R N O CHLORINE

O
without me no buildings are possible (4

8
W
letters) E N I D O I IODINE
6. I am the highly radioactive and newly 9 B A R C O N CARBON
E
designated element in the modern

C
periodic table with atomic number 113 (8 10 E L I H U M HELIUM

N
letters)
IE
IX) Complete the following table referring the modern periodic table:
SC
Elements
Period
Total no of Total no of elements in

No
elements
From To s-block p-block d-block f-block
Hydrogen 2
1 2 Helium
2 8 Lithium Neon
2 6
3 8 Sodium Argon
2 6
4 18 potassium Krypton 2 6 10
5 18 Rubidium Xenon 2 6 10
6 32 Caesium Radon 2 6 10 14
7 32 Francium Ognesson 2 6 10 14
Prepared By D.Felix Arockia Raj,M.Sc.,B.Ed.,
PG ASST CHEMISTRY
4.Periodic classification of elements 17 yovanpetertrichy.blogspot.com
UNIT
5 Chemical bonding
TEXT BOOK EXERCISES 5. Bond formed between a metal and non

metal atom is usually __________
Y
I. Choose the correct answer: a)) ionic bond b) covalent bond
H
c)) Coordinate bond
1. Number of valence electrons in carbon is
IC
a) 2 b) 4 c) 3 d) 5 Ans: a) ionic bond
TR
Ans: b) 4 6. ______________ compounds have high
melting and boiling points.
IN
2. Sodium having atomic number 11, ready
to ___________________ electron/ a Covalent b) Coordinate c) Ionic
a)
LD
electrons to attain the nearest Noble gas Ans: c) Ionic

electronic configuration.
R
7. Covalent bond is formed by __________

O
a) gain one b)) gain two a)) transfer of electrons

W
c)) lose one d)) lose two b)) sharing of electrons

Ans: c) lose one c)) sharing a pair of
E
electrons
C
N
3. Atoms having 1,2 or 3 electrons in its Ans: b)sharing of electrons

IE
valence shell will readily form ________

8. Oxidising agents
SC
aa) Cation b) anion

are also called as
Ans: a) Cation ___________ because they remove
electrons form other substances.
4. The element that would form anion by a)) electron donors b) electron acceptors
gaining electrons in a chemical reaction Ans: b) electron acceptors
is _______________
9. Elements with stable electronic
aa) Potassium b) Calcium configurations have eight electrons in
c)) Fluorine d)) Iron their valence shell. They are ___
a)) Halogens b)) Metals
Ans: c))Fluorine c)) Noble gases d) non metals
Ans: c) Noble gases
5.Chemical bonding 18 https://yovanpetertrichy.blogspot.com
I Answer in brief
II. b. Covalent compounds conduct
1. How do atoms attain Noble gas electronic electricity in molten or solution state.
configuration. Ans:
Atoms can combine either by transfer of a. Ionic compounds dissolve in polar
valence electrons from one atom to another
solvents
or by sharing of valence electrons in order to
achieve the stable outer shell of eight b. Covalent compounds do not conduct
electrons. electricity in molten or solution state.
2. CCl4 is insoluble in water but NaCl is 7. Complete the table give below.
soluble in water. Give reason. Atomic Electron Valence Lewis dot
Element
* CCl4 is a Covalent compound but NaCl is a number distribution electrons structure
Ionic Compound.
Y
* Water is a polar solvent so NaCl is soluble in Lithium 3
water.
H
* CCl4 is soluble in non polar solvent. Boron 5
IC
3.. Explain Octet rule with an example. Oxygen 8
TR
The octet rule is a chemical rule of thumb Ans:
that reflects observation that atom of main-
IN
group elements tend to combine in such a Atomic Electron Valence Lewis dot
Element
way that each atom has eight electrons in its number distribution electrons structure
LD
valance shell, giving it the same electron

configuration as a noble gas. Lithium 3 2,1 1 .Li
. B. .
R
Boron 5 2,3 3
O
6
..
Oxygen 8 2,6 O
..
..
W
8. Draw the electron distribution diagram for

E
the formation of Carbon di oxide (CO2)

C
molecule.
N
IE
SC
4.. Write a note on different types on bonds?

* Ionic bonds
* Covalent bonds
* Co-Ordinate Covalent bond.
2,6 2,4 2,6
5.. Find the odd one out.
a. H 2, Cl2, NaCl, O2, N2 O=C=O
b. H2O2, MnO4–, LiAlH4, Cr2O72–
9. Fill in the following table according to
Ans: a) NaCl , b) LiAlH4 the type of bonds formed in the given
molecule.
6.. Correct the wrong statements.
CaCl2, H2O, CaO, CO, KBr, HCl,
a. Ionic compounds dissolve in non polar CCl4, HF, CO2, Al2Cl6
solvents
Ans:
Ionic bond Covalent Coordinate
bond covalent
bond
CaCl2 H2O, CCl4 CO
CaO, KBr HF, CO2 ........
HCl Al2Cl6 ........
10. Choose the correct answer form the choices

given below.
Te property which is characteristics of an
Ionic compound is that
Y
a. it ofen exists as gas at room
H
temperature
IC
b. it is hard and brittle
CaO
TR
c. it undergoes molecular reactions
d. it has low melting point 14. Considering MgCl2 as ionic compound and
IN
CH4 as covalent compound give any two
Ans: b. it is hard and brittle diferences between these two compounds.
LD
11. Identify the following reactions as

Ionic bond Covalent bond
oxidation or reduction
R
a. Na → Na+ + e- 1. Transfer of 1. Sharing of

O
b. Fe + 2 e → Fe
3+ - + electron electron
W
Ans: a) Oxidation reactions 2. It is solid at room 2. It is gas,liqiud

Temperature and softness at
E
b) Reduction reactions
room Temperature
C
12. Identify the compounds as Ionic/

N
Covalent/Coordinate based on the given 15. Why are Noble gases inert in nature?
IE
characteristics. All noble gases have incomplete valance

shell, and tends to stable electronic
SC
a. Soluble in non polar solvents -

configuration. so Noble gas inert in nature.
b. undergoes faster/instantaneous
reactions -
c. Non conductors of electricity -
d. Solids at room temperature -
Ans: a) Covalent bond

b) Ionic bond
c) Covalent bond
d) Co-ordinate Covalent bond
13. An atom X with atomic number 20
combines with atom Y with atomic number
8. Draw the dot structure for the formation
of the molecule XY.
III. Answer in detail

1. List down the diferences between Ionic and Covalent compounds.
Ionic Compounds Covalent Compounds
Formed by the transfer of electrons from a Formed by sharing of electrons between non-
metal to a non-metal atom metal atoms
Strong electrostatic force of attraction between Mutual sharing of electrons and so weak force
cations and anions of attraction between atoms
Solids at room temperature Gases, liquids and soft solids
Conducts electricity in molten state or in Non-conductors of electricity
solutions
Have high melting and boiling points Have low melting and boiling points
Soluble in polar solvents Soluble in non-polar solvents
Hard and brittle Soft and waxy
Y
Undergo ionic reaction which are fast and Undergo molecular reactions which are slow
H
instantaneous
IC
2. Give an example for each of the following c. Ionic or electrovalent bonds are formed by
TR
mutual sharing of electrons between atoms.
statements.
d. Loss of electrons is called Oxidation and
a. a compound in which two Covalent bonds Gain of electron is called Reduction.
IN
are formed
e. Te electrons which are not involved in
b. a compound in which one ionic bond is
LD
bonding are called valence electrons.

formed
Ans:
R
c. a compound in which two Covalent and

O
one Coordinate bonds are formed a. Like covalent compounds, Coordinate

compounds also contain charged particles
W
d. a compound in which three covalent bonds

(ions), so they are bad conductors of
are formed electricity.
E
e. a compound in which Coordinate bond is

C
formed b. Ionic bond is a strong bond when

N
compared to Hydrogen bond.

a) O2 O = O
IE
b) HCl
c. Ionic or electrovalent bonds are formed by
SC
c) CO
mutual transfer of electrons between atoms.
d) N _
=N
e) NH4+
Loss of electrons is called Oxidation and
d.
3. Identify the incorrect statement and correct Gain of electron is called Reduction.
them. (statement Correct)
a. Like covalent compounds, Coordinate
compounds also contain charged particles
e. The electrons which are not involved in
(ions), so they are good conductors of
bonding are called lone pair electrons.
electricity.
b. Ionic bond is a weak bond when compared
to Hydrogen bond.

4. Discuss in brief about the properties of 5. Find the oxidation number of the elements in
Coordinate covalent compounds. the following compounds.
Characteristics of coordinate covalent a. C in CO2
compounds b. Mn in MnSO4
Te compounds containing coordinate c. N in HNO3
covalent bonds are called coordinate compounds.
a. C in CO2
a. Physical state – These compounds
exist as gases, liquids or solids. x + 2(-2) =0
x -4 =0
b. Electrical conductivity – Like covalent x =4
compounds, coordinate compounds also do
C=+4
not contain charged particles (ions), so they
Y
are bad conductors of electricity.
H
b. Mn in MnSO4
c. Melting point – These compounds
IC
x + 1(6)+4(-2) =0
have melting and boiling points higher than
x+ 6-8 =0
TR
those of purely covalent compounds but
x-2 =0
lower than those of purely Ionic compounds.
x=2
IN
d. Solubility – Insoluble in polar solvents
Mn=+2
like water but are soluble in non-polar solvents
LD
like benzene, CCl4, and toluene.

c. N in HNO3
R
e. Reactions – Coordinate covalent

1(1) +x+3(-2) =0
O
compounds undergo molecular reactions

1+ x-6 =0
W
which are slow.

x-5 =0
x=5
E
N=+5
C
N
......................**********************************.........................
IE
SC
Prepared By
PG ASST CHEMISTRY

UNIT
6 Acids, Bases and Salts
8. You are given pure water to test the pH

TEXT BOOK EXERCISES
value using pH paper. It shows colour
(White, black, green)
Y
I. Choose the correct answer Ans: green
H
1. Zn + 2 HCl → ZnCl2 + …↑(H2, O2, CO2)
IC
9. Te hydrated salt of copper sulphate has
colour (Red, White, Blue)
TR
Ans: H2
Ans: Blue
2. Apple contains malic acid. Orange contains IN
(citric acid, ascorbic acid) II. Answer in brief
Ans: ascorbic acid 1. Name any two metals which do not react
LD
with sodium hydroxide.

3. Acids in plants and animals are organic
Ans: Ag - silver
R
acids. Whereas Acids in rocks and minerals

Cu - Copper
O
are (Inorganic acids, Weak acids)

W
Ans: Inorganic acids 2. Write any four uses of acids.

4. Acids turn blue litmus paper to
E
(Green, Red, Orange) Hydrochloric acid is used as a cleansing

C
agent in toilets.
N
Ans: Red
Citric acid is used in the preparation
IE
5. Since metal carbonate and metal bicarbonate of effervescent salts and as a food
SC
are basic they react with acids to give salt preservative.

and water with the liberation of
Nitric acid is used in the manufacture of
(NO2, SO2, CO2)
fertilizers, dyes, paints and drugs.
Ans: CO2
 Carbonic acid is used in aerated drinks
6. pH value of human blood is
(7.0, 7.4, 7.6)
Tartaric acid is a constituent of baking
Ans: 7.4
powder.
7. Te nature of the tooth paste commonly
used is in nature (acidic, basic,
neutral)
Ans: basic
6.Acids, Bases and Salts 23 https://yovanpetertrichy.blogspot.com
3. Give the significance of pH of soil in 9. Find the odd one out: Lemon juice, Tomato
agriculture. juice, House hold ammonia, Coffee
Citrus fruits require slightly alkaline Ans: House hold ammonia
soil, while rice requires acidic soil and 10. What is neutralization reaction? Give an
sugarcane requires neutral soil. example.
4. When does the acid rain occur?
Acids react with bases to give salt and
Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction water is called neutralization reaction.
that beings when compounds like sulphur
Eg: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H O
dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released 2
in to the air. These substances can rise

II. Answer in detail
III.
very high into the atmoshere,where they
mix and react with water,oxygen, and 1. Why does distilled water not conduct
other chemicala to form more acidic electricity whereas rain water does?
Y
pollutants, known as acid rain.
H
* Distilled water is neutralized.
5. What are the uses of Plaster of Paris? * No ions in it.
IC
i. It is used for plastering bones * Ions required to conduct electricity.
TR
ii. It is used for making casts for statues.
* Salts are removed during the
6. Two acids ‘A’ and ‘B’ are given. Acid A gives
IN
distillation process.
one hydrogen ion per molecule of the acid * Because ions pollutants and salts present
LD
in solution. Acid B gives two hydrogen ions in the rain water andso conduct
per molecule of the acid in solution. electricity.
R
(i) Find out the acid A and acid B.

2. Plaster of Paris should be stored in a
O
(ii) Which acid is called the King of

moisture proof container. why?
W
Chemicals?
i. A= HCl (Hydrochloric acid) The plaster of paris should be stored in a
E
B= H2SO4(Sulphuric acid) moisture-proof container as it absorbs

C
water from moisture and turn into hard

N
ii. H2SO4(Sulphuric acid)

substance (Gypsum) as shown in
IE
7. Define aquaregia.
following chemical equaation.
SC
Aquaregia is a mixture of hydrochloric

CaSO4.1/2H2O + 3/2 H2O --------> CaSO4.2H2O
acid and nitric acid prepared
optimally in a molar ratio of 3:1. (plastter of paris) (Gypsum)
8. Correct the mistakes: 3. Write any four uses of bases.
a) Washing soda is used for making cakes
(i) S odium hydroxide is used in the
and bread soft, spongy.
manufacture of soap.
b) Calcium sulphate hemihydrate is used (ii) Calcium hydroxide is used in white
in textile industry. washing of building.
Ans:
a) Baking soda is used for making cakes (iii) Magnesium hydroxide is used as a
and bread soft, spongy. medicine for stomach disorder.
(iv) Ammonium hydroxide is used to remove
b) Calcium oxy chloride is used in
grease stains from cloths.
textile industry.
Bleaching powder
4. The solutions A, B, C, D and E when tested
(Calcium Oxychloride - CaOCl2)
with universal indicator showed pH as 4,
i. It is used as disinfectant.
1, 11, 7 and 9 respectively. Among these
which solution is ii. It is used in textile industry for bleaching
cotton and linen.
(i) neutral
Plaster of Paris (Calcium Sulphate
(ii) strongly alkaline
Hemihydrate - CaSO4 .½ H2O)
(iii) strongly acidic
i. It is used for plastering bones
(iv) weakly acidic
ii. It is used for making casts for statues.
(v) weakly alkaline
6. Sulphuric acid is called King of Chemicals.
Ans:
Why is it called so?
(i) neutral (D solution pH=7)
Y
* Sulphuric acid is called King of Chemicals
strongly alkaline (C solution pH=11)
H
(ii) because it is used in the preparation of
IC
(iii) strongly acidic (B solution pH=1) many other compounds. It is used in car
(iv) weakly acidic (A solution pH=4) batteries also.
TR
(v) weakly alkaline (E solution pH=9)
5. Write any five uses of salts.  Sulphuric acid is familiar to use as
IN
the electrolyte in the lead acidbatteries
Common Salt (NaCl) in automobiles.
LD
It is used in our daily food and used as a  H2SO4 is called king of chemicals
preservative. because of its high reactivity and corrosive
R
nature.
Washing Soda (Sodium Carbonate-)
O
i. It is used in softening hard water.  It is directly or indirectly used in

W
preparation of most fertilizer and also it

ii. It is used in glass, soap and paper can melt large number of metels.
industries.
E
 Sulphuric acid is used in

C
Baking Soda (Sodium bicarbonate -NaHCO3) petroleum refining to make high-Octane

N
petrol,which burn efficiency.

IE
i. It is used in making of baking powder

 These cleaned up rolls are used to
which is a mixture of baking soda and make cars,trucks,as well as household
SC
tartaric acid. appliances.

ii. It is used in soda-acid fire extinguishers.  Lost of sulphuric acid used to
clean up rust from steel rolls.
iii. Baking powder is used to make cakes and
bread, soft and spongy.
iv. It neutralizes excess acid in the stomach
and provides relief.
Prepared By
PG ASST CHEMISTRY
97864 51463

UNIT
7 Organization of Tissues
Ans:
Column I Column II Column III

TEXT BOOK EXERCISES
Columnar
Y
Absorption Secretion
Epithelium
H
Section A Bones Body frame Anchoring of
IC
Ia. Match the following work muscle
Neurons Axon Dendrites
TR
1. Sclereids Chlorenchyma
Areolar Ground
2. Chloroplast Sclerenchyma Fibroblasts
Tissue substance
3. Simple tissue Collenchyma
IN
Tongue Striated Visceral
4. Companion cell Xylem muscle tissue
LD
5. Trachieds Phloem Epithelium Ciliated

Trachea
Ans:
I Choose the correct answer.
II.
R
1. Sclereids Sclerenchyma
O
2. Chloroplast Chlorenchyma 1. A meristematic tissue consists of

W
3. Simple tissue Collenchyma a. Immature cells which are in a state of

4. Companion cell Phloem division and growth
E
5. Trachieds Xylem b. Mature cells

C
c. Non-living cells
N
d. Sclerenchyma cells
IE
Ib. Match the contents of Column I, II and III

Ans: a. Immature cells which are in a state
SC
Column I Column II Column III of division and growth

Columnar Anchoring of 2. The tissue composed of living thin walled
Absorption
Epithelium muscle polyhedral cell is
Bones Axon Dendrites
a. Parenchyma b. Collenchyma
Body
Neurons Secretion
framework c. Sclerenchyma d. None of above
Areolar Ground
Ciliated Ans: a. Parenchyma
Tissue substance
Tongue Trachea Fibroblasts 3. The fibres consists of
Striated Visceral
Epithelium a. Parenchyma b. Sclerenchyma
muscle tissue
c. Collenchyma d. None of above
Ans: b. Sclerenchyma
7.Organization of Tissues 26 https://yovanpetertrichy.blogspot.com
4. Chlorenchyma is known to develop in the 10. Which of the following is not found in a
a. cytoplasm of chlorella neuron?
b. mycelium of a green mould such as a. Sarcolemma b. Dendrite
aspergillus
c. spore capsule of moss c. Neurolemma d. Axon
d. pollen tube of pinus. Ans: a. Sarcolemma
Ans: c. spore capsule of moss 11. Long, unbranched multinucleated cells are
5. Companion cells are closely associated with a. Striated muscle cells

b. Smooth muscles
a. sieve elements. b. vessel elements
c. Cardiac muscles
c. Trichomes d. guard cells.
d. None of the above.
Ans: a. sieve elements. Ans: a. Striated muscle cells
Y
H
6. Which of the following is a complex tissue. 12. White fibres of connective tissue are made
IC
a. parenchyma b. collenchyma up of
TR
c. xylem d. sclerenchyma a. Elastin b. Reticular fibres
Ans: c. xylem
IN c. Collagen d. Myosin
7. Aerenchyma is found in Ans: d. Myosin

LD
a. Epiphytes b. hydrophytes 13. Brush bordered epithelium is found in

c. halophytes d. xerophytes a. Stomach b. Small intestine
R
Ans: b. hydrophytes c. Fallopian tube d. Trachea

O
Ans: c. Fallopian tube

W
8. Two long bones of the hand are dislocated

14. Smooth muscles occur in
in a person met who with an accident .
E
Which among the following may be the a. Uterus b Artery

C
possible reason. c. vein d. All of the above.

N
a. Tendon injury Ans: d. All of the above.

IE
b. Break of skeletal muscle 15. Which muscles act involuntary?

SC
c. Ligament tear (i) Striated muscles

d. Rupture of Areolar tissue (ii) Smooth muscles
Ans: c. Ligament tear (iii) Cardiac muscles

(iv) Skeletal muscles
9. Unstraited muscles are found in a. (i) and (ii) b. (ii) and (iii)
a. Blood vessels c. (iii) and (iv) d. (i) and (iv)
b. Gastrointestinal tract Ans: b. (ii) and (iii)
c. Urinary bladder 16. Nerve cell does not contains
d. All of these a. Axon b. Nerve endings
Ans: d. All of these c. Tendons d. Dendrites
Ans: c. Tendons
7.Organization of Tissues 27 https://yovanpetertrichy.blogspot.comm
17. Tendon connects 8. Humans have 46 chromosomes. Their

a. Cartilage with muscles sperms and eggs will have
chromosomes each.
b. Bone with muscles
c. Ligament with muscles Ans: 23
9. During pairing of chromosomes in
d. Bone with bone.
meiosis,the chromosomes come
Ans: b. Bone with muscles
to lie side by side.
18. In a certain type of cell division the diploid
Ans: homologous chromosomes
number of chromosome is reduced to half.
This kind of division occurs in IV.State whether True or false. If false, write
the correct statement
a. Testis
1. Epithelial tissue is protective tissue in
b. Ovary
animal body.
Y
c. Both ovary and testis
Ans: True
H
d. All body cells. 2. Epithelial layer does not allow regulation
IC
Ans: c. Both ovary and testis of materials between body and external
TR
III. Fill in the blanks environment.
1. The tissues are made up of IN Ans: True
more than one type of cells and these wok 3. Bone and cartilage are two types of areolar
together as a unit. connective tissue.
LD
Ans: Complex Ans: False,

2. tissues provides mechanical Bone and cartilage are two types of
R
supportive connective tissue.

support to organs.
O
Ans: Collenchyma 4. Striated and non- striated tissues are types

W
of epithelial tissues.
3. Parenchyma, collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
Ans: False
E
are type of tissue. Striated and non- striated tissues are

C
types of muscular tissues.

Ans: Simple tissue
N
4. and are complex tissues. 5. As growth occurs in an individual the skin

IE
Ans: Xylem and Phloem cells divide only to replace such cells that
SC
are lost from the surface.

5. Epithelial cells with cilia are found in Ans: False
of our body. As growth occurs in an individual the
skin cells divide to replace such cells
Ans: trachea of wind-pipe / bronchioles of that are lost from the surface and also
respiratory tract/ kidney tubules / formation of more cells.
fallopian tubes of oviducts. 6. Parenchyma is a simple tissue.
Ans: True
6. Lining of small intestine is made up of
. 7. Phloem is made up of Tracheids.
Ans: Epithelial tissue Ans: False, Xylem is made up of Tracheids.
7. The two types of skeletal connective
8. Vessels are found in collenchymas.
tissues are and .
Ans:False,Vessels are found in xylem.
Ans: Tendons,ligaments
Section B
Meristematic tissue Permanent tissue
I. Very short answer questions
1. Give two types of Sclerenchyma. Intercellular spaces Intercellular spaces
Ans: a) Fibres, b) Sclereids absent present
2. Name the components of xylem and phloem.
Ans: Cell wall thin and Cell wall thick
Xylem components: elastic
(i) xylem tracheids (ii) xylem fibres
(iii) xylem vessels and (iv) xylem parenchyma.
Phloem components: Nucleus is large and Nucleus is less
(i) Sieve elements (ii) Companion cells. prominent conspicuous
(iii) Phloem fibres (iv) Phloem parenchyma
Y
3. Name the tissue that connects muscle to Cells grow and Cells do not
H
bone in humans. divide regularly normally divide
IC
Ans: Tendons
3. What is complex tissue? Name the various
TR
4. Name tissue that stores fat in our body.
kinds of complex tissues.
Ans: Adipocytes or Fat cell Complex tissues are made of more than
IN
5. Name the connective tissue with a fluid one type of cells that work together as a unit.
matrix. Common examples are xylem and phloem.
LD
Ans: Blood, Lymph

4. Differentiate fibres from sclereids.
R
6. Name the tissue present in the brain.

O
Fibres Sclereids
Ans: Nervous tissue
W
Elongated narrow
II.
I Short answer Questions Usually broad
E
thread like
1. What are intercalary meristems? How do
C
they differ from other meristems? End walls tapering End walls blunt
N
It lies between the region of permanent

IE
Occur in bundles Occur singly

tissues and is part of primary meristem
SC
which is detached due to formation of Narrow pits Deep pits

intermittent permanent tissues. It is found
either at the base of leaf e.g. Pinus or at the base 5. Mention the most abundant muscular
of internodes e.g. grasses.
tissue found in our body.State its function
2. How would you differentiate between
The most abundant muscular tissue found
meristematic and permanent tissue?
in our body is skeletal muscle or striated
Meristematic tissue Permanent tissue muscle.
Functions:
Component cells Component Skeletal muscle:
are small, spherical cells are large,  These muscles are attached to the
or polygonal and differentiated with bones and are responsible for the body
undifferentiated different shapes movements and are called skeletal
muscles.
 They work under our control and are also
movements and are called skeletal muscles.
known as voluntary muscles.
They work under our control and are also
 They occur in the muscles of limbs (biceps and known as voluntary muscles. The muscle
fibres are elongated, non-tapering, cylindrical,
triceps of arms).
unbranched and showing alternating dark and
light bands, giving them the striped or
 They undergo rapid contraction.
striated appearance. These cells possess many
6. Which tissue is the main component of nuclei (multinucleate). They occur in the
tendons and ligaments? How do they muscles of limbs (biceps and triceps of
arms).They undergo rapid contraction.
differ in function?
The main components of tendons and 10. Which tissue is called middleman between
ligaments are fibres and fibroblasts. tissue cells and blood? Why?
Y
 The matrix consists of collagen fibres,
H
Tendons Ligaments elastin fibres and fibroblast cells.
IC
 It joins skin to muscles, fills space inside
They are cord like, It is connect bones organs and is found around muscles, blood
TR
strong, structures to bones. vessels and nerves.
that join skeletal  The matrix of this tissue plays an
IN
muscles to bones. important role in diffusion of oxygen and
They are highly nutrients from small blood vessels.
LD
Tendons have great

elastic structures and  It also helps in repair of tissues after
strength and limited
have great strength injury and fixes skin to underlying muscles.
R
flexibility.
O
They consist of They contain very 11. Why should gametes be produced by
W
parallel bundles of little matrix. They meiosis during sexual reproduction?

collagen fibres, strengthen the i. The constant number of chromosomes in
E
between which are joints and allow a given species is maintained by meiotic
C
present rows of normal movement. division.

N
fibroblasts. ii. Crossing over causes genetic variations

IE
among the species from one generation

7. What are the fibres present in the matrix
SC
to the next.
of loose connective tissue ?
collagen fibres, elastin fibres and fibroblast 12. In which stage of mitosis the chromosomes
cells. align in an equatorial plate? How?
8. How are collagen fibres organized in dense
Ans: Metaphase,
connective tissues
Dense connective tissue is a fibrous The duplicated chromosomes arrange on
connective tissue densely packed with fibres the equatorial plane and form the metaphase
and fibroblasts. It is the principal component
plate. Each chromosome gets attached to a
of tendons and ligaments.
spindle fibre by its centromere which is known
9. What is skeletal connective tissue? How is
as the chromosomal fibre. The centromere of
it helpful in the functioning of our body?
Skeletal muscle: These muscles are attached each chromosome divides into two, each being
to the bones and are responsible for the body associated with a chromatid.

13. Write one point of difference between 14. Why is blood considered to be a connective
a) Bone and cartilage tissue?
b) Simple and compound epithelial tissue. The blood is the fluid connective
tissues which link different parts of the
Bone Cartilage body. The cells of the connective tissue
are loosely spaced and are embedded
in an intercellular matrix.
It is solid, rigid They are soft semi
and strong, non- rigid flexible and 15. Give the sequence of the events occurring
flexible skeletal less vascular in during prophase of mitosis.
connective tissue. nature. During this stage chromosomes
The matrix is become short and thick and are clearly
The matrix of the
composed of large visible inside the nucleus. Centrosome
Y
bone is rich in
cartilage cells splits into two daughter centrioles, they
H
calcium salts and
chondrocytes. move apart and occupy opposite poles of the
IC
collagen fibres
cell. Each centriole is surrounded by
which gives the bone
TR
radiating rays, termed as aster rays. Spindle
its strength.
fibres appear between the two centrioles.
Bones support and cartilage provides Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear
IN
protect soft tissues support and flexibility gradually.
and organs. to the body parts.
LD
16. Why is meiosis called reductional division

Bones are present cartilage present in and mitosis as equational division?
R
the skeletal system. the tip of the Meiosis:

O
nose,external ear, The process of meiosis involves

W
end of long divisions of genetic material.

bones,trachea and The first division is called reduction
E
larynx. division.
C
First division reduces the number of

N
chromosomes diploid(2n) to haploid(n).

IE
Simple Epithelial Complex Epithelial

Tissue Tissue
Mitosis:
SC
It is formed of It consists of more The process of cell division where

single layer of cells. than one layer of cells chromosomes replicate and get equally
and gives a stratified distributed in two daughter cells.
appearance.
The chromosome number in each
It forms a lining for They also cover daughter cell is equal to that is diploid.
the body cavities and the dry surface of Hence mitosis is known as equational
ducts. It is also the skin, the moist division.
found on the surface of the
secretory and buccal cavity and
absorptive surfaces. pharynx.

III.
I Long Answer Questions : Functions:
1. What are permanent tissues? Describe the Parenchyma may store water in many
different types of simple permanent tissue. succulent and xerophytic plants. It also serves
Permanent tissues are those in which, the functions of storage of food reserves,
growth has stopped either completely or absorption, buoyancy, secretion etc.,
for the time being. At times, they become
meristematic partially or wholly. Permanent Collenchyma
tissues are of two types namely (i) simple Collenchyma is a living tissue found
tissue and (ii) complex tissue. beneath the epidermis. Cells are elongated
with unevenly thickened non-lignified walls.
Simple tissue are homogeneous Cells have rectangular oblique or tapering
Y
-composed of structurally and functionally
ends and persistent protoplast. They possess
H
similar cells. eg., Parenchyma, Collenchyma
thick primary non-lignified walls.
and Sclerenchyma.
IC
Functions:
Parenchyma
TR
They provide mechanical support for
Parenchyma are simple permanent tissue growing organs.
composed of living cells. Parenchyma cells
IN
are thin walled, oval, rounded or polygonal
in shape with well developed spaces among
LD
them. In aquatic plants, Parenchyma possesses

intercellular air spaces, and is named as
R
Aerenchyma. When exposed to light,

O
parenchyma cells may develop chloroplasts

W
and are known as Chlorenchyma.

E
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
C
N
Sclerenchyma consists of thick walled

IE
cells which are often lignified. Sclerenchyma

cells do not possess living protoplasts at
SC
maturity. Sclerenchyma cells are grouped

Parenchyma Aerenchyma into (i) fibres and (ii) sclereids.
Fibres are elongated

sclerenchymatous cells, usually with pointed
ends. Their walls are lignified. Fibres are
abundantly found in many plants. The
average length of fibres is 1 to 3 mm,
however in plants like Linum usitatissimum
(flax), Cannabis sativa (hemp) and
Chlororenchyma Corchorus capsularis (jute), fibres are
extensively longer ranging from 20 mm to
550 mm.
Sclereids It is found either at the base of leaf e.g.

Sclereids are widely distributed in plant Pinus or at the base of internodes e.g.
grasses.
body. They are usually broad, may occur in
single or in groups. Sclereids are isodiametric, iii. Lateral Meristem:
with liginified walls. Pits are prominent and • These are arranged parallel to sides of
seen along the walls. Lumen is filled with wall origin and normally divide radially to
give secondary permanent tissues. Tese
materials. Sclereids are also common in fruits
increase the thickness of the plant part.
and seeds.
Functions of Meristematic
Tissue:
Y
Narrow Lumen
Meristems are actively dividing tissues
H
of the plant, that are responsible for primary
IC
(elongation) and secondary (thickness)
Lignified Thick wall growth of the plant.
TR
3. Write about the elements of Xylem
IN
(a) Fibres (b) Sclereids Xylem
LD
Xylem is a conducting tissue which

2. What are meristems? Describe the
conducts water, mineral nutrients upward
distribution and functions of various
R
from root to leaves. Xylem is also meant for

types of meristems.
O
mechanical support to the plant body. Xylem

W
Meristematic tissues are group of is composed of different kinds of elements.

immature cells that are capable of undergoing They are (i) xylem tracheids (ii) xylem fibres
E
cell division. (iii) xylem vessels and (iv) xylem parenchyma.

C
On the basis of their position in i. Xylem tracheids

N
the plant, meristems are of three types: They are elongated or tube-like dead cells
IE
i)) pical meristem ii) Intercalary meristem with hard, thick and lignified walls. Their
SC
and iii) Lateral meristem. ends are tapering, blunt or chisel-like.

These cells are devoid of protoplast. They
i. Apical meristem:
have large lumen without any content.
• These are found at the apices or growing Their function is conduction of water
points of root, shoot and bring about
and providing mechanical support to the
increase in length. They include both
pro-meristem as well as primary plant.
meristem. ii. Xylem fibres
ii. Intercalary meristem: These cells are elongated, lignified and
• It lies between the region of permanent pointed at both the ends. Xylem fibres
tissues and is part of primary meristem help in conduction of water and nutrients
which is detached due to formation of from root to the leaf and also provide
intermittent permanent tissues. mechanical support to the plant.

iii. Xylem vessels

They are long cylindrical, tube like PITTED
VESSEL
structures with lignified walls and wide
SCALARIFORM
central lumen. These cells are dead RETICULATE
ELEMENT
as these do not have protoplast. They SCALARIFORM
are arranged in longitudinal series in ELEMENT
SPIRAL
which the partitioned walls (transverse ELEMENTS
walls) are perforated, and so the entire PARENCHYMA
CELL
structure looks-like a water pipe. Their SPIRAL ELEMENT
main function is transport of water and ANNULAR
minerals from root to leaf, and also to ELEMENTS
Y
A PARENCHYMA CELL B
provide mechanical strength.
H
iv. Xylem parenchyma
IC
A. xylem longitudinal section
Its cells are living and thin walled. The B. xylem transverse section
TR
main function of xylem parenchyma is to
store starch and fatty substances. IN
4. List out the differences between mitosis and meiosis.
LD
Mitosis Meiosis
Occurs in somatic cells. Occurs in reproductive cells
R
O
Involved in growth and occurs continuously Involved in gamete formation only during the
W
throughout life. reproductively active age.
Consists of single division Consists of two divisions

E
C
Two diploid daughter cells are formed. Four haploid daughter cells are formed.
N
The chromosome number in the daughter cell The chromosome number in the daughter cell
IE
is similar to the parent cell (2n). is just half (n) of the parent cell.
SC
Daughter cells are not similar to the parent cell

Identical daughter cells are formed
and are randomly assorted.
5. Give one reason for the following

a. Blood is fluid connective tissue b) Skeletal muscle: These muscles are
b. Skeletal muscles contain contractile attached to the bones and are responsible
proteins for the body movements and are called
c. Heart muscles are involuntary in nature skeletal muscles. They work under our
a. The blood and the lymph are the fluid control and are also known as voluntary
connective tissues which link different parts muscles. They occur in the muscles of
of the body. The cells of the connective tissue limbs (biceps and triceps of arms).They
are loosely spaced and are embedded in an undergo rapid contraction.
intercellular matrix.
c.Cardiac muscle: It is a contractile tissue II. Value Based Questions - Thinking Skills
present in the heart. The muscle fibres are 1. What is the consequence that occur if all
cylindrical, branched and uninucleate. blood platelets are removed from the blood?
The branches join to form a network If all blood platelets are removed from
called as intercalated disc which are blood. Blood will not clot.
unique distinguishing features of the If small injury occur on our body part
cardiac muscles. The intercellular spaces blood loss will occur.
of the cardiac muscle are filled with loose
connective tissue supplied with blood 2. Which are not true cells in the blood? Why?
capillaries. The contraction of cardiac Red blood corpuscles are not true cells in
muscle is involuntary and rhythmic. the blood. because they lack nucleus.
Y
Section C
H
I. Assertion and Reason
3. Identify the figure given below
IC
Direction : In each of the following questions,
TR
a statement of Assertion is given and a A
corresponding statement of Reason is given IN

just below it. Of statements, given below, C
mark the correct answer as

LD
B
a. If both Assertion and Reason are true
and Reason is the correct explanation of
R
(a) Label the parts a, b and c

Assertion.
O
(b) What is the chemical composition of

b. If both Assertion and Reason are the tissue?
W
true that Reason is not the correct

(c) What is the function of c?
explanation of Asssertion.
E
c. If Assertion is true but Reason is false. a) T.S of Bone

C
d. If both Assertion and Reason are false

N
A
Lamellae
IE
1. Assertion: Non-striated muscles are said

to be voluntary in nature.
SC
Reason: Non-striated muscles are Central

(Haversian
under the control of our will. canal) B
Lacunae
Ans: c. If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
b) The matrix of the bone is rich in calcium
2. Assertion:M aterials are exchanged salts and collagen fibers.
between epithelial and connective tissues C) The matrix of the bone is rich in
by diffusion. calcium salts and collagen fibres which
Reason: Blood vessels are absent in gives the bone its strength. The matrix of the
epithelial tissue. bone is in the form of concentric rings called
Ans: lamellae. The fluid filled spaces present
a. If both Assertion and Reason are
between the lamellae are called lacunae
true and Reason is the correct
explanation of Assertion. in which are present the bone cells
called osteocytes that communicate with 6. Identify the stage of mitosis from the
each other by a network of fine canals called following picture given below . List the
canaliculi. The hollow cavities of spaces chromosomal events in this stage.
are called marrow cavities filled with bone
marrow. They provide shape and structural
framework to the body. Bones support and
protect soft tissues and organs. Anaphase :
The centromeres attaching the two
4. Identify figures A and B chromatids divide and the two daughter
chromatids of each chromosome separate and
migrate towards the two opposite poles. The
migration of the daughter chromosomes is
achieved by the contraction of spindle fibres.
Y
H
A B 7. Identify the following relationship
IC
Cuboidal : Epithelial
a. epithelium forms the outer
Cardiac : Cardiac muscle
TR
lining of the buccal cavity.
b. epithelium consist of cells Granulocytes : Fluid connective
that are tall and pillar-like.
IN Tissue
c. Which one allows diffusion of substances? Osteocytes : Supportive
connective
d. Which is called pavement epithelium?
LD
tissue
e. W hich epithelium lines the
gastrointestinal tract and epiglottis? 8. You are now familiarised with various
R
plant and animal tissues. Point out any

O
a) Squamose Epithelium five differences between these tissues.

W
b) Columnar Epithelium
c) Squamose Epithelium Plant Tissue Animal Tissue
E
d) Squamose Epithelium
e) Columnar Epithelium They have They have
C
stationary phase. locamative phase

N
5. If cell (A) has undergone one mitotic

IE
division and another cell (B) has completed They do not require They require lot of
its meiotic division. The number of cells lot of energy. energy.
SC
produced in A and B would be They have more They have more

Cell A : Cell B : dead cells. living cells.
Ans: They are able to They cannot make
Cell A : 2 cells Cell B : 4 cells
make their own food. their own food and
depend on other
Prepared by
organism.
A.EFFE,M.Sc.,M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
They are two major They are four types of
B.T ASST SCIENCE
GOVT HIGH SCHOOL types of tissues- tissues-
EZHAKARAM, KOTTAR, KANYAKUMARI DISTRICT.
meristematic and epithelial,connective,m
permanent tissue. uscular, and nervous
97864 51463
tissue.

UNIT
8 Organ Systems in Animals
5. Excretion means ____________
Y
TEXT BOOK EXERCISES a. taking in oxygen from the air and
H
giving out carbon dioxide
IC
I. Choose the correct answer b. disposal of harmful germs and worms
TR
from our body
1. Which of the following is not a salivary
gland? IN c. distribution of digested food to the
body tissues through blood
a.. Sublingual b. lachrymal
d. removal of nitrogenous wastes
c.. Submaxillary d. parotid
LD
generated in the body

Ans: b. lachrymal
R
Ans: d. removal of nitrogenous

O
2. Stomach of man mainly digests __________ wastes generated in the body

W
a.. Carbohydrates b. proteins 6. The structural and functional unit of the

kidney is _____________
E
c. Fat d. Sucrose
C
a.. villi b. liver

Ans b. proteins:
N
c.. nephron d. ureter

IE
3. To prevent the entry of food into the trachea, Ans: c.nephron

SC
the opening is guarded by ___________ 7. Which one of the following substance is not
a.. epiglottis b. glottis a constituent of sweat?
c.. hard palate d. soft palate a. urea b. protein
c.. water d. salt
Ans: a. epiglottis
Ans: b. protein
4. Bile helps in the digestion of _____________ 8. The common passage

meant for transporting urine and sperms
a.. proteins b. sugar
in male is ______
c.. fats d. carbohydrates
a.. ureter b. urethra
Ans: c. fats
c.. vas deferens d. scrotum
Ans: b. urethra
8.Organ Systems in Animals 37 https://yovanpetertrichy.blogspot.com
9. Which of the following is not a part of III. State whether the following
female reproductive system? statements are true or false.
a.. Ovary b. uterus If false, correct the wrong
c.. testes d. fallopian tube statements:
Ans: c. testes 1. Nitric acid in the stomach kills

microorganisms in the food.
II. Fill in the blanks Ans: False,
1. The opening of the stomach into the Hydrochloric acid in the
intestine is called _________. stomach kills microorganisms in the
food.
Ans: pyloric sphincter 2. During digestion, proteins are broken down
2. The muscular and sensory organ which into amino acids.
Y
helps in mixing the food with saliva is Ans: True
H
________.
3. Glomerular fltrate consists of many
IC
Ans: tongue substances like amino acids, vitamins,
TR
3. Bile, secreted by liver is stored temporarily hormones, salts, glucose and other essential
in _____. substances.
Ans: True
IN
Ans: gall bladder
4. Besides the normal constituents, the urine
4. The longest part of alimentary canal is
LD
may pass out excess vitamins and not the

____________
antibiotics.
Ans: small intestine
R
Ans: True
O
5. Organs which are concerned with the 5. Te process of release of ovum from ovary is
formation, storage and elimination of
W
called gestation.
urine constitute the _________.
Ans: False,
E
Ans: excretory system(urinary system)

The process of release of ovum from ovary
C
6. The human body functions normally at a is called ovulation.

N
temperature of about ________.

IE
IV. Identify the following parts:

Ans: 37oC or 98.4oF
SC
1. It conducts food from pharynx to stomach

7. In the process of urine formation, by peristalsis-
maximum amount of water from the Ans: Oesophagus
glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed in the
____. 2. Finger-like projections which enhances the
absorbing capacity of small intestine-
Ans: proximal convoluted tubule
Ans: Villi
8. The largest cell in the human body of a 3. Te bunch of capillaries inside the Bowman’s
female is _________. capsule-
Ans: ovum (egg) Ans: Glomerulus

4. Thin muscular tubes which carry urine
from kidney to urinary bladder-
Ans: Ureter

5. Small sac-like muscular structures that VI. Short answers questions
encloses testes-
1. Define the following terms:
Ans: Scrotum
V. Very short answer questions a. Digestion b. Osmoregulation

c. Emulsification d. Ovulation
1. Arrange the following fve steps of nutrition
in correct sequence: (digestion, assimilation, a. Digestion
ingestion, egestion, absorption) The breakdown of large complex insoluble
food molecules into small, simpler soluble
i) Ingestion
and diffusible particles by the action of
ii) digestion
digestive enzymes is called digestion.
iii) absorption
iv) assimilation b. Osmoregulation
v) egestion, The maintenance of constant osmotic
Y
2. Te stomach secretes gastric juice, which pressure in the fluids of an organism by the
H
contains hydrochloric acid. What is its control of water and salt concentrations.
IC
function? c. Emulsification
Hydrochloric acid kills the bacteria
TR
Conversion of large fat droplets into smaller
swallowed along with food. ones in the digestive system is called
3. How is the small intestine designed to
IN Emulsification.
absorb digested food? d. Ovulation
Ileum part of the small intestine contains Release of ovum from an ovary is
LD
minute finger like projectors called villi called ovulation.

absorbs digested food.
R
2. Name the types of teeth present in an adult

O
human being. Mention the functions of

4. Why do we sweat?
each.
W
To regulate our body temperature, so we

Types of Number
sweat. Functions
E
teeth of teeth
C
5. State any two vital functions of human Incisors 8 Cutting and biting
kidney.
N
Canines 4 Tearing and piercing

1. Maintain the fluid and electrolytes
IE
Premolars 8 Crushing and

balance in our body.
SC
grinding
2. Regulate acid-base balance of blood.
Molars 12 Crushing, grinding
3. Maintain the osmotic pressure in
and mastication
blood and tissues.
6. How is it possible to control the urge to 3. What are the end products of digestion of
pass urine? starch, proteins and fats respectively?
If the abdominal region muscle is stretched Starch - Glucose
internally one can control urination. Proteins - Amino acid
7. Write the names of male and female sex Fat - Fatty acid & Glycerol
hormone.
Male sex hormone : Testosterone
Female sex hormome : Oestrogen &
progesterone
4. Explain the structure of nephron. e. Diphyodont : Two sets of teeth is called

Each kidney consists of more than one diphyodont.
million nephrons. Nephrons or uriniferous Heterodont : If the teeth are different type
than it is called heterodont.
tubules are structural and functional units of
the kidneys. Each nephron consists of Renal f. Incisors : Teeth which are used to cut and
bite the food.
corpuscle or Malphigian corpuscle and
Canines : Teeth which are used tear and
renal tubule. The renal corpuscle consists pierce the food.
of a cup-shaped structure called Bowman’s
6. What are the functions of ovaries and
capsule containing a bunch of capillaries called
uterus in female reproductive system?
glomerulus. Blood enters the glomerular
capillaries through afferent arterioles and leaves * Functions of ovary produce female
gametes and secrete female sex hormones
Y
out through efferent arterioles. The Bowman’s
H
capsule continues as the renal tubule which functions of uterus.
IC
consists of three regions proximal convoluted
tubule, U-shaped hair pin loop, the loop of * supports the development of feetus.
TR
Henle and the distal convoluted tubule. The
distal convoluted tubule which opens into the 7. Match the following:
IN
collecting tubule. Organ Elimination
5. Differentiate the following terms: Skin a. Urine
LD
Lungs b. Sweat
a. Excretion and secretion Intestine c. Carbon dioxide
R
b. Absorption and assimilation Kidneys d. undigested food

O
c. Sperm and ovum

Ans:
W
d. Ingestion and egestion

Organ a. Elimination
----
e. Diphyodont and heterodont

E
f. Incisors and canines Skin a. Sweat

C
Lungs b. Carbon dioxide

N
a. Excretion : Removal of nitrogenous waste. Intestine c. undigested food

IE
Secretion : Release the chemical Kidneys d. Urine

substances like enzymes , hormones by the
SC
glands.
8. Give reasons for the following:
b.Absorption : Nutrients obtained after
a. Scrotum remains outside the body of
digestion by villi is called absorption.
Assimilalation : The incorporation of the human males.
absorbed food materials into tissue. b. The wall of the stomach is not digested
c. Sperm : The male gamete is called sperm. by its own enzyme.
Ans:
Ovum : The female gamete is called ovum. a. To provide an optimum temperature
d.Ingestion : Intake of food by the for the formation of sperms.
organisms is called ingestion. Scrotum remains outside the body.
Egestion : The undigested food thrown
out from the body through the anal b. Mucus protects the walls of
aperture is called egestion. stomach from digestion.

9. Complete the following table: Ans:
End End
Nutrient Nutrient
Enzymes products of Enzymes products of
(Substrate) (Substrate)
digestion digestion
Erepsin proteins and Erepsin proteins and
--------- Amino acid
(peptidase) peptides (peptidase) peptides
Maltase ---------- glucose Maltase Maltose glucose
------------
--- Glucose
Sucrase sucrose Sucrase sucrose
and-------- and Fructose
Y
H
---
glucose and
IC
glucose and Lactase Lactose
Lactase galactose
galactose
TR
fatty acids fatty acids
----------- fats Lipase fats
and glycerol IN and glycerol
VII. Match the parts of the given Ans:

LD
figure with the correct option.

Fallopian tube
R
1 1
O
W
4 4
2 Ovary 2 Uterus
E
C
5 5
3 Cervix 3 Vagina
N
IE
SC
1 2 3 4 5
a. Fallopian tube Oviduct Uterus Cervix Vagina
b. Oviduct Cervix Vagina Ovary Vas deferens
c. Ovary Oviduct Uterus Vagina Cervix
d. Fallopian tube Ovary Cervix Uterus Vagina

VIII. Long answer questions Small intestine: The small intestine is the
1. Describe the alimentary canal of man. longest part of the alimentary canal, which is a
long coiled tube measuring about 5 – 7 m. It
Alimentary canal is a muscular coiled, comprises three parts- duodenum, jejunum
tubular structure. It consists of mouth, buccal and ileum.
cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small Absorption: Absorption is the process by
intestine (consisting of duodenum, jejunum which nutrients obtained after digestion are
and ileum), large intestine (consisting of absorbed by villi and circulated throughout the
caecum, colon and rectum) and anus. body by blood and lymph and supplied to all
Mouth: The mouth leads into the body cells according to their requirements.
Y
buccal cavity. It is bound by two soft, Assimilation: Assimilation means the
H
movable upper and lower lips. incorporation of the absorbed food materials
IC
Teeth: Teeth are hard structures meant for into the tissue cells as their internal and
homogenous component.
TR
holding, cutting, grinding and crushing the
food. Large intestine: The unabsorbed and
Salivary glands: Three pairs of salivary undigested food is passed into the large
IN
glands are present in the mouth cavity. They intestine. It extends from the ileum to the anus.
LD
are: parotid glands, sublingual glands and It is about 1.5 meters in length. It has three
submaxillary or submandibular glands . parts- caecum, colon and rectum. The rectum
R
Tongue: The tongue is a muscular, is the last part which opens into the anus. It is
O
sensory organ which helps in mixing the food kept closed by a ring of muscles called anal
W
with the saliva. The taste buds on the tongue sphincter which opens when passing stools.
help to recognize the taste of food.
E
Egestion: The undigested or

C
Pharynx: The pharynx is a membrane unassimilated portion of the ingested food

N
lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, material is thrown out from the body through
IE
connecting them to the oesophagus. the anal aperture as faecal matter. This is
known as egestion or defaecation.
SC
Oesophagus: Oesophagus or the food pipe

is a muscular-membranous canal about 22 cm 2. Explain the structure of kidney and the
in length. It conducts food from pharynx to the steps involved in the formation of urine
stomach Kidneys are bean-shaped organs
Stomach: The stomach is a wide J-shaped reddish brown in colour. The
muscular organ located between oesophagus kidneys lie on either side of the vertebral
and the small intestine. The gastric glands column in the abdominal cavity attached to the
present in the inner walls of the stomach dorsal body wall. The right kidney is placed
secrete gastric juice. The gastric juice is lower than the left kidney as the liver takes up
colourless, highly acidic, containing mucus, much space on the right side. Each kidney is
hydrochloric acid and enzymes rennin (in about 11 cm long, 5 cm wide and 3 cm thick.
infants) and pepsin.

The kidney is covered by a layer of fibrous Tubular reabsorption: The filtrate in
connective tissue, the renal capsules, adipose the proximal tubule consists of essential
capsule and a fibrous membrane. substances such as glucose, amino acids,
Internally the kidney vitamins, sodium, potassium, bicarbonates
consists of an outer dark and water that are reabsorbed into the blood
region, the cortex and an by a process of selective reabsorption.
inner lighter region, the
medulla. Both of these
regions
Y
H
IC
TR
Tubular secretion: Substances such as H+
IN
or K+ ions are secreted into the tubule. Certain
substances like potassium and a large number of
LD
contain uriniferous tubules or nephrons. The drugs like penicillin and aspirin are passed into
the fltrate in the distal convoluted tubule. Tis
R
medulla consists of multitubular conical masses

tubular fltrate is fnally known as urine, which
O
called the medullary pyramids or renal pyramids

whose bases are adjacent to cortex. On the inner is hypertonic in man. Finally the urine passes
W
into collecting ducts to the pelvis and through

concave side of each kidney, a notch called
the ureter into the urinary bladder by urethral
E
hilum is present through which blood vessels

peristalsis (waves of constriction in the ureters).
C
and nerves enter in and the urine leaves out.

Te relaxation of sphincter muscles located
N
Mechanism of Urine Formation at the opening of the urinary bladder into the
IE
The process of urine formation includes the urethra. When the urinary bladder is full the
SC
following three stages. urine is expelled out through the urethra. Th s

process is called micturition. A healthy person
Glomerular fltration excretes one to two litres of urine per day.
Tubular reabsorption and
IX. Assertion and Reason
Tubular secretion
Direction: In each of the following questions,
Glomerular filtration: Urine formation a statement of Assertion is given and a
begins with the fltration o f b lood t hrough corresponding statement of Reason is given
epithelial walls of the glomerulus and Bowman’s just below. Of the four statements, given
capsule. Te fltrate is called as the glomerular below, mark one as the correct answer.
fltrate. Both essential and non-essential
a. If both Assertion and Reason are true
substances present in the blood are fltered.
and Reason is the correct explanation
of Assertion
b. If both Assertion and Reason are 3. S elect the substances given below that
true but Reason is not the correct need to be excreted from the body.
explanation of Assertion (urea, amino acids, carbon dioxide, uric
acid, glucose)
c. If Assertion is true but Reason is false
Ans:
d. If both Assertion and Reason are false
urea, uric acid, and carbon dioxide .
1. Assertion: Urea is excreted out through
the kidneys 4. Name the blood vessel that (a) enter
malphigian capsule and (b) leaves
Reason: Urea is a toxic substance. Excess
malphigian capsule
accumulation of urea in blood may lead to
death a. Afferent arteriole
Ans: b. Efferent arteriole
a. both Assertion and Reason are
Y
true and Reason is the correct
H
5. Rearrange the jumbled words and fill
explanation of Assertion
IC
in the blanks in the following passage to
make it a meaningful description.
TR
2. Assertion: In both the sexes gonads
perform dual function The human urinary system consists of a
pair of ______ ( nyedik), which form the
Reason: Gonads are also called primary
IN
urine; a pair of ________ (ertreu), which
sex organs
conduct the ________ (neuri) from
LD
Ans:
kidneys to the ______ (naryuri drebdal)
b. both Assertion and Reason are true
for storage of urine and a ____ (reuhrat)
R
but Reason is not the correct through which the urine is voided by
O
explanation of Assertion bladder contractions.

W
X. Thinking skills Ans:

E
1. If pepsin is lacking in gastric juice, then The human urinary system consists of a
C
which event in the stomach will be affected? pair of kidney

______ ( nyedik), which form the
N
a. digestion of starch into sugars urine; a pair of ureter

________ (ertreu), which
IE
urine
conduct the ________ (neuri) from
b. breaking of proteins into peptides kidneys to the urinary bladder
SC
c. digestion of nucleic acids (naryuri drebdal) for storage ofurine

and a urethera
____ (reuhrat) through
d. breaking of fats into glycerol and fatty which the urine is voided by
acids
bladder contractions.
Ans: b. breaking of proteins into peptides
2. Rearrange the jumbled sequence of the

different parts of alimentary canal in
proper sequence. (Oesophagus, Small
intestine, Stomach, Large intestine, anus,
mouth, rectum)
Ans:
mouth,Oesophagus,Stomach, Small
intestine, Large intestine, rectum,anus.
3. Can you guess why there are sweat

6. Label the parts of the alimentary canal of
man and write any one function of each glands on the palm of our hands and the
organ soles of our feet?
They are connected to our sympathetic

nervous system which kicks in when were
stressed.
...............*************.................
Y
H
IC
TR
IN
XI.
I. Discuss and answ
LD
1. Why do you think that urine analysis is

an important part of medical
R
diagnosis?
O
W
1. To know the presence of toxic

substance.
E
2. To regulate and the body function.

C
3. For the treatment of disease.

N
4. To know the allergic condition of

IE
body.
SC
2. Why your doctor advises you to drink

plenty of water?
1. To dissolve and eliminate the toxic

substances from the body. Prepared by
2. If dehydration occurs. B.CHITHAMBARAM,M.Sc.,M.Phil.,B.Ed.,
3. To maintain the pH of blood. B.T ASST SCIENCE
GOVT HR SEC SCHOOL
4. To promote healthy weight KURATHIYARAI, KANYAKUMARI DISTRICT.
management and weight loss.
97864 51463

UNIT
9 Parts of Computer
TEXT BOOK EXERCISES Keyboard - Wireless connection

HDMI - Output device
Y
I. Choose the correct answer:
H
Ans:
IC
1. Which one of the following is an output VGA - Connecting cable
device?
TR
Bluetooth - Wireless connection
a) Mouse b) Keyboard c) Speaker d) Pendrive
Printer - Output device
Ans: c) Speaker
IN
Keyboard - Input device
2. Name the cable that connects CPU to the
HDMI - It connects monitor,
LD
Monitor projector
a) Ethernet b) VGA c) HDMI d) USB with the computer
R
Ans: b) VGA
III. Short answer:
O
3. Which one of the following is an input

W
device? 1. Name the parts of a computer.

a) Speaker b) Mouse c) Monitor d) Printer ¾ Input Unit
E
¾ Central Processing Unit (CPU)

C
Ans: b) Mouse
¾ Output Unit
N
4. Which one of the following is an example

IE
for wireless connections? 2. Bring out any two diferences between input
a) Wi-Fi b) Electric wires c) VGA d) USB and output devices.
SC
Ans: a) Wi-Fi Input Device Output Device

5. Pen drive is device. The input unit helps The output unit converts,
a) Output b) Input to send the data and command received by
commands for the the computer in the form
c) Storage d) Connecting cable processing. The of binary signals into
devices that are used easily understandable
Ans: c) Storage
to input data are characters.
II. Match the following: called input devices.
VGA - Input device Keyboard, Mouse etc., Monitor, Printer etc.,
Bluetooth - Connecting cable Prepared by

Printer - It connects monitor, A.YOVANPETER,M.Sc.,B.Ed.,
projector B.TASST SCIENCE
ST.JOSEPH'S COLLEGE HR SEC SCHOOL TRICHY-2
with the computer
9.Parts of Computer 46 https://yovanpetertrichy.blogspot.com

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SCIENCE WORLD IN TRICHY

D.Felix Arockia Raj,M.Sc.,B.Ed.,

6 Acids, Bases and Salts 23

8 Organ Systems in Animals 37

E - book Assessment DIGI links

Lesson Qr code Video's Visit Here.

6. In which mode of transfer of heat,

a) fahrenheit b) joule a) Solar cell b) Solar cooker

c) celsius d) kelvin c) Thermometer d) Thermos flask

Ans: d.kelvin Ans: d. Thermos flask

3. The Specific heat capacity of water is II. Fill in the blanks:

a) 4200 Jkg-1K-1 b) 420 Jg-1K-1

1. Te fastest mode of heat transfer is .

Ans: a. 4200 Jkg-1K-1 2. During day time, air blows from

4. Two cylindrical rods of same length have Ans: sea to land

the area of cross section in the ratio 2:1. If

both the rods are made up of same material, conductors of heat.

temperature by electromagnetic waves.

all water gets converted into water vapour.

V. Answer in detail: Winds

During day time, the air in contact with the

land becomes hot and rises. Now the cool air

sea breeze. During night time, air above the sea

is warmer. As the warmer air over the surface

of the sea rises, cooler air above the land moves

towards the sea. It is called land breeze.

Change of state of matter

changes its state to gas is called boiling point.

liquid by releasing heat is called condensation.

Te temperature at which a vapour changes

its state to liquid is called condensation point.

1000C/212oF.Because of this ,high heat won't cook

L iqu will take longer to boil.

O N E L A T E N T S 100 can be factored out

= 2 x 334000 + 2 x 4200 x (20 - 0 )

Use the formula q = mc∆T 4. A piece of aluminium of mass 0.5 kg

q = heat energy 0.4 kg of water at 10ºC. If the resulting

m = mass temperature of the mixture is 30ºC, what

q = (25 g)x(4.18 J/g·°C)[(100 °C - 0 °C)]

2. What could be the final temperature of a C =0.4x4200x20

d)) absence of proton

2. Rubbing of comb with hair d)) Ampere heating

a)) creates electric charge Ans: a) Joule heating

7. The following is not a safety device.

a)) fuse b)) trip switch

d)) neither (a) nor (b)

Ans: b)) transfers electric charge

3. Electric field lines from positive

10. In India the frequency of alternating IV. Fill in the blanks

4. Resistance (d) ohm 1. A bird sitting on a high power electric line

5. Electric current (e) ampere

(low) resistance. Birds have high resistance.

III. True or False b) Birds are not good conductors of

1. Electrically neutral means it is either zero electrons an easier route.

2. Two resistors 12Ω and 6Ω are first

connected in series and then in parallel.

The current-voltage graph for the two

3. The anode in electrolyte is negative.

4. Current can produce magnetic field.

R unit for current is ampere with the

Ohm’s law states that electric potential

Ans: True Te horizontal rows are called periods.

Based on the physical and chemical