International Electrical Engineering Journal (IEEJ)
Vol. 7 (2016) No.8, pp. 2347-2358
ISSN 2078-2365
http://www.ieejournal.com/
Energy and Exergy Based Analysis of
Hybrid Solar Dryer
Deepika Chauhan1*, Sanjay Agrawal 2
1
Jaipur National University, Jaipur-302025, India,
2
School of Engineering and Technology, IGNOU, New Delhi, -110068, India
Deepika0501@gmail.com,sanjuaggrawal@gmail.com

Abstract- In the present study, hybrid photo-voltaic thermal
(PVT) solar dryer model has been developed. There is no
external source of electrical supply arrangement for force mode
of air circulation has been used. Solar dryer incorporating a
photo-voltaic (PV) delivers electrical power to the DC fan for
forced air circulation. The dryer has been coupled to a PVT air
heater which is having blackened absorber plate for improving
the energy collection efficiency. In order to fulfil our objective a
hybrid PVT system consisting of PVT air heater and a drying
chamber with number of trays has been developed. This hybrid
PVT system can be used for drying of spices, vegetables &
fruits. In the present study, an experiment model has been
proposed without placing any drying material in the tray i.e.
under no load condition. Analysis has been carried on the basis
of thermal energy and exergy gain by considering four weather
conditions under four different climatic condition of India i.e.
New Delhi, Jodhpur, Bangalore and Srinagar.
Keywords-Instantaneous thermal efficiency, Electrical
efficiency, Solar dryer, Solar collector, PV module
I. INTRODUCTION
In the past years, villagers generally used traditional
sun-drying technique for which a lot of land is required. In
order to conserve the conventional energy sources, a lot of
research and development work has been started. For forced
convection drying, PV module powered air circulation has
been used by very few researchers. The fan or blower which is
used to extract the heat and fed it to the dryer is operated
either by grid electricity or by the electricity which is
produced by PV module itself. Forced circulation of heated
air is done with the help of fan or blower. Later on
development of a solar grain incorporating photovoltaic
powered air circulation was done by Mumbe Ji [1] and he
concluded that drying by incorporating PV driven DC fan
reduces the drying time by 70% in comparison to open sun
drying. A comparison of hybrid PVT air heating collector
coupled with CPC & without CPC was carried out by Garg &
Adhikari [2]. The transient performance of conventional PVT
air collector with different configuration i.e single pass &
double pass has also been analysed by Garg & Adhikari [3].
Deepika and Sanjay Energy and Exergy Based Analysis of Hybrid Solar Dryer
Dincer [4] has reported the various relations which are
basically based on energy, energy policy making, energy and
environment. In regards to this Farkas et al. [5] developed a
solar dryer PV module which can run a fan for artificial
circulation of air. An innovative approach in the field of
double pass photovoltaic thermal (PVT) solar collector for
solar drying purpose was done by Sopian et al. [6]. A
mathematical model of indirect sun drying of banana was
developed by Phougchandag & woods [7] and his results
found to be in good agreement with the experimental result. A
new model of solar dryer was developed by Saleh & Sarkar
[8] in which a separate PV panel of 20W was installed to
operate a 12 V DC fan which can be further used for forced
convection. Hossian et al. [9] optimized a solar tunnel dryer
for chilli drying in Bangladesh and conclude that design
geometry is more sensitive to costs occurred in construction
of collector, solar radiation & air velocity in the dryer in
comparison to material costs, fixed costs and operating costs.
Dubey et al. [10] has done the analysis by performing their
experimental work for fixed mode under no load condition
during April 2008 and their experimental result validate the
theoretical result for New Delhi climatic condition. Hybrid
PVT green house dryer was developed by Barnwal & Tiwari
[11] for grape drying in order to evaluate heat & mass transfer
of the proposed model and various experimental data
regarding amount of moisture content evaporated, surface
temperature of the grape, ambient air temperature &
humidity, green house air temperature & humidity were also
recorded. Four different type of weather conditions have been
classified as Type a-d Singh & Tiwari [12]. Sajith &
Muraleedharan [13] found that the better drying performance
was obtained for drying process of Amla with hybrid system
in comparison to sun drying. D.Parikh [14] has designed a
double shelf cabinet dryer connected to flat plate collector
and studied various combinations of glass and polycarbonate
sheet as glazing & thermocol as insulator. Maia C.B et al. [15]
present a numerical simulation of air flow inside a hybrid
solar –electrical dryer using a commercial CED package and
found that the velocity and temperature of air flow are
homogenous in drying chamber which is desirable & suitable
for drying purpose. H. Mortezapour [16] has study the
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International Electrical Engineering Journal (IEEJ)
Vol. 7 (2016) No.8, pp. 2347-2358
ISSN 2078-2365
http://www.ieejournal.com/

performance of hybrid PV/T solar dryer equipped with heat
pump for Saffron drying and concluded that adding a heat
pump to dryer led to the reduction in drying time & energy
consumption and also increases electrical efficiency of solar
collector. Ravinder et al. [17] give their reviews regarding
various greenhouse structures, constructional and working
principle and concluded that greenhouse technology improves
the quality of products and reduces drying time.
H.Mortezapour [18] done the quality evaluation of Saffron
drying using a heat pump-assisted hybrid PV/T solar dryer
and result showed that colouring characteristics of Saffron
improves with drying temperature & heat pump system and
aromatic strength of Saffron also increased with increasing air
temperature. Sajith et al. [19] has done the economic analysis
for drying of Amla fruit and found payback period to be 5.66
years which was very low compared to the life span (20 years)
of the system. M A Aravidh et al. [20] research reviews
includes different type of dryers, different aspect of solar
drying, parameters involved in drying process and economic
analysis and their conclusion proves that this technology
should be given wider publicity. Takumi et al.[23] concluded
that operation of PV/T panel under condition of maximum
energy point reduces the cell efficiency to half of that
obtained under standard conditions. They also concluded that
combination of PV panel and solar collector with a gap gives
higher performance than conventional PV model. Ahmad
Hussien Besheer et al. [24] concludes with identifying the
major factors that affect the performance of typical PV/T
systems and lead to effective enhancement of the heat removal
mechanisms thus improving the electrical and thermal solar
conversion efficiencies. H. Ben cheikh el hocine et al.[25]
implemented a 3D model of a new PVT collector using the
Comsol environment. A (FEM) approach is used for the
analysis of the thermal and electrical behavior.
A proposed model of PV based solar dryer of 50W
has been designed for analysis purpose. This system consist of
air heater, drying chamber and performance study of the
module was done under no crop condition for four different
climatic condition of India (i.e New Delhi, Bangalore,
Jodhpur and Srinagar) under four different type of weather
condition.
II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
outlet of air heater. This heated air is then forced into the
drying chamber which then passes through number of meshes
which consist of trays in which required crop material for
drying can be placed. This air then takes away the moisture
content of the drying material and get exhausted through
chimney. The sides of the drying chamber are sealed properly
with putty in order to avoid any leakage of air. To face the
problem of rain water drainage in rainy season a slanting roof
was provided above the drying chamber.
In the present study, an analysis has been done to calculate the
temperature in air heater and the drying chamber. In order to
achieve this purpose no crop material is placed in drying
chamber. A fan extracts the heated air from the air heater and
circulates it in the drying chamber so that the required
temperature to be measured is provided by the drying
chamber. During the analysis, following parameters like
outlet temperature, solar cell temperature, back surface
temperature, inlet air temperature have been calculated. The
analysis has been done by considering the data provided by
IMD, Pune Agrawal & Tiwari [21].
III. THERMAL ENERGY ANALYSIS
In order to write the energy balance equation for the hybrid
PVT solar dryer, following assumptions have been made:
1) The system is in quasi steady state condition.
2) Ohmic losses in solar cell are negligible
3) Heat capacity of solar cell is neglected.
4) Temperature gradient along the thickness of solar cell is
not present.

The proposed model of solar dryer has been designed for the
purpose of analysis. The major component of solar dryer is
solar air heater and drying unit. The solar air heater part
consists of a PV module and a glass as flat plate collector. The
design of hybrid PVT solar dryer is shown in the Fig. 1(a) and
its cross-section view is shown in the Fig. 1(b).The incoming
solar radiation fall on PV module which converts solar
radiation into electricity which is used to drive a DC fan for
forced mode of operation. The function of collector is to
convert solar radiation in the form of solar energy. A 12 V DC
fan which is used to extract the heated air is connected at the
Fig. 1 (a) Schematic diagram of hybrid PVT solar dryer
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Deepika and Sanjay Energy and Exergy Based Analysis of Hybrid Solar Dryer
International Electrical Engineering Journal (IEEJ)
Vol. 7 (2016) No.8, pp. 2347-2358
ISSN 2078-2365
http://www.ieejournal.com/

α τ g 1  β c It bd x =Rate of solar energy available on

2
b
blackened plate

h
p,air
TP  Tair bd x =Rate of heat transfer from

blackened plate to flowing air

U  
T  Ta bd x =An overall heat loss from
bp,a P
blackened plate to ambient

From equation (2) an expression for temperature of blackened

plate can be obtained as-
Fig.1 (b) Cross-section view of solar dryer partially covered
with PV module

The energy balance equations for the given hybrid PVT solar  2, eff I(t)  U bp,a Ta  h p,air Tair
dryer can be written as: Tp 
U bp,a  h p,air
i) For solar cell (2a)

τ g α cβ It bd x  U tc,a Tc  Ta bd x  iii) For Air flowing through the duct
 
c
U T T bd x + α c ηcβ c It τ g bd x
Tc,air c air
(1)
τ g α cβ It bd x  Rate of solar energy available on solar
dTair
m a .c a
dx
dx = h T  T bd x
p,air P air
  +

 
c
cell U T T bd x
Tc,air c
U tc,a Tc  Ta bd x =An overall heat loss from top surface
air
(3)

 
of the solar cell to the ambient
U Tc  T bd x =An overall heat loss from solar
Tc,air air . dT
m a c a air dx =mass flow rate of flowing air
cell to the flowing air dx
α c ηcβ c It τ g bd x =Rate of electrical energy produced
h
p,air
TP  Tair bd x = Rate of heat transfer from
From equation (1) the temperature of the solar cell can be
obtained as- blackened plate to flowing air

 1, eff I(t)  U tc,a Ta  U Tc,air Tair U

Tc,air
Tc  Tair bd x =An overall heat loss from solar
Tc  cell to the flowing air
U tc,a  U
Tc,air
(1a) Solving equation (3) with the help of equation (1a) & (2a) and
rearranging them, we get
ii) For blackened absorber plate
dTair  bU L,m  bατ m,eff I(t)
α τ g 1  β c It bd x
2
= h TP  Tair bd x + dx
 T
 m a .c a  air 
T
a  
m a .c a
b p,air  
U
bp,a P

T  Ta bd x  (2)
(4)
Integrating above equations with initial condition
T T at x=0 and at x=L, T T , an
air airin air airout
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Deepika and Sanjay Energy and Exergy Based Analysis of Hybrid Solar Dryer
International Electrical Engineering Journal (IEEJ)
Vol. 7 (2016) No.8, pp. 2347-2358
ISSN 2078-2365
http://www.ieejournal.com/

expression for outlet air temperature from the PV module can Rate of thermal energy available from hybrid PVT solar dryer
be obtained as- .
can be written as- Q uthermal,( mc )  m. a c a Tairout2  Tairin 
 bUL,mL 
ατ m,eff I(t)   (8)

T  T 
airout1  a
  1 e

m .c

.

a a  Q uthermal,( m c )  A m FRm m,eff I( t )  U L,m Tairin  Ta  


U L,m
 
 

  A c FRc c,eff I( t )  U L,c Tairout1  Ta  
(8a)
bUL,mL .
Q uthermal,m
ma.ca Tairout1  Tairin 
T e m. a c a
airin
(4a) (8b)
Rate of thermal energy available at the end of PV collector
Q.uthermal,m  m.a ca Tairout1  Tairin  Substituting the values and simplifying it, we get
(5)   AF U  
Substituting the value of Tairout1 from equation (4a), we get Q.uthermal,( m  c)  A m FRm m,eff 1  c Rc. L,c   AcFRc c,eff  I( t )
Q . uthermal,m  A m FRm m,eff I(t )  U L,m Tairin  Ta    m a ca  
  AF U  
 A m FRm 1  c Rc. L,c   A m FRcU L,c Tairin  Ta 
(6)
Here outlet from the PV module-collector ( Tairout1 ) become   m a ca  
inlet to the glass-collector ( Tairin 1 ), final outlet temperature (8c)
An expression for instantaneous thermal efficiency of flat
from the PVT module is Tairout2 .The outlet air temperature
from PV/T air collector can be obtained as –
 bUL,cL  plate collector can be obtained as-
 ατ c,eff I(t)  ma.ca 


 T    1 e  T  Ta 
i  FR   U L airin
T
airout2  a   
I( t ) 
U L,c
    
  (9)
bUL,cL
ma.ca Taking the design parameter of the present case,
T e instantaneous thermal efficiency can be obtained as-
airin1
Tairin  Ta
(7) i  0.62  5.12
Here again Tairin1 = Tairout1 , the expression for outlet air I( t )
temperature from PV/T air collector reduces (10)
to-
 bU L,cL  IV. ENERGY & EXERGY GAIN ANALYSIS
 ατ c,eff I(t)  ma.ca 
 On the basis of first law of thermodynamics, an expression for
T 
 T    1 e overall thermal gain can be defined as-
airout2  a U L,c   
   Q .

Q   Q u ,therma lg ain
u ,electrica lg ain
 
.
u ,overallg ain
.

0.38
   bU L 
  L, m  (11)
bU L,cL
 ατ  I(t)   .c 
 m, eff   1  e
m
a a xe ma ca
. Above equation shows that electrical energy is a high grade
  T 
   form of energy which is required for the operation of DC

a U
L, m    motor. This electrical energy is converted into the thermal
   equivalent by dividing it by the electric power generation
   conversion efficiency factor of India i.e by 0.38.
(7a)
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Deepika and Sanjay Energy and Exergy Based Analysis of Hybrid Solar Dryer
International Electrical Engineering Journal (IEEJ)
Vol. 7 (2016) No.8, pp. 2347-2358
ISSN 2078-2365
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Overall thermal output from a hybrid PVT solar
dryer=Thermal energy gained by the system+ (electrical
power/ c,power )
here c,power is the electric power generation efficiency for a
conventional power plant.
In order to carry out the exergy analysis, second law of
thermodynamics is taken into account which includes total
exergy inflow, exergy outflow and exergy destructed from the
system
ambient temperature for the month of May for New Delhi
climatic condition is shown in the Fig. 2. Hourly variation for
solar cell temperature and electrical efficiency is shown in the
Fig. 3. One can be observed that with the increase in solar cell
temperature, electrical efficiency decreases and vice versa.
Eqn.7 (a) is used to evaluate the outlet air temperature without
placing any drying material in the drying chamber. It has been
observed that the outlet air temperature varies from 32.82 o C
to 44.16 o C. A theoretical value of hourly variation of outlet
air temperature is shown in the Fig. 4. It is clear from the

E   E . xgoutflow   E. xgdest
. above Fig. that outlet air temperature is minimum in the
xg inf low
morning hours and it reaches maximum at 12.00-1.00 PM and
(12) again it decreases. It is only due to variation of solar radiation
from morning to noon time. Eqn. (9) is used to obtain the
But E .
xgoutlow   E . xgthermal   E. xgelect instantaneous value of thermal efficiency and the value is
shown in the Fig. 5.This is in accordance with the work done
(12a) by early researchers like Agrawal & Tiwari [22].
Eqn. (8c) is used to evaluate the useful heat gain obtained
So above equation reduces to- from hybrid PVT solar dryer. The theoretical values of useful
heat gain with respect to time are shown in the Fig.6. It has
E .
xg inf low  ( E . xgthermal   E. xgelect )   E . xgdest been seen from the Figure that the value of useful heat gain
varies from 0.242 to 0.58 kWh.
(12b)
Where
Table I: Design parameters of hybrid PVT solar dryer
 4  Ta  Parameters Values
1     Ac 1.196 m2
 3  Ts 
E .
xg inf low  A c  N c  I( t )   4
Am 0.364 m2
 1   Ta  
b 0.65 m
 3  Ts   Ca 1005 kJ/kg K
  FR 1
(12c) L 2.4 m
hp1 0.47
Where Ac is the area of collector and Ts is the sun’s hp2 0.966
temperature in Kelvin. Ubp,a 0.675 W/m2 K
UL,C 5.9 W/m2 K
UL,m 3.57 W/m2 K
 T  273 
E .
xgthermal  Q . u 1  a  Utc,a 9.6 W/m2 K
 Tairout  273  UTc,air 5.6 W/m2 K
(12d) αc 0.9
τc 0.95

E .
xgelectrical  A m  c  I(t ) βc
η0
0.83
0.12
(12e) αb 0.8
Τg 0.95
E .
xgoverall   E. xg,thermal   E. xg,electrical
Eqs. 8(c), 12(e) & 12(f) are used to obtain the value of
(12f)
thermal, electrical and exergy gains. Monthly variation of
electrical, thermal, exergy gain and overall thermal energy
gain for type a, b, c & d type of weather condition for New
V. RESULT & DISCUSSION
Delhi climatic condition have been shown in the Fig. 7(a), (b),
(c) & (d) respectively. It is clear from the above Figure that
MATLAB 7.0 Software has been used for evaluating various
maximum value of the gains are obtained during the summer
parameters. Table I shows the design parameters of hybrid
season in the month of May while minimum during winter
PVT solar dryer. The hourly variation of solar intensity and
season in the month of December.
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Deepika and Sanjay Energy and Exergy Based Analysis of Hybrid Solar Dryer
International Electrical Engineering Journal (IEEJ)
Vol. 7 (2016) No.8, pp. 2347-2358
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1000 40 46

44

42

Ambient temperature,Ta 0c
Solar intensity,I(t)W/m 2

outlet air temperature 0C

40
500 35

38

36

34

0 30
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 32
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Time in hrs
Time in hrs
Fig. 2 Variation of solar intensity & ambient temperature with time for the
Fig.4 Hourly variation of outlet air temperature in the month of May of 'a'
month of May of 'a' type weather condition of New Delhi city.
type weather condition of New Delhi city.

75 15.5

0.614
Instantaneous Thermal

70 15 0.613
0.612
Efficiency
Solar cell Temperature 0c

65 14.5
0.611
Efficiency %

0.61
60 14
0.609

55 13.5
0.608

50 13 (Tairin-Ta)/I(t)

45 12.5 Fig. 5 Hourly variation of instantaneous efficiency Vs (Tairin-Ta)/I(t) in the

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 month of May of 'a' type weather condition of New Delhi city.
Time in hrs

Fig.3 Variation of solar cell temperature & efficiency with time for the
month of May of 'a' type weather condition of New Delhi city.

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Deepika and Sanjay Energy and Exergy Based Analysis of Hybrid Solar Dryer
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0.65
60
0.6

Thermal gain (kWh)

50
0.55

0.5 40
useful heat gain kWh

0.45
30 Type a
0.4

0.35
20 Type b
0.3 10 Type c
0.25
0 Type d

May

July
January
Febuary
March

June

October
April

November
December
september
August
0.2
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Time in hrs

Fig. 6 Hourly variation of useful heat gain in the month of May of 'a' type
weather condition of New Delhi city.
Month of Year
4.5
4
Electrical gain (kWh)

3.5 Fig . 7(b) Monthly variation of thermal energy gain for a, b, c & d type
3 weather condition of New Delhi climatic condition.
2.5
2 Type a
1.5 Type b
1 4.5
Type c
Overall Exergy gain,kWh

4
0.5
Type d 3.5
0
3
May

July
January
Febuary
March

June
April

October
November
september

December
August

2.5
2 Type a
1.5 Type b
Month of Year 1
Type c
0.5
0 Type d
May

July
January

October
Febuary
March

June
April

November
september

December
August

Fig. 7(a) Monthly variation of electrical energy gain for a, b, c & d type
weather condition of New Delhi climatic condition.

Month of year

Fig. 7 (c) Monthly variation of overall exergy gain for a, b, c & d type
weather condition of New Delhi climatic condition.

2353
Deepika and Sanjay Energy and Exergy Based Analysis of Hybrid Solar Dryer
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160
140
120
100

gain (kWh)
80
Thermal Energy
60
gain
40
overall Thermal
20
Energy gain
0

July
May

October
January
Febuary
March
April

June

December
september
August

November
Month of year

Fig.8(b) Monthly Variation of thermal energy gain & overall thermal energy
Fig. 7(d) Monthly Variation of overall thermal energy gain for a, b, c & d gain for New Delhi climatic conditions.
type weather condition of New Delhi climatic condition.

1600
Thermal & overall Thermal

1400
12
Energy gain (kWh)

1200
10 1000
8 800 overall Thermal
600 Energy gain
gain (kWh)

6
Electrical 400 Thermal Energy
4 Energy gain 200 gain
2 Overall 0
Exergy gain
0
May

July
January
Febuary
March

October
April

August
June

December
september

November

Fig. 9 Annual thermal energy gain & overall thermal energy gain for four
Month of year different cities of India by considering a-d type weather condition.

City is 11.72% while it is 16.06% & 11.15% between Jodhpur

Fig. 8(a) Monthly Variation of electrical energy gain & overall exergy gain
for New Delhi climatic condition.
The variation of different gain for type a, b, c & d type
weather condition depends upon the number of clear days
belong to that particular month. Various annual gain obtained
for New Delhi climatic conditions is shown in Fig. 8 (a) &
(b).This again follows the same trend of being maximum in
the month of May and minimum in the month of December.
The annual gain obtained for type a, b, c & d type weather
condition for different climatic condition of India i.e New
Delhi, Jodhpur, Bangalore & Srinagar is shown in the Fig. 9.
It is clear from the Figure that maximum value of gain is
obtained for Bangalore city while minimum for Srinagar city.
The percentage variation between Bangalore and Srinagar
Deepika and Sanjay
& New Delhi with Srinagar city.
VI. CONCLUSION
Following conclusions have been drawn:
1. Analysis on the basis of thermal gain, electrical gain
and exergy gain for New Delhi, Jodhpur, Bangalore
and Srinagar shows that the Bangalore city is the best
city to install such type of hybrid PVT solar dryer.
2. Since this type of system does not require any external
source of supply hence it is beneficial to install such
system in remote areas where agriculture crop drying
and electricity generation can be done
simultaneously.
3. The present module can also be analysed under load
condition i.e by placing drying material in the trays
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International Electrical Engineering Journal (IEEJ)
Vol. 7 (2016) No.8, pp. 2347-2358
ISSN 2078-2365
http://www.ieejournal.com/
and economic analysis of that module can also be
done.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Author would like to express his great thank to
Dr.G.N.Tiwari ,Centre for Energy Studies, IITD, New Delhi
for his valuable suggestions and discussion.
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Average hourly global radiation (W/m2) on horizontal surface, number of day falling under different weather condition and the
average ambient temperature (0C) (Source:IMD Pune)
New Delhi: i) average hourly global radiation for “type a” weather condition (W/m2)

Solar Intensity Month of Year

Time Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

8am 132.99 180.29 266.77 368.14 406.31 436.67 367.36 333.59 277.96 168.75 121.46 93.12

9am 355.56 403.58 488.94 588.48 608.84 637.22 587.04 528.54 501.30 364.58 316.04 275.27

10am 554.69 594.44 671.21 767.81 776.26 802.22 737.27 674.49 682.04 565.28 485.35 443.25

11am 680.73 729.39 804.33 888.32 897.98 915.00 831.71 820.20 809.07 694.45 609.97 565.87

12am 726.74 786.02 866.93 941.0 956.82 951.67 881.48 868.18 869.07 761.8 664.01 621.83

Global 1pm 733.85 792.03 869.28 944.12 950.51 946.11 896.53 807.83 855.19 756.25 657.45 618.39

2pm 656.08 728.58 803.15 878.68 886.62 882.78 820.60 766.67 779.81 686.11 587.37 553.31

3pm 500.00 584.23 665.33 746.90 761.37 765.56 753.24 658.08 656.48 543.75 454.17 426.19

4pm 311.46 391.22 483.01 568.30 580.81 611.67 569.68 477.78 483.89 362.50 274.62 253.97

5pm 106.42 178.23 264.10 348.61 372.48 420.00 373.15 305.81 270.19 152.08 84.09 68.78

ii) average hourly global radiation for “type b” weather condition (W/m2)
Solar Month of Year
Intensity Time Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

8am 119.58 186.67 300.45 413.11 439.11 433.34 398.66 366.89 277.34 260.00 153.11 86.66
9am 332.50 425.84 540.22 635.55 641.34 641.34 592.22 551.78 499.78 442.00 332.22 280.22
10am 516.25 609.59 733.78 808.89 794.45 794.45 751.11 713.55 687.55 598.00 470.89 456.45
11am 650.41 752.50 872.45 936.00 898.45 912.89 840.66 832.00 788.66 693.34 574.89 580.66
12am 708.75 813.75 933.11 999.55 947.55 999.55 936.00 881.11 837.78 728.00 606.66 629.78
1pm 723.33 822.50 938.89 982.22 936.00 996.66 907.11 881.11 860.89 702.00 563.34 635.55
Global
2pm 650.41 758.33 869.55 901.34 852.22 912.89 837.78 808.89 800.22 615.34 491.11 566.22
3pm 498.75 603.75 713.55 751.11 722.22 808.89 707.78 687.55 667.34 465.11 352.45 424.66
4pm 315.00 408.33 522.89 557.55 540.22 635.55 554.66 505.55 462.22 283.11 193.55 228.22
5pm 110.84 183.75 288.89 332.22 340.89 416.00 352.45 317.78 265.78 98.22 86.66 63.55

iii) average hourly global radiation for “type c” weather condition (W/m2)
Solar Month of Year
Intensity Time Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
8am 71.11 117.78 197.78 288.89 361.11 358.33 333.33 297.50 261.25 195.83 66.66 66.66
9am 235.55 284.45 366.66 453.34 566.67 555.56 530.67 490.00 456.53 365.56 206.66 216.00
10am 360.00 420.00 513.34 582.22 708.33 727.78 642.66 597.50 617.50 496.11 333.34 365.34
11am 457.78 522.22 613.34 677.78 841.67 816.67 744.0 700.00 691.39 587.50 415.55 482.67
12am 515.55 562.22 664.45 724.45 894.44 833.33 778.67 702.50 730.97 624.06 444.45 544.00
1pm 515.55 562.22 662.22 720.00 872.22 861.11 762.66 702.50 752.09 608.39 453.34 522.66
Global 2pm 462.22 506.66 602.22 664.45 805.56 763.89 722.67 630.00 712.50 514.39 406.66 448.00
3pm 353.34 384.45 497.78 564.45 666.67 688.89 602.67 540.00 575.28 383.83 313.34 341.34
4pm 217.78 266.66 353.34 420.00 513.89 538.89 469.33 430.00 414.30 229.77 177.78 200.00
5pm 71.11 111.11 188.89 233.34 322.22 333.33 280.00 282.50 255.97 73.11 62.22 58.67

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iv) average hourly global radiation for “type d” weather condition (W/m2)
Solar Month of Year
Intensity Time Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
8am 51.20 94.30 169.75 266.75 304.12 235.12 262.50 208.47 155.00 110.84 63.88 54.45
9am 188.61 331.42 441.89 503.44 350.12 397.50 358.89 287.50 237.66 184.00 176.95 176.95
10am 237.11 247.89 479.61 600.86 623.56 454.88 515.00 440.70 425.00 375.66 273.44 272.22
11am 301.78 291.00 552.36 716.72 702.78 595.44 587.50 530.41 557.5 488.12 375.66 356.61
12am 379.92 369.14 590.08 773.30 761.56 672.12 605.0 572.64 585.00 503.44 444.66 397.45
Global 1pm 379.92 412.25 627.80 757.14 764.12 682.34 615.00 588.47 585.00 511.12 477.8 405.61
2pm 328.72 374.53 568.53 689.78 621.00 631.22 517.50 562.09 530.00 454.88 424.22 359.34
3pm 261.36 299.08 463.45 541.58 529.00 536.66 445.00 496.11 442.50 339.88 337.34 239.55
4pm 161.67 204.78 307.17 425.72 426.78 426.78 347.50 348.34 350.00 237.66 198.33 141.55
5pm 45.80 88.92 161.67 239.80 255.56 281.12 232.50 195.28 187.50 113.75 66.44 52.72

Number of Days fall under different weather condition

Type of Weather Jan. Feb. Mar Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
condition

Type a 3 3 5 4 4 3 2 2 7 5 6 3

Type b 8 4 6 7 9 4 3 3 3 10 10 7

Type c 11 12 12 14 12 14 10 7 10 13 12 13

Type d 9 9 8 5 6 9 17 19 10 3 2 8

Yearly Average Ambient Temperature (0C)

Month of Year

Time Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

8am 7.90 9.20 15.80 25.00 30.80 26.50 26.10 24.30 27.90 21.00 17.00 9.60

9am 7.90 9.10 15.90 25.00 30.80 26.30 26.10 24.30 27.90 21.00 16.70 9.10

10am 7.90 8.90 15.9 25.00 30.10 26.30 26.20 24.30 27.90 20.50 16.50 8.90

11am 6.60 8.80 15.80 25.10 30.60 26.50 26.30 24.30 28.30 20.50 16.00 8.70

12am 6.40 8.90 16.60 25.90 31.80 27.30 26.60 24.40 28.90 22.70 16.20 9.40

1pm 7.70 11.40 19.90 27.60 33.80 29.90 28.00 25.50 30.60 25.0 20.50 13.10

2pm 10.60 15.10 22.80 30.30 35.30 31.40 28.40 25.60 32.30 28.30 25.00 16.80

3pm 13.00 18.30 26.20 31.70 36.60 32.20 29.30 26.00 33.50 30.50 27.60 19.30

4pm 15.00 20.10 27.00 33.20 37.60 33.60 30.40 26.40 33.90 31.60 28.50 20.90

5pm 16.50 21.60 28.90 34.40 38.50 34.30 30.40 27.10 35.50 32.70 29.60 21.70

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Nomenclature
A Area of PV module, m2
Ac Area of glass collector, m2
Am Area of PV module, m2
b Breadth of PV module, m
ca Specific heat of air, kJ/kg K
d x Elemental length, m
h p1 , h p 2 Penalty factor due to glass cover of PV module (dimensionless)
U tc,a Overall heat transfer co-efficient from solar cell to ambient through glass cover , W/m2 K
U TC ,air An overall heat transfer co-efficient from solar cell to flowing air through glass cover, W/m2 K
h p,air Heat transfer co-efficient from blackened plate to flowing air, W/m2 K
U bp Overall heat transfer co-efficient from bottom to ambient, W/m2 K
Incident solar intensity on the inclined module surface, W/m2
Rate of useful energy, W
Ambient temperature, °C
Flowing air temperature inside the duct, °C
Inlet air temperature, °C
Outlet air temperature, °C
t time ,s
T temperature, K

Subscript
Inlet air
outlet air
a ambient
c solar cell
eff effective
b blackened plate
T tedlar
G glass
m module
Greek alphabets
τ transmittivity
α absorptivity
βc packing factor
ηel temperature dependent electrical efficiency
βo temperature coefficient,K-1
η0 efficiency at standard test condition
ῤ density,kg/m3

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