UNIT-1

1.Introduction
1.1 What is Cloud?

A cloud refers to a distinct IT environment that is designed for the purpose of

remotely provisioning scalable and measured IT resources. The term originated as
a metaphor for the Internet which is, in essence, a network of networks providing
remote access to a set of decentralized IT resources.

1.2 Cloud vs Internet

A cloud has a finite boundary.There are many individual clouds that are accessible
via the Internet.Whereas,the Internet provides open access to many Web-based IT
resources, a cloud is typically privately owned and offers access to IT resources
that is metered.

Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services—servers, storage,

databases, networking, software, analytics and more—over the Internet (“the
cloud”). Companies offering these computing services are called cloud providers.

1.3 Different Types Of Servers

1.3.1 Cloud Servers

Cloud servers can be configured to provide levels of performance, security and
control similar to those of a dedicated server. But instead of being hosted on
physical hardware that’s solely dedicated to you, they reside on a shared
“virtualized” environment that’s managed by your cloud hosting provider. You
benefit from the economies of scale of sharing hardware with other customers.

Cloud servers utilize multiple servers connected together in a cluster which is

backed by SAN(Storage Area Network) storage. Customers utilizing a cloud
platform will benefit from the multiple servers because they will receive unlimited
storage, maximum bandwidth, managed load balancing and no ties to a specific
piece of hardware. The basic difference between public and private clouds is in
public, the cluster is multi-tenant and a private is a single client.
With cloud servers, you only pay for the exact amount of server space used, and
have the benefit of infinite flexibility. You can scale resources up or down
resources depending on demand, and avoid paying for idle infrastructure costs
when demand is low. 

1.3.2 Dedicated Servers

A dedicated server is a physical server that is purchased or rented entirely for your
own business needs. Dedicated servers are great for large businesses, organizations
that require exceptionally high levels of data security, or organizations that have
predictable demand necessitating all of their servers running 24x7x365. Businesses
using I/O-heavy applications such as databases and Big Data platforms also find
significant value in bare metal dedicated hardware. Businesses using dedicated
servers still need the IT capacity and expertise to manage the ongoing
maintenance. 

1.3.3 Virtual Private Server

ALSO KNOWN AS VPS, VIRTUAL DEDICATED SERVER, VDS

One physical server, divided into several smaller server slices that each act as their
own virtual server environment.Typically less expensive than cloud servers.No file
or data access occurs between VPS clients on the shared server. They are kept
separate.If needed one VPS can be rebooted without affecting other VPSs on
shared server.

But on the otherhand,they do not offer high-availability. If physical server fails, all
VPSs on that server fail.There can be security concerns. Computing resources are
shared between all clients, therefore, RAM, bandwidth and CPU performance can
be affected if another VPS on the shared server is demanding a higher load.Only
one operating system can be utilized by each physical server.They are not scalable.
Storage is based on physical server limitations. Once you meet your max VPS
capacity, you have to either buy more space or look into other options. This could
take many hours or days of downtime to migrate to a new solution.
 2.Cloud Computing Definition
Cloud computing, often referred to as simply “the cloud,” is the delivery of on-
demand computing resources .Everything from applications to data centers over
the internet on a pay-for-use basis.
o Elastic resources — Scale up or down quickly and easily to meet
demand.
o Metered service —so you only pay for what you use.
o Self service — All the IT resources you need with self-service access.

2.1 Types Of Cloud

2.1.1 Public cloud

Public clouds are owned and operated by companies that offer rapid access over a
public network to affordable computing resources. With public cloud services,
users don’t need to purchase hardware, software, or supporting infrastructure,
which is owned and managed by providers.
Key aspects of public cloud
 Innovative SaaS business apps for applications ranging from customer
resource management (CRM) to transaction management and data analytics
 Flexible, scalable IaaS for storage and compute services on a moment’s
notice
 Powerful PaaS for cloud-based application development and deployment
environments

2.1.2 Private cloud

A private cloud is infrastructure operated solely for a single organization, whether
managed internally or by a third party, and hosted either internally or externally.
Private clouds can take advantage of cloud’s efficiencies, while providing more
control of resources and steering clear of multi-tenancy.
 Key aspects of private cloud
 A self-service interface controls services, allowing IT staff to quickly
provision, allocate, and deliver on-demand IT resources
 Highly automated management of resource pools for everything from
compute capability to storage, analytics, and middleware
 Sophisticated security and governance designed for a company’s specific
requirements

2.1.3 Hybrid cloud

A hybrid cloud uses a private cloud foundation combined with the strategic
integration and use of public cloud services. The reality is a private cloud can’t
exist in isolation from the rest of a company’s IT resources and the public cloud.
Most companies with private clouds will evolve to manage workloads across data
centers, private clouds, and public clouds - thereby creating hybrid clouds.
Key aspects of hybrid cloud
 Allows companies to keep the critical applications and sensitive data in a
traditional data center environment or private cloud
 Enables taking advantage of public cloud resources like SaaS, for the latest
applications, and IaaS, for elastic virtual resources
 Facilitates portability of data, apps and services and more choices for
deployment models
3.Origins of Cloud computing

The idea of computing in a "cloud" traces back to the origins of utility computing,
a concept that computer scientist John McCarthy publicly proposed in 1961 as
"If computers of the kind I have advocated become the computers of the future,
then computing may someday be organized as a public utility just as the telephone
system is a public utility.The computer utility could become the basis of a new and
important industry."
In 1969, Leonard Kleinrock, a chief scientist of the Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network or ARPANET project that seeded the Internet, stated:
"As of now, computer networks are still in their infancy, but as they grow up and
become sophisticated, we will probably see the spread of 'computer utilities'.".
The general public has been leveraging forms of Internet-based computer utilities
since the mid-1990s through various incarnations of search engines (Yahoo!,
Google), e-mail services (Hotmail, Gmail), open publishing platforms (MySpace,
Facebook, YouTube), and other types of social media (Twitter, LinkedIn). Though
consumer-centric, these services popularized and validated core concepts that form
the basis of modern-day cloud computing.
In the late 1990s, Salesforce.com pioneered the notion of bringing remotely
provisioned services into the enterprise. In 2002, Amazon.com launched the
Amazon Web Services (AWS) platform, a suite of enterprise-oriented services that
provide remotely provisioned storage, computing resources, and business
functionality.
A slightly different evocation of the term "Network Cloud" or "Cloud" was
introduced in the early 1990s throughout the networking industry. It referred to an
abstraction layer derived in the delivery methods of data across heterogeneous
public and semi-public networks that were primarily packet-switched, although
cellular networks used the "Cloud" term as well. The networking method at this
point supported the transmission of data from one end-point (local network) to the
"Cloud" (wide area network) and then further decomposed to another intended
end-point. This is relevant, as the networking industry still references the use of
this term, and is considered an early adopter of the concepts that underlie utility
computing.
In 2006 that the term "cloud computing" emerged in the commercial arena. It was
during this time that Amazon launched its Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) services
that enabled organizations to "lease" computing capacity and processing power to
run their enterprise applications. Google Apps also began providing browser-based
enterprise applications in the same year, and three years later, the Google App
Engine became another historic milestone.
4.Basic Components of Cloud Computing

Fig-1

In simple topological sense cloud computing components is made of several

element such as

 Clients
 Datacenter
 Distributed server

Each element plays a specific role in delivering the cloud function.

4.1 CLIENTS
   Clients are the device that the end user interact to manage their information on
cloud.
 They generally divide into 3 categories
 Mobile 
 Thin 
 Thick 

4.1.1 MOBILE CLIENTS

  Mobile device include (PDA, SMARTPHONE, or IPHONE) .These device
are portable and work on wireless access of network, through Internet.
 Mobile computing combines cloud computing and wireless networks to
bring together a robust and rich mix of computational resources to users and
providers across the board.
Some benefits of using Thin Clients are

 It lets you be flexible

 Going Real time
 All platforms. All time
 Low cost option
 Data Security

4.1.2 THIN CLIENTS

Thin computers are that do not have internal hard drives, but rather the
server do all their work and then display the information.
Thin computers are becoming relatively popular solution for the cloud 
because of its price or effect on environment.

Some benefits of using Thin Clients are

 
 Lower Hardware cost
 Lower IT cost
 Security
 Less power consumption
 Less noise
 Ease of replacement of hardware

4.1.3 THICK CLIENTS

A thick client is a computer that does not require a connection to a server
system to run (unlike a thin client), although they can benefit from being connected
to a network and a server. Thick clients are often found in the business
environment, where servers are used to provide some data and application support,
but the thick client (office computer) is largely independent. Thick clients have
their own operating system and software applications and can be used offline (not
connected to a network or server).

Some benefits of using Thick Clients are

  Able to be used offline
 Improve performance for multimedia applications
 Increased flexibility
 Higher server capacity

4.2 DATACENTRE
 

Fig-2

Datacentre is collection of server where application to which you subscribe is

resided.It could be a large room in basement, or room full of server which can be
accessed through internet.
Virualization i.e.,using virtual server is one in which software can be
installed allowing multiple instances of virtual server to use.In this way we can
make number of virtual server running on one physical server.The number of
virtual server that can exist on a physical server depend on  the SIZE & SPEED of
the physical server which runs the application of the virtual server.
4.3 DISTRIBUTED CLIENTS

 
  

Fig-3

The server don’t have to be housed in same location.Often server is dispersed

geographically but to the cloud subscriber,the server acts as if they are humming
right away next to each other. This gives the service provider more flexibility in
option and security.
5.Essential Characteristics of Cloud Computing

The five essential characteristics of cloud computing

5.1 On-demand self-service

Fig-4
 A cloud consumer can unilaterally access cloud-based IT resources giving the
cloud consumer the freedom to self-provision.Once configured, usage of the self-
provisioned IT resources can be automated, requiring no further human
involvement by the cloud consumer or cloud provider. This results in an on-
demand usage environment. Also known as "on-demand self-service usage," this
characteristic enables the service-based and usage-driven features found in
mainstream clouds.

5.2 Broad network access 

Fig-5
Broad network access represents the ability for a cloud service to be widely
accessible. Establishing broad network access for a cloud service can require
support for a range of devices, transport protocols, interfaces, and security
technologies. To enable this level of access generally requires that the cloud
service architecture be tailored to the particular needs of different cloud service
consumers.Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through
standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client
platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations).

5.3 Location independent resource pooling

Fig-6

Resource pooling allows cloud providers to pool large-scale IT resources to serve

multiple cloud consumers. Different physical and virtual IT resources are
dynamically assigned and reassigned according to cloud consumer demand,
typically followed by execution through statistical multiplexing. Resource pooling
is commonly achieved through multitenancy technology, and therefore
encompassed by this multitenancy characteristic.
The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using
a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically
assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand. There is a sense of
location independence in that the customer generally has no control or knowledge
over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify
location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter).
Examples of resources include storage, processing, memory, and network
bandwidth.
The characteristic of a software program that enables an instance of the program to
serve different consumers (tenants) whereby each is isolated from the other, is
referred to as multitenancy. A cloud provider pools its IT resources to serve
multiple cloud service consumers by using multitenancy models that frequently
rely on the use of virtualization technologies. Through the use of multitenancy
technology, IT resources can be dynamically assigned and reassigned, according to
cloud service consumer demands.
5.4 Rapid elasticity
Elasticity is the automated ability of a cloud to transparently scale IT resources, as
required in response to runtime conditions or as pre-determined by the cloud
consumer or cloud provider. Elasticity is often considered a core justification for
the adoption of cloud computing, primarily due to the fact that it is closely
associated with the Reduced Investment and Proportional Costs benefit. Cloud
providers with vast IT resources can offer the greatest range of elasticity.The
capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be
appropriated in any quantity at any time. 
5.5 Measured service

Fig-7
The measured usage characteristic represents the ability of a cloud platform to
keep track of the usage of its IT resources, primarily by cloud consumers. Based on
what is measured, the cloud provider can charge a cloud consumer only for the IT
resources actually used and/or for the timeframe during which access to the IT
resources was granted. In this context, measured usage is closely related to the on-
demand characteristic.
Measured usage is not limited to tracking statistics for billing purposes. It also
encompasses the general monitoring of IT resources and related usage reporting
(for both cloud provider and cloud consumers). Therefore, measured usage is also
relevant to clouds that do not charge for usage (which may be applicable to the
private cloud deployment model described in the upcoming Cloud Deployment
Models section).
Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a
metering capability1 at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service
(e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage
can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the
provider and consumer of the utilized service. 
Cloud Computing offers great benefits for organization and individuals by
reducing cost and increasing flexibility. A good and robust Cloud Computing
model should consist of all these five essential characteristics. There are also
privacy and security concerns. If you are building Cloud service or considering
public Cloud, you should think also about how your organization and your
customer’s data can be protected. Carefully review the terms of service or
contracts, and challenge the Cloud provider to meet your needs.
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS ON CLOUD COMPUTING

Q.1. Define cloud computing?

Ans. Cloud computing refers to both the application delivered as services over the internet and

the hardware and system software in the data centres that provide these services. The services

themselves have long been referred to as software as a services(SaaS). So, we use that term. The

data centre hardware and software is what we call a cloud.

Q.2. What is public cloud?

Ans. When a service provider makes resources available to general public over internet, this is

called public cloud.

Q.3. What is private cloud?

Ans. It refers to internal data center of a business or other organization that are not made

available to the public.

Q.4. What is the use of service provider?

Ans. Service provider enjoy greatly simplified software installation and maintenance and

centralized control over versioning.

Q.5. What is the work of end users?

Ans. End user can access the service ” anytime, anywhere”, share data and collaborate more

easily and keep their data stored safely in the infrastructure.

Q.6. Write the name of top ten obstacles and opportunities for adoption and growth of cloud

computing?
Ans. Availability of service, Data transfer and Auditability, Data lock in, Data confidentiality

and Auditability, Performances unpredictability, Scalable storage, Bugs in large scale

distribution systems, Scaling quickly, Reputation fate sharing, Software licensing.

Q.7.What are the essential characteristics of cloud computing?

Ans. On-demand self services, Broad network access, Resource pooling, Rapid elasticity,

Measured service

Q.8. What are the advantages of “Software As A Service” (SaaS)?

Ans. The advantages of “Software As a Service” are as under-

1. Time-to-value: Saas based application performance management can be deployed in a small

fraction of time i.e. the time until you read this article.

2. Cheap cost-Licenses, Maintenance, Administration, Hardware.

3. Its easy to use.

4. Its highly scalable.

Q.9. What are the advantages of cloud computing?

Ans. Cost efficient, almost unlimited storage, backup and recovery, automatic software

integration, easy access to information, quick development.

Q.10. What are the disadvantages of cloud computing?

Ans. Technical issues, security in the cloud, prone to attack.