VALLURUPALLI NAGESWARA RAO VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTE
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Govt of T.S and Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)
Accredited by NBA and NAAC with ‘A++’ Grade
Bachupally, Hyderabad – 500090
Telangana, India.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SEVEN HABITS OF HIGHLY EFFECTIVE PEOPLE

1. Be Proactive.
2. Begin with the end in mind.
3. Put first things first.
4. Think Win-Win.
5. First Understand, then be understood.
6. Synergies.
7. Sharpen Your Saw.

I have followed the above 7 steps during my technical seminar report.

J Prashanth 17071A0484

i
 PILL CAMERA
TECHNICAL SEMINAR SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted By

J. PRASHANTH
17071A0484

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

V SAGAR REDDY
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
VNRVJIET

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

VALLURUPALLI NAGESWARA RAO VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTE
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Govt of T.S and Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)
Accredited by NBA and NAAC with ‘A++’ Grade
Bachupally, Hyderabad – 500090
Telangana, India.
2020-21

ii
 VALLURUPALLI NAGESWARA RAO VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTE
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Govt of T.S and Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)
Accredited by NBA and NAAC with ‘A++’ Grade
Bachupally, Hyderabad – 500090
Telangana, India.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the technical seminar report entitled “PILL CAMERA” is
submitted under my supervision and is being submitted by J. PRASHANTH (17071A0484)
in partial fulfilment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics
and Communication Engineering, of VNR VJIET, Hyderabad during the academic year
2020-21.
Certified further that to the best of my knowledge the work presented in this report
has not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any Degree.

SUPERVISOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

V. SAGAR REDDY DR. Y. PADMA SAI
Assistant Professor Head of the Department, ECE
VNRVJIET VNRVJIET
Hyderabad Hyderabad

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to V. SAGAR REDDY, Assistant

Professor, VNR VJIET for their valuable guidance and constant encouragement in all
respects during this technical seminar work.
I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Y. PADMA SAI, Professor and Head of
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, VNRVJIET, Hyderabad for the
encouragement and guidance provided.
I am thankful to the Principal Dr. C.D. NAIDU, VNRVJIET, Hyderabad, for giving
us permission to carry out this technical seminar.
I am thankful to all the staff members of ECE department, VNRVJIET for their
support during the technical seminar.
I am thankful to all the committee members of ECE department, VNR VJIET for their
support.
Finally, I am thankful to my family members and friends for their great moral support.

J. Prashanth
17071A0484

iv
 ABSTRACT

The goal of technology is to mass-produce items on a huge scale at lower costs and higher
quality. Current technologies have achieved a portion of it, but manufacturing technology is
on a far larger scale. Manufacturing products at the molecular level is the way of the future.
This field of study was first investigated in the 1980s. Manufacturing at the molecular and
atomic levels was ridiculed at the time. However, thanks to the development of
nanotechnology, we have come to terms with it to some extent.

PILL CAMERA is an example of a manufactured product that is used for treatment of cancer,
ulcers, and anaemia. In the sphere of medicine, it has ushered in a revolution. This little
capsule can pass through our bodies without harming us. We have come a long way in terms
of product development. Looking back from where we are now, we began with flint knives
and stone tools and have progressed to the point where we can produce such things with
greater precision than ever before. The technological advancement is impressive, but it will
not end here. We make items with our current technology via casting, milling, grinding,
chipping, and other methods.

We have been able to produce more items at lower costs and with better precision than ever
before thanks to these technologies. We arranged atoms in enormous thundering statistical
herds throughout the production of these items. We're all aware that produced goods are
made out of atoms. The qualities of the products are determined by the arrangement of those
atoms. Grass is created by rearranging atoms in dirt, water, and air. Manufacturing products
at the molecular level is the next step in manufacturing technology.

The technology that was employed to do this It captures photographs of our intestines and
sends them to the receiver of our digestive system's computer analysis. This method can aid
in the detection of any ailment affecting the digestive tract. We've also talked about the
disadvantages of the PILL CAMERA and how they can be overcome by employing a grain-
sized motor and a bi-directional wireless telemetry capsule.

v
 INDEX

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF PILL CAMERA 3

2.1 Conventional Method 3

2.2 Diagnostic Imaging System 3

2.3 Components of Pill Camera 4

3 ENDOSCOPIC EXAMINATION 7

3.1 CAPSULE WORKING: 7

3.2 Small Intestine 7

4 ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND OTHER APPLICATIONS 9

4.1 Advantages 9

4.2 Disadvantages 9

4.3 Overcomes 9

5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 12

5.1 Conclusion 12

5.2 Future Scope 12

6 REFERENCES 13

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 – IBM spelled with 35 Xenon Atoms-----------------------------------------------------1

Figure 2.1 Conventional Endoscopy Process ---------------------------------------------------------3

Figure 2.2 Future Pill Camera --------------------------------------------------------------------------3

Figure 2.3 Components of Pill Camera ---------------------------------------------------------------4

Figure 2.4 Optical Dome --------------------------------------------------------------------------------5

Figure 2.5 Lens Holder ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------5

Figure 2.6 Illuminating LED’s -------------------------------------------------------------------------5

Figure 2.7 CMOS Image Sensor -----------------------------------------------------------------------5

Figure 3.1 Data Recorder for Pill Camera -----------------------------------------------------------7

Figure 4.1 Conceptional Diagram of bi-directional wireless endoscopy system --------------10

Figure 4.2 Encoder for external control -------------------------------------------------------------10

Figure 4.3 Receiver Circuit inside capsule ---------------------------------------------------------11

Figure 4.4 Pill Camera to use to detect gastro-intestinal problems-----------------------------11

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viii
 1 INTRODUCTION

We've come a long way in terms of product development. Looking back from where we
are now, we began with flint knives and stone tools and have progressed to the point where
we can produce such things with greater precision than ever before. The technological
advancement is impressive, but it will not end here. We make items with our current
technology via casting, milling, grinding, chipping, and other methods. We've been able to
produce more items at lower costs and with better precision than ever before thanks to these
technologies. We arranged atoms in enormous thundering statistical herds throughout the
production of these items. We're all aware that produced goods are made out of atoms.
The qualities of the products are determined by the arrangement of those atoms. Grass is
created by rearranging atoms in dirt, water, and air. Manufacturing products at the molecular
level is the next step in manufacturing technology. “NANOTECHNOLOGY” is the
technology utilised to achieve manufacturing at the molecular level. Nanotechnology is the
manipulation of extremely small matter to create useful materials, devices, and systems
(nanometre). Nanotechnology is the study of items that are measured in nanometres. A
nanometre is a billionth of a metre or a millionth of a millimetre, or 1/80000 of the breadth of
a human hair.

Figure 1.1 – IBM spelled with 35 Xenon Atoms

Manipulation of atoms was originally discussed by Nobel Laureate Dr. Richard

Feyngman in 1959 at the American Physical Society's annual meeting at the California
Institute of Technology -Caltech, and it was laughed at at the time. Nothing was done about it
until the 1980s. Drexel first presented the concept of nanotechnology in his article "The
Engines of Creation" in 1981. IBM researchers demonstrated the ability to manipulate single
1
atoms in 1990. Using an atomic force microscope, they placed 35 Xenon atoms on the
surface of a nickel crystal. The letters “IBM” were written out by these strategically placed
atoms. 

In the same way that televisions, aircraft, and computers altered the world in the previous
century, scientists predict that nanotechnology will have an even greater impact in the coming
century. Nanotechnology has the potential to transform the way practically everything is
planned and built, including medicine, computers, and automobiles.
One of Nanotechnology's applications is the pill camera. Imagine a vitamin pill-sized
camera that could take photos as it travelled through your body, aiding in the diagnosis of a
disease that a doctor would have previously only discovered through surgery. Such technology
is no longer the stuff of science fantasy movies.

2
 2 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF PILL CAMERA

2.1 Conventional Method

Endoscopic examination, in which doctors move a scope down into the small intestine via the
mouth, is currently the primary approach of finding problems in the intestines. These scopes,
however, are unable to reach the entire 20-foot-long small intestine and hence only provide a
partial view of that section of the colon. Not only may diagnoses for some ailments
commonly missed by conventional tests be made with the use of a pill camera, but disorders
can also be recognised at an earlier stage, allowing treatment before difficulties arise.
According to studies, the amount remaining in the body is less than what is absorbed by the
ordinary person drinking tap water.

Figure 2.1 Conventional Endoscopy Process

Nanotechnology and gene therapy, for example, have the potential to transform how we
discover and produce pharmaceuticals, as well as how we diagnose and treat disease. One
recent discovery that has piqued people's interest is the 'camera in a pill.'
2.2 Diagnostic Imaging System

Figure 2.2 Future Pill Camera

3
 The provided Diagnostic Imaging System is a capsule-sized gadget that includes a
camera, lights, a transmitter, and batteries. The capsule features a transparent end, allowing
the camera to see the small intestine lining. A disposable video camera is enclosed in a pill-
like form that is ingested with water in capsule endoscopy. As it goes through the whole
length of the small intestine, the wireless camera captures hundreds of high-quality digital
photographs. The latest pill camera is 26*11 mm in size and can send 50,000 colour photos
while passing through the patient's digestive system.
Patients who seek less intrusive exams of their digestive tract swallow the small
cameras. Until previously, the camera-in-a-pill concept has been mostly promoted by Micron
Technology Inc. of the United States, with businesses like Israel's Given Imaging asking as
much as $450 for their PillCam. The camera's low-light sensitivity is highlighted by
MagnaChip, but no specifications are supplied. The region around the capsule is usually
illuminated with an LED flash.
2.3 Components of Pill Camera

Figure 2.3 Components of Pill Camera

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Optical Dome: This shape results in easy orientation of the capsule axis along the central
axis of small intestine and so helps propel the capsule forward easily. The Optical Dome
contains the Light Receiving Window.

Figure 2.4 Optical Dome

Lens Holder:
The Lens Holder is that part of the capsule which accommodates the lens.
The lens is tightly fixed to the holder so that it does not get anytime

Figure 2.5 Lens Holder

Lens:
The Lens is an integral component of the capsule. It is arranged behind the Light Receiving
Window.

Illuminating LED’s:
Around the Lens & CMOS Image Sensor, four LED’s (Light Emitting Diodes) are present.
These plural lighting devices are arranged in donut shape.

Figure 2.6 Illuminating LED’s

5
CMOS Image Sensor:
CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) Image Sensor is the most important
part of the capsule. It is highly sensitive and produces very high-quality images.

Figure 2.7 CMOS Image Sensor

Battery:
Battery used in the capsule is button shaped and are two in number as shown. batteries are
arranged together just behind the CMOS Image Sensor. Silver Oxide primary batteries are
used (Zinc/Alkaline Electrolyte/Silver Oxide). Such a battery has an even discharge voltage,
disposable and does not cause harm to the body.
ASIC Transmitter:
The ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) Transmitter is arranged behind the
Batteries as shown. Two Transmitting Electrodes are connected to the outlines of the ASIC
Transmitter. These electrodes are electrically isolated from each other.

Antennae:
As shown, the Antennae is arranged at the end of the capsule. It is enclosed in a dome
shaped hamburger
Once swallowed, the missile pill travels through the small intestine propelled by the
contractions of the gastrointestinal tract. The squeezing motion acts as a squeegee, wiping
the lens clean for clear pictures. Along the way it films digital images and transmits them to
a receiver worn by the patient. The recorder also tracks the capsule's location within the
body.
The capsule itself is larger than an aspirin, about 11 mm x 26 mm in size and about 4
grams in weight. Called the M2A, it is not a medication, but rather a single-use video colour-
imaging capsule. Besides the miniature colour video camera, the capsule contains a light
source, batteries, a transmitter, and an antenna. Once swallowed this capsule/camera travels
easily through the digestive tract and is naturally excreted. The pinned photodiode was
originally used in interline.

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 3 ENDOSCOPIC EXAMINATION

3.1 CAPSULE WORKING:

It is slightly larger than normal capsule. The patient swallows the capsule and the natural
muscular waves of the digestive tract propel it forward through stomach, into small intestine,
through the large intestine, and then out in the stool. It takes snaps as it glides through
digestive tract twice a second. The capsule transmits the images to a data recorder, which is
worn on a belt around the patient's waist while going about his or her day as usual. The
physician then transfers the stored data to a computer for processing and analysis. The
complete traversal takes around eight hours and after it has completed taking pictures it
comes out of body as excreta. Study results showed that the camera pill was safe, without
any side effects, and was able to detect abnormalities in the small intestine.

Figure 3.1 Data Recorder for Pill Camera

3.2 Small Intestine

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The best of hands the entire small intestine is not visualized. The visit to attach the sensor
pads and swallow the capsule will take 30 minutes to an hour. You are able to leave the
hospital at this time. The digestive track naturally with the aid of the peristaltic activity of the
intestinal muscles. The patient comfortably continues with regular activities throughout the
examination without feeling sensations resulting from the capsule's passage.

1. Crohn's Disease.

2. Malabsorption Disorders.

3. Tumours of the small intestine & Vascular Disorders.

4. Ulcerative Colitis

5. Medication Related to Small Bowel Injury

8
4 ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND OTHER APPLICATIONS

4.1 Advantages

Following are the advantages which makes pill camera a more acceptable technology in
endoscopic procedures,
 Miniature Size
 High Quality Images
 Efficient than normal endoscopy
 Avoids risk in sedation

4.2 Disadvantages

● If there is a partial obstruction in the small intestine, there is a risk that the pill will get

stuck there and might end up in critical emergency.

● The pill camera can transmit image from inside to outside the body. Consequently, it

becomes impossible to control the camera behavior.

● Expensive and not reusable.

4.3 Overcomes

The first flaw is addressed by utilising a rice-grain-sized motor, which is made possible
through nanotechnology. When this small motor is coupled to the pill camera, it propels it
around inside the body, making it easier for the pill to pass through the digestive system. The
grain-sized motor has its own application as well. It can be used to break and rupture painful
kidney stones within the body. A bidirectional wireless telemetry camera can be used to
address the other two limitations.

The current study describes the construction of an 11mm-diameter bidirectional wireless

telemetry camera that can send video images from within the human body while receiving
9
control signals from an external control unit. It has a transmitting and receiving antenna, as
well as a demodulator, a decoder, four LEDs, and a CMOS image sensor, as well as their
driving circuits. The received signal from the external control unit is demodulated by the
receiver. Following that, the decoder receives the serial stream and converts the five binary
digits to address code. The remainder of the signal is decoded as binary data. As a result, the
suggested telemetry model can demodulate external inputs and regulate the behaviour of the
camera and four LEDs during video picture transmission. The CMOS image sensor, OV7910,
is a single chip 1/3-inch format video camera that may give high levels of functionality in
small print footage. The image sensor can directly interface with a VCR TV monitor and
supports NTSC-type analogue colour video. Also, because it only requires a 5-volt dc source,
the image sensor consumes relatively little power.

Figure 4.1 Conceptional Diagram of bi-directional wireless endoscopy system

The power consuming elements present in the pill camera are LED’s and the CMOS image
sensor. So by using an external control circuitry we can enable or disable them as per our
requirements. The encoder design is as shown below

Figure 4.2 Encoder for external control

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 Figure 4.3 Receiver Circuit inside capsule

The OOK modulator is nothing but the Amplitude Shift Keying modulator, where it
represents the present of binary data with a carrier signal, if there is no carrier signal it
represents that there is no binary data at the input. Now the serial stream data is given to the
decoder which enable/disables the LED’s and CMOS image sensor. Other Applications

4.3.1 Detection of Crohn’s Disease

Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder that can affect any region of the
gastrointestinal tract, but the small and large bowels are the most affected. Crohn's disease
has an unknown cause. Pill Camera can be used to detect Crohn’s disease at an early stage
without the conventional endoscopic process.

4.3.2 Live Footage of Small Intestine

Capsule endoscopy allows doctors to look inside your small intestine, which is difficult to
reach with standard endoscopy. Endoscopy is a procedure in which a long, flexible tube with
a video camera is sent down your throat or through your rectum.

Figure 4.4 Pill Camera to used to detect gastro-intestinal problems

11
 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

5.1 Conclusion

The given endoscopic capsule is a cutting-edge medical technology concept for the twenty-
first century. The endoscopic technology is the first of its kind to be able to image the whole
small intestine without invasive procedures. It has completely transformed the field of
diagnostic imaging and has shown to be extremely beneficial to clinicians all over the world.
Most traditional manufacturing techniques will be replaced in the near future by a cheaper
and better manufacturing process known as "nanotechnology."

According to scientists, nanotechnology isn't capable of producing all of these things. They
also predict that in the future decades, nanotechnology will enable the creation of hearts,
lungs, livers, and kidneys using only coal, water, and a few impurities, as well as the
prevention of ageing. Nanotechnology has the potential to change the manufacturing sector,
yet it will almost certainly increase unemployment in the next generation. This pill camera
technology has elevated biomedical science and made it easier for doctors to diagnose such a
difficult intestinal tract. In the future decades, widespread use of the Pill camera will
minimise the rate of unintended deaths. However, in rare cases, the capsule that is swallowed
and does not pass through the body, it may need to be removed endoscopically or surgically.
As a result, after learning about the disadvantages that arise during the transmission of video
images, the proposed capsule endoscopic model must be further adjusted.
5.2 Future Scope

In the future, this pill camera technology might be used to detect temperature, pressure, and
numerous ailments by detecting the presence of a virus in the body. It can also be built in the
form of a programmable device that can recreate blood cells (WBCs and RBCs). This can
save patients from having to undergo surgery.

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 6 REFERENCES

[1] Adebayo, Semiu. PILL CAMERA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE AWARD OF

A BACHELOR’S DEGREE IN MATHEMATICS COMPUTER SCIENCE.
PRESENTED BY: ADEBAYO SEMIU ODUNAYO.(2018)

[2] International Journal of Advance Research in Computer and Communication

Engineering, “Pill Camera”, Miss Anchal Khadse, Prof. S.O. Dahad, April,2016.

[3] New electronics magazine – the site for electronic design engineers. –
www.newelectronics.co.uk – Robotic pill to revolutionise cancer treatment, 12 Nov 2012

[4] World journal of Gastroenterology: WJG- 2014 Aug 7, published online. Capsule
endoscopy: present status and future expectation by MaheshK. Goenka, & Shounak
Mujumdar.

[5] Techno Crazed- pill Cam: Swallow a Pill with a Miniature Camera to avoid
Colonoscopy-video & news.

[6] Technical paper on Camera pill endoscopy- Naga Raj.Y

[7] Technical paper on Emerging Technology- an imaging pill for gastrointestinal endoscopy.

[8] Technical paper on Wireless capsule endoscopy by P. Swan

[9] Web sites

 www.sciencedaily.com
 www.dailytech.com/colonprobing+pill+camera
 www.nanotecnology.com

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