 According to Boethius, the most eloquent

music writer of the Middle Ages, there are

three types of music:
 MUSICA MUNDANA – a music created by the
orderly relationships found among the planets
and the changing seasons of the world.
 MUSICA HUMANA – a music created by
human beings, by the unity of the body and
the soul.
 MUSICA INSTRUMENTALIS - a music created
by musical instruments.
 Ensemble music is music rendered
by a group of performers – singers
and/or players of musical
instruments. It is classified based on
the numbers of performers and the
types of musical instruments used:
orchestra, symphony orchestra,
chamber orchestra, concerto,
band, or rondalla.
 ORCHESTRA – it is the most spectacular of the
ensembles because of its large size. The
musicians playing several instruments of the
same kind are given a part. It is divided into
four sections: string, woodwind, brass,
percussion
 SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA – it is also a large
ensemble composed of about 100 players. It
includes all the principal instruments.
 CHAMBER ORCHESTRA – is a small group of
musicians playing from one to nine musical
instruments.
 CONCERTO – is a form for an orchestra in
which one solo instrument is given
prominence.
 BAND – having the size of an orchestra
but consisting mainly or exclusively of
wind and percussion instruments. It is
usually performs in outdoor events such as
parades, funerals, and the like.
 RONDALLA – it is a band usually
composed of stringed instruments.
 Singers and musicians perform different
things; thus, they have to possess
different expertise. Singers must work on
their vocal techniques as musicians
develop their own playing techniques.
 In as much as musicians play different
musical instruments, they differ in the
techniques they have to learn and
employ in their respective
performances.
 Dances are performed in many ways.
 Based on the number of performers: solo,
pair, or group
 Based on the subject or theme: war dance,
courtship dance harvest dance, ritual dance,
etc.
 Based on the nature of the dance: imitative,
religious, interpretative, and the like.
 Based on the purpose: folk or ethnic, social
dance, theatrical dance.
 Folk or ethnic dances are those performed
by members of a tribe or ethnic group to
conduct their day to day activities. (Ifugao,
Muslim, Mangyan dances)
 Social dances are performed by pairs of
groups in ballroom or dance halls to socialize.
(cha-cha, boogie, mambo, tango, swing,
waltz, cotillion)
 Theatrical dances are those performed on
stage ton entertain the audience. (ballet,
interpretative, modern dances)
 To create an outstanding drama, a playwright
uses one or a combination of the following
dramatic techniques:
 CONFESSION – telling true desires
 DRAMATIC IRONY – expecting one thing to
happen but the opposite happens
 MUSIC – sets the mood of a scene
 NARRATION – explaining the diff. dilemmas
 SURPRISE – comedic technique
 SUSPENSE – can cause discomfort
 CONFLICT – clash between people/ideas
 SOLILOQUY – thinking aloud to other characters
 DIAGOLGE – speech done by one character
 ASIDE – comment made by a character to the
audience in a way that no one has heard it
 TABLEAU – a still picture created on stage
 THEATRICAL SECRET – audience knows something
that one or more of the characters in a play does not
know
 CHORUS – group of actors speaks in unison
 DISGUISE – a character appears to be someone else
 RED HERRING – the writer misleads or distracts
the audience in its expectations
 To make their writings more
effective, writers make use of
literary devices which include
figures of speech:
 simile, metaphor, hyperbole,
personification, irony,
onomatopoeia, oxymoron
 To create the desired visual
effect, a painter may employ
any of the following techniques:
 acrylic painting, action
painting, fresco painting, mural
painting, oil panting,
panorama, sand painting,
tempera painting, etc.
 METHODS OF PRESENTING A SUBJECT
 REALISM – a method of presenting
subjects as they appear in real life.
 ABSTRACTIONISM – it is “drawing away
from realism”. It is a departure from what is
present in real life.
 SURREALISM – is “beyond realism”; it is
presenting the subject as if it does not
form part of the real world, but belongs to
the world of dreams and fantasy.
 SYMBOLISM – is presenting the subject
symbolically. It appears in real life, but he
intends to let it represent something.
 FAUVISM – is optimistic realism; it is presenting
the real-life subject with the use of bright colors
suggesting comfort, joy, and pleasure. The color
red, yellow, orange, purple, and the like are
used instead of blue, black, gray, green, brown.
 DADAISM – is shocking realism; it is presenting
the real-life subject with the intention to shock
the audience through the exposition of the evils
in the society.
 IMPRESSIONISM – it is based on artist’s impression; it
is presenting the real-life subject with emphasis on
the impression left in the artist’s mind or perception,
particularly the effect of light on the object used a
s a subject.
 EXPRESSIONISM – it is emotional realism; it is
presenting the real-life subject with the intention to
express emotions, chaos, fear, violence, defeat,
and tragedy by putting stress on intense colors.
 FUTURISM - it is realism in the future; it is presenting
a subject that relates not to the present, but to the
future (futuristic machine / human being)
 Sculptures are found everywhere. In the Phils.,
one can find “The Oblation” in UP Diliman, QC.,
Jose Rizal’s Monument in Luneta, Andres
Bonifacio’s Monument in Liwasang Bonifacio,
and the busts of the Filipino heroes in Rizal Park.
 Sculptures are either static or mobile.
 Static sculptures are permanently attached to
surfaces
 Mobile sculpture are capable of moving.
Examples are Department Store’s Christmas
Displays.
 Here are the types of architectural construction:
 POST AND LINTEL – consists of a horizontal beam called
lintel and two vertical posts to support it.
 CANTILEVER – it has two vertical posts for support and a
horizontal beam .
 ARCH – consists of several wedge-shaped blocks of
stone; it serves as a symbolic gateway
 DOME – is a large hemispherical roof or ceiling that
looks like an inverted cup; it I capable of enclosing a
wide area
 VAULT – is n arched structure of masonry usually forming
a roof or ceiling
 TRUSS – consists of braced framework of beams or bars
forming one or more triangles; used to support the roof.