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10th International ConferenceEnergy

on Applied
EnergyProcedia Energy
158
Procedia 00(2019) (ICAE2018), 22-25 August 2018, Hong Kong,
(2017)3957–3963
000–000
10th International Conference on Applied Energy
China (ICAE2018), 22-25 August 2018, Hong Kong,
10th
th
International Conference on Applied Energy China
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
(ICAE2018), 22-25 August 2018, Hong Kong,
10
10 th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2018), 22-25 August 2018, Hong Kong,
th International Conference on Applied Energy China(ICAE2018), 22-25 August 2018, Hong Kong,
Optimal
10 Coordinated
International Conference onControl
Applied Energy ofChina
OLTCs using
(ICAE2018), Taguchi
22-25 Method
August 2018, Hong Kong, to
Optimal Coordinated Control ofChina OLTCs using Taguchi Method to
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Enhance Voltage
Optimal Coordinated ControlStability of OLTCs of Power
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a DepartmentTechnology
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and Electronic and Computer
Policy Research Engineering,
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Abstract Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University ofRovisco Pais 1, 1049-001
Pretoria,South Africa
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Abstract Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France
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Abstract Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France
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The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand
Nomenclature
Keywords:
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forecast. L-index;
critical transformer;
criticaloftransformer;
The district
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Alvalade,voltagelocated
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in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665
Keywords: L-index;
Nomenclature critical transformer; voltage stability; tappings
buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district
Nomenclature
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Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change
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Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 10th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2018).
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 10 International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2018).

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of ICAE2018 – The 10th International Conference on Applied Energy.
10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.846
3958 Saurabh Ratra et al. / Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 3957–3963
2 Saurabh Ratra/ Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

QG Reactive power at generator end;

QD Real power at demand end;
Vmax Maximum allowable bus voltage;
Vmin Minimum allowable bus voltage;
Tmax Maximum allowable tap changer limit;
Tmin Minimum allowable tap changer limit;
T Number of trials in each experiment;
N Number of transformers
ϴij Impedance angle of line ij;

1. Introduction
Present power systems are operated under stressed condition. A slight disturbance at this stage results in reduction in
EHV level voltages which is reflected finally in the distribution system network. The action of on-load tap changer
(OLTC) helps to restore the voltage at previous levels. With each tap changing operation, the line current would
increase, thereby increasing the reactive power loss of the system. As a result the reactive power output of the
generators increases gradually and generators may reach to their reactive power capability limit. Beyond that
generators loses their capability to support the system voltages, thereby causing the problem of voltage instability.
Therefore, operation of OLTCs is critical for voltage stability and line losses of the system [1]-[2].
Numerous studies have been carried out in this area. Liu et al. [3] remodeled the voltage collapse phenomenon by
co-relating non-linear dynamic models of impedance loads, OLTCs and de-coupled reactive power-voltage
relations. Abe et al. [4] investigated the effect of dynamic tap changer on voltage stability using eigenvalue analysis.
Medinac et al. [5] proposed an approach to model, analyze, and design of slow distributed voltage control schemes.
In [3], a stability region around the stable equilibrium is derived through a nonlinear analysis of the continuous
model. Ohtsuki et al. [6] discussed the reverse action that the secondary voltage of a transformer is pulled down
when the tap position of on-load tap changer is raised to increase the secondary voltage.

Furthermore, several algorithms have been presented to obtain the optimal settings of tap changers. Bansilal et al.
[7] proposed an expert system for alleviating the voltage violations by applying switchable shunt reactive
compensation and transformer tap settings. Devaraj et al. [8] presented an improved Genetic Algorithm (GA)
approach for voltage stability enhancement by optimizing OLTC tap settings, generator excitation, and reactive
power compensation provided by capacitor banks. Yang et al. [9] used Hybrid Differential Evolution (HDE)
technique to determine the tap settings of OLTC transformers to improve the voltage stability of the system.

Various established Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques discussed above use more complicated search methods
for optimization. These methods use iterative trial and error progress with large data sets which are comparatively
time-consuming. Conversely, the Taguchi method (TM) is an effective tuning method which is well defined,
systematic and simple in steps. Moreover, TM chooses a combination of factors (the factors which is to be altered)
that are robust against the behavior of the system changes. Taguchi works on orthogonal array (OA) and OA gives
all possible combinations, such that the best solution lies within the combinations. Taguchi method (TM) has been
applied successfully to optimization problems in power systems [10]-[11]. Therefore, in this viewpoint TM is quite
superior to other AI methods. Tap positions of OLTC is discrete in nature. TM is better than other established AI
techniques when variables are discrete in nature. TM has not been considered so far to find the optimal setting of
OLTCs in the system so as to minimize active power loss and to improve the voltage stability of the system.
Considering the merits of Taguchi method, this paper proposes the application of Taguchi method to find the
coordinated tap settings of OLTCs so as to improve the voltage profile and voltage stability margin, and to decrease
real power loss of the system. Another contribution of the paper is to propose a method to identify the critical
OLTC and its possible tap settings so as to prevent voltage instability.
 Saurabh Ratra et al. / Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 3957–3963 3959
Saurabh Ratra/ Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 3

The proposed methodology is tested on IEEE 30-bus test system and results are promising and produce high-quality
close-to-optimal solutions. The problem formulation and results are discussed in the following sections.

2. Problem Formulation
Taguchi method is used to find the optimal setting of OLTCs to improve voltage stability margin and to decrease
the real power loss. Voltage stability of the system is measured in terms of L-index [12]. L-index varies between 0
and 1 from no load to voltage collapse condition. Lower value of L-index shows improved voltage stability margin.
The objective of the proposed work is to find optimal tap settings of different OLTCs so as to minimize the active
power loss and L-index of the system while considering different operating constraints [13]. The problem of finding
optimal tap settings of OLTCs can be formulated as multi objective problem with the following objectives and
constraints:

2.1. Minimum real power loss

Real power loss PL of the system is function of bus voltages, phase angles, and conductance of line. Thus, first
objective of real loss minimization can be expressed as:
n
min 
( PL )  G (V
x 1
x i
2
i j cos ij )
 V j2  2VV
(1)
k  i, j

2.2. Minimum L-index

Lj -index of a bus - j shows the voltage stability of the jth bus. L-index of a system is defined in following way:

L= max (Lj) Ɐ j є 1, 2, ---,nl (2)

Where, nl indicates the number of a load bus.

Lower value of L-index shows the improved voltage stability margin. Therefore, second objective of enhancement
of voltage stability margin (VSM) can be expressed as:

Max (VSM) =min (L) =min {max (Lj)} (3)

The multi-objective problem can be converted into single objective problem by combining Eq2 and Eq 3 in
following way:

Min (F) =λ1*min (L) + λ2*min (PL) (4)

where, λ1and λ2 are weighing factors. The objective function is minimized using Taguchi method subject to equality
and inequality constraints:

3. Taguchi Method
Taguchi Method (TM) is a process optimization method with minimum engineering resources. Taguchi Method
is used in the proposed research to find optimal settings of tap positions of OLTCs to minimize the real power loss
and L-index. Taguchi Method offers a small set of combinations of tap settings for optimal solution. One of these
combinations is optimal solution. TM is briefly discussed below to appreciate its application potential.
The general steps engaged in TM are as follows:

1. Define the objective, or more specifically an optimal value to measure the performance of the process.
2. Identify the factors, which affect the operational process. The factors are variables, which affect the
3960 Saurabh Ratra et al. / Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 3957–3963
4 Saurabh Ratra/ Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

performance of output. The number of levels for factor variation must be specified.
3. Orthogonal Array (OA) for factorial design is created, which indicates the conditions of each experiment.
The OA selection is based upon number of factors and the variation in levels.
4. Conduct the experimental trials for given OA to collect data for analysing the effect of output value.
5. Complete the analysis to identify the optimal objective.
The flowchart of TM design of experiment is shown in Fig.1.
4. Results and Discussions
The potential of proposed method is tested on IEEE 30-bus test system. This system comprises of 30 buses, 41
lines, and 4 transformers with OLTC arrangements [14]. OLTCs T1 – T4 are connected in the lines 6-9, 6-10, 4-12,
27-28 respectively. The effect of tap changing operation of different OLTCs on parameters of power systems is
investigated. On the basis of the study, critical transformer is identified. Thereafter, Taguchi method is employed to
find the optimal tap-settings of OLTCs to minimize the real power loss and L-index. The effect of optimal tap-
settings on congestion of lines is also investigated. The results of simulations are presented below.

Fig. 1 Flowchart representing Taguchi method

4.1. Effect of tappings on nodal voltage

It is well known that the OLTC’s operation has a substantial impact on nodal voltages. In order to examine the
effect of tappings on the nodal voltage, tappings are varied under heavy reactive loading conditions. The tap ratio is
varied in the steps of 0.0125.The effect of variation in tapping of T 1 on voltage of bus 29 is shown in Fig 2(a). The
figure shows that as tap ratio is increased from 0.9-0.9625, the voltage of bus 29 increases from 0.958 p.u. to 0.967
p.u. The variation of voltage of bus 29 for other OLTCs (T 2 – T4) is also shown in Fig. 2 (b) -(c). It is observed
from Fig. 2(d), that voltage of bus 29 is improved in the tap range of (0.9-0.9625). However, if tap ratio is above
0.9625, the voltage suddenly dips and this pattern is continued thereafter. This observation reveals that transformer
T4 loses its effectiveness of voltage regulation above 0.9625 tap ratio.

4.2. Effect of tappings on active power loss

The effect of variation of tappings of different OLTCs on active power loss of the system is also studied. Fig. 3
(a)-(c) shows the variation of tappings of T1, T2, T3 on total active power loss of the system. Power loss is varied in
the range of 46.4 MW to 46.8 MW, as tappings T 1- T3 is varied from 0.900 to 1.100. But OLTC of T4 shows
different the behavior above tap ratio of 0.9625. The power loss increases from 46.2 MW to 47.6 MW when
tappings are varied from 0.9625 to 1.100.
 Saurabh Ratra et al. / Energy Procedia 158 (2019) 3957–3963 3961
Saurabh Ratra/ Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 5

4.3. Identification of critical transformer

The simulation results of sub-sections 4.1 and sub-section 4.2 are used to find the critical OLTC of the system.
These observations reveal that as tap setting is raised above 0.9625, the transformer T 4 loses its effectiveness. After
that, with increase in tappings, the voltage of receiving end decreases, line current, real power loss and L-index
increases. It shows that transformer T 4 becomes critical when tappings are above 0.9625.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Fig. 2. Voltage profile of bus 29 at different tappings having Fig. 3. Active power loss for different tappings
reactive loading at bus 30

4.4. Optimal coordination of tap settings using TM

Once critical transformer is identified, its tap settings are varied in the range of 0.9000 to 0.9625, since above 0.9625
tap ratio T4 loses its effectiveness. Now objective is to find the optimal tap settings of T 1¬T4, so that system loses
can be minimized and L-index can be improved. For this purpose, Taguchi smaller the better method is employed.
The tap settings of T1 to T3 is varied in the steps of 0.0125. In the range of 0.9-1.1, while for T4, range 0.9 to 0.9625
is selected. Tables I and II depicts the possible tap settings and their levels. Taguchi method optimally picks up only
102 combination to be tried. It saves the time and effort significantly. The design of L102 OA is shown in Table III.
Out of these combinations, TM optimally selects the best coordinated combination, thus reducing the time and
efforts significantly. Optimal tap setting of T 1 to T4 are found to be 1.100, 0.9875, 1.025, 0.9125 respectively. These
results are also compared with hybrid differential approach [9] as shown in Table IV. Total active power loss of
45.561 MW is obtained, when tap settings is chosen according to proposed method whereas line losses are 46.121
MW when tappings are based upon HDE [9]. L-index of different buses are also compared and shown in Fig. 4.
There is remarkable improvement in voltage stability margin as L-index of most of the buses is found to be lower
than HDE technique [9].

TABLE I Transformer with control factors and levels. TABLE II Critical transformer with controlled levels.
Tap Levels of OLTCs Levels of OLTC
Factors Factor
T1 T2 T3 -- T6
T1 T2 T3 -- T17
Transformer
0.9000 0.9125 0.9250 - 0.9625
Transformer T1 0.9000 0.9125 0.925 -- 1.100 T4
Transformer T2 0.9000 0.9125 0.925 -- 1.100

Transformer T3 0.9000 0.9125 0.925 -- 1.100

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6 Saurabh Ratra/ Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

TABLE III L102 (173 x 61) orthogonal array factors and levels.
TABLE IV Comparative analysis of PLoss between HDE and proposed
TM.
Tap Levels of OLTC
Trial No. Parameters HDE [9] Proposed TM
T1 T2 T3 T4 PLoss 46.121 MW 45.561 MW
1 1 1 1 6 T1(T6-9) 0.9875 1.1000
T2(T6-10) 0.9125 0.9875
2 1 4 10 4
T3(T4-12) 0.9125 1.025
- - - - - T4(T28-27) 0.9000 0.9625
- - - - -
100 17 6 7 4
101 17 8 11 2
102 17 9 13 1

Fig 4. L-index comparison between proposed method and HDE.

5. Conclusions
This paper has proposed Taguchi based method to identify the optimal tap settings of different OLTCs of the
system. Critical transformer and its critical value of tap ratio is also identified. Above critical tap ratio, the critical
transformer loses its effectiveness. If tappings are raised above critical value, the voltage is pulled down, voltage
stability margin decreases, line current and real power loss of the system increases. Optimal tap settings based upon
proposed method for a given load optimizes the overall performance of the system.
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Biography

Prof. Ramesh Bansal has over 25 years of experience and currently he is Professor and group head (Power) in the
Department of ECC Engineering at the University of Pretoria. He has published over 250 papers. Prof. Bansal is
an Editor of IET-RPG & Electric Components and Systems. He is a Fellow, and CEngg IET-UK, Fellow
Engineers Australia and Institution of Engineers (India) and Senior Member-IEEE.